انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Evaluation ability of the NIR-Spectroscopy for detecting the ripening time of walnuts ارزیابی طیف سنجی فروسرخ نزدیک برای تشخیص زمان رسیدگی گردو 5850 5856 160199 10.22034/jess.2022.356427.1847 FA جواد طریقی گروه مهندسی بیوسیستم، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران علی خرمی فر دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران Journal Article 2022 08 16 Introduction <br />Walnut is an important economic and commercial product all over the world. The reflected light spectrum can be one of the key factors in determining the ripening time of the fruit and it depends on the content of the chemical compounds of the fruit and its skin. Crunchyness and easy peeling are the main features that affect the level of satisfaction of walnut consumers. The complexity of the reflectance spectrum of food makes it difficult to analyze them with conventional analytical techniques such as gas chromatography. However, sensory analysis by experts is a costly process and requires trained people who can only work for a relatively short period of time. A near-infrared spectrometer can detect the spectrum of reflected light by estimating its concentration or determining some of its inherent properties.<br />The quality assessment of agricultural products includes two main methods, quality grading systems based on the external characteristics of agricultural products and quality grading systems based on internal quality assessment, which has gained outstanding points in recent years. In the meantime, several methods have been invented so far for the qualitative grading of agricultural products based on the assessment of their internal properties in a non-destructive way, and only some of them have been able to meet the above conditions and have been justified in terms of technical and industrial aspects. To be meanwhile, spectrometry can be highly efficient in determining the quality of cultivars. Spectroscopy is a type of system that has a different structure and approach from other methods (image processing, neural network, etc.) and can perform classification and determination of digit quality.<br />With increasing expectations for food products with high quality and safety standards, the need for accurate, fast and targeted determination of the characteristics of food products is now necessary. Because manual methods do not have automatic control, they are very tiring, difficult and expensive, and they are easily affected by environmental factors. Today, spectroscopic systems are non-destructive and cost-effective and are ideally used for routine inspections and quality assurance in the food industry and related products. This technology allows inspection works to be carried out using wavelength data analysis techniques and is a non-destructive method for measuring quality parameters. In this research, the ripening time of walnuts was investigated using spectrometry and chemometrics methods.<br /><br />Methodology <br />In each treatment period (in total 5 periods were considered and the intervals of periods were determined as one week), unripe walnut samples in addition to ripe samples (in the last period) were taken from one of the orchards around Ardabil (located in Shahrivar village) was prepared, tested and data collected.<br />A spectroradiometer model PS-100 (Apogee Instruments, INC., Logan, UT, USA) was used to acquire the spectrum of the samples. This spectroradiometer is very small, light, portable, has a single-wavelength sputtering type with a resolution of 1 nm and a linear silicon CCD array detector with 2048 pixels that covers the spectral range of 250-1150 nm (Vis/NIR) well. Also, there is the ability to connect the optical fibre to the PS-100 spectroradiometer and transfer the data to the computer with the purpose of displaying and storing the acquired spectra in the Spectra Wiz software through the USB port. With the aim of creating optimal light in contrast mode measurements, an OPTC (Halogen Light Source) model halogen-tungsten light source, which can be connected to an optical fibre, was used. This light source has three output powers of 10, 20, and 30 watts, which were used in this research. Also, a two-branch optical fibre probe model (Apogee Instruments, INC., Logan, Utah, USA), which includes 7 parallel optical fibres with a diameter of 400 micrometres, was used in counter-mode measurements. After providing the necessary equipment, the optimal spectroscopic arrangement was designed and implemented in order to facilitate the experiments and minimize the effect of environmental factors during the spectroscopic process, which is shown in Figure 1.<br /><br />Conclusion <br />The average absorption spectra of Vis/NIR absorption spectra for different treatments in the range of 680-970 nm are presented in Figure 1.<br />Environmental factors (light and heat) as well as the spectrometer's expression quality cause disturbances in the initial and final wavelengths of the spectra, so some of these wavelengths are removed from the data set. And as it is clear in Figure 1, the samples had an almost similar trend; this may be affected by the colour of the samples. According to Figure 1, there are two distinct peaks for the spectra and it is that the peaks appeared around the wavelength of 680 and 970 nm. It can also be seen in Figure 1 that the amount of absorption of ripe walnuts is higher compared to other periods, which can be due to the difference in the content and texture of the product.<br />Based on the PCA analysis results presented in Figure 2, the first principal component (PC-1) describes 94% and the second principal component (PC-2) describes 5% of the variance of the tested samples. As a result, the first two principal components together express 99% of the data. Considering that it is possible that the degree of correlation between the properties of different samples during the tests, due to various reasons such as technical problems of the equipment, data collection, incorrect sampling, etc., in some samples, inappropriate or so-called outliers.<br />The values of R2 and RMSE for calibration and validation sets of different regression models (PLS) with raw and processed data are presented in Figure 3, which is equal to 0.98. The results show that the spectra are able to detect the ripening time of walnuts with high accuracy. Khodabakhshian et al investigated the potential of visible and infrared spectroscopy to classify the ripening stage and predict the quality traits of pomegranate varieties including SSC and TA. Among the methods of centring, Savitzky-Golay smoothing, median filter, standard normal variable, incremental spread correction (MSC) and differentiation with first derivative and second derivative, the use of incremental spread correction (MSC) has the highest accuracy in identifying pomegranate quality parameters. followed Zhang and colleagues (Zhang et al, 2018) in estimating the SSC of red Fuji apple using near-infrared spectroscopy to reduce noises using the functions of additive scatter correction (MSC) and standard normal distribution (SNV) and reported that the additive scatter correction method (MSC) compared to the standard normal distribution (SNV) will result in a more accurate estimate of the SSC value. Kim et al. estimated the SSC of oriental melon using near-infrared spectroscopy among different pre-processing methods including Savitzky-Golay smoothing, normalization with maximum and minimum, stable normalization, standardization, stable normal variable, distribution Standard normal (SNV) and incremental spread correction (MSC) reported that the best result was obtained with a standard normal distribution (SNV). Although considering the different nature of the samples, measurement methods and equipment, and other conditions affecting the spectral properties of the product, it is better not to compare the data obtained from different researches with each other. گردو به عنوان یک محصول مهم اقتصادی و تجاری در سراسر جهان می‌باشد. طیف نوری بازتابی می‌تواند یکی از عوامل کلیدی در تشخیص زمان رسیدگی میوه باشد و به محتوای ترکیبات شیمیایی میوه و پوست آن بستگی دارد. تردی و پوست‌کنی آسان از ویژگی های اصلی است که بر میزان رضایت مصرف کننده گردو تأثیر می گذارد. پیچیدگی طیف بازتابی مواد غذایی تحلیل آن‌ها را با تکنیک‌های تجزیه و تحلیل معمولی مانند کروماتوگرافی گازی دشوار می‌سازد. با این حال، تحلیل حسی توسط کارشناسان یک فرایند پر هزینه است و نیاز به افراد آموزش دیده دارد که تنها برای مدت نسبتا کوتاهی می‌توانند کار کنند. یک طیف سنج فروسرخ نزدیک می‌تواند طیف های نور بازتابی را با تخمینی از غلظت آن و یا تعیین برخی خواص ذاتی آن، تشخیص دهد. برای این منظور در هر دوره رسیدگی (در کل 5 دوره در نظر گرفته شد که فواصل دوره‌ها بصورت یک هفته‌ای تعیین گردید)، نمونه‌های نارس گردو بعلاوه نمونه‌های رسیده آن (در دوره آخر) که از یکی از باغات اطراف اردبیل (واقع در روستای شهریور) تهیه می‌شد، تحت آزمایش و داده-برداری قرار می‌گرفت. در این تحقیق به منظور تخمین زمان رسیدگی گردو و مقدار جذب طول موج در 5 دوره مختلف رسیدگی گردو (دوره‌های یک هفته‌ای) طیف سنجی بازتابشی در محدوده طول موج های 400 تا 1100 نانومتر انجام شد. پس از حذف نویزها با آنالیز PCA، برای بهبود طیف، پیش پردازش‌های اولیه مختلف اعمال و اثرات آنها مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. مدل مناسب با استفاده از روش حداقل مربعات جزئی (PLS) تعیین گردید. طول موج‌های مهم براساس ضریب رگرسیون بهترین مدل انتخاب و شد. براساس آنالیز PLS بهترین نتایج با پیش‌پردازش هموارسازی ساویتزکی-گولای حاصل شد. در نتیجه به نظر می رسد که روش غیر مخرب تصویربرداری فراطیفی قادر به تشخیص رسیدگی محصول گردو است. https://www.jess.ir/article_160199_1eae1089bd117a44e3dff4a9fb088c93.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Simultaneous effect of NAO and AMO remote bonding indices on temperature and precipitation variability of cities adjacent to Sabalan اثر همزمانی شاخص‌های پیوند از دور NAO و AMO بر تغییر‌پذیری دما و بارش شهرستان‌های مجاور سبلان 5857 5868 160201 10.22034/jess.2022.345519.1802 FA مهدی فروتن محقق اردبیلی بتول زینالی محقق اردبیلی Journal Article 2022 06 03 Abstract<br />Coordination between the temporal changes of two distant points, which is mainly used for pressure changes, is called remote connection. The purpose of this study is to investigate the variability of temperature and precipitation parameters of Ardabil, Meshginshahr, Sarab and Harris stations from two remote connection models of North Atlantic Oscillation Index and Pacific Decades Index using Pearson torque correlation method and synoptic analysis. For this purpose, data related to the two mentioned indicators were prepared from the Nova site for the period 2009-2018. Also, for this statistical period, data related to temperature and precipitation parameters were obtained from Ardabil Meteorological Department. Then, after standardization of temperature and precipitation, using Pearson correlation method for NAO index, it was found that the temperature of all stations in June, October and February precipitation of Ardabil station had the highest significant direct correlation with 99 and 95% confidence level with this index. The AMO index also showed a direct relationship with the January temperature of Harris station with only 5% probability of error. In order to investigate the effect of these patterns on the studied parameters of NETCDF data, monthly mean sea level pressure, geopotential level of 500 hPa, temperature and rainfall water were obtained from Nova site and synoptic maps were drawn in Gardes software environment. The results showed that when NAO index is in negative phase and AMO index is in hot phase, the dominant system in the studied areas is low thermal pressure and rotational conditions prevail and temperature and rainfall increase and wetting occurs, unlike when NAO index is in phase. The AMO index is positive in the cold phase, with the dominance of high-pressure systems and rotation conditions in the study areas, the temperature and rainfall have decreased and the drought conditions have been determined.<br /><br />Introduction<br />Temporal variability is an inherent feature of climate. Experimental evidence has shown that many climatic processes are not stable over time. Variability refers to fluctuations or a pattern of fluctuations that occur at certain specific intermediate values. Cases of temporal variability of climate such as day-to-day, inter-seasonal, annual and spatial changes with horizontal gradients can be expressed. Changes in the functioning of the climate system over time are a description of the temporal changes of interest to climatologists. The causes of climate change are time-dependent, so they can be divided into external and internal forces. External forces are related to the natural variability of the climatic system, which is dependent on changes in solar radiation. But the second category of forces is due to the internal dynamics of the climate system. They cause a series of random fluctuations and form possible disordered behaviors. In the time scale of decades, the precipitation parameter is more sensitive to atmospheric circulation changes than the temperature parameter (Zolfaqari, 1390: 297). The term remote linking was introduced by Angstrom in 1935 in the context of patterns of climatic ups and downs; Berkenes then used it in 1969 to describe patterns of reaction to the surrounding surface force. In the 1990s, renewed attention to teleconnection patterns shifted beyond the pressure fluctuations described by Walker and the global anomalies. Their characteristics and global causes were searched using various spatial analysis methods and atlases of remote connection were published (Omidvar, 2012: 276). Two of the most important long-distance link indicators affecting the global climate, which are based in the Atlantic Ocean, are the NAO North Atlantic Oscillation Index and the AMO Atlantic Decade Index. North Atlantic Fluctuation is the predominant method of climate change in the North Atlantic Basin that is associated with changes in atmospheric pressure and winds. This index is described by atmospheric pressure changes associated with atmospheric mass metamorphic changes. The index also depends on changes in polar air masses near Iceland and subtropical air masses across the Atlantic from the Azores to the Iberian Peninsula. The signal for its emergence is highly regional and is obtained by calculating the difference between the anomalies of normalized pressure at sea level from December to March at the station in Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, and the station at Stikosholmor in Iceland (Dhu al-Faqari, 2014: 222). Another important and influential indicator of the global climate in the northern hemisphere is the multi-decade index of the Atlantic Ocean, which has two phases of hot and cold, and its calculation is based on changes in water temperature in the northern Atlantic (30 to 65 degrees north). This index was first identified and expressed by leaf research in 2001 as a result of small changes in the circulation of the Atlantic thermocline. This pattern has temperature fluctuations between 20 and 40 years in the Atlantic Ocean from the tropics to the Greenland glaciers (Omidvar, 1399: 110).<br />Methodology<br />The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of temperature and precipitation parameters of synoptic stations near Sabalan Mountain (Ardabil, Meshginshahr, Sarab and Harris) from different phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation Index and the Decade of the Atlantic Index. For this purpose, monthly data of temperature and precipitation parameters of the mentioned stations for the statistical period of ten years (2009-2018) were obtained from Ardabil Meteorological Department and data related to NAO and AMO remote connection patterns index for the study period were prepared from Nova site. Due to the fact that the data of the mentioned indicators were recorded in a standardized way, it was necessary to standardize the temperature and precipitation parameter data in the SPSS software environment in order to show their relationships using Pearson torque correlation method. Thus, it was determined which months are more related to the mentioned patterns. In the next stage, the months and years of the statistical period were divided according to the different phases of the mentioned indicators and combined anomaly maps of sea level pressure with geopotential level of 500 millibars, surface temperature anomaly and rainwater anomaly from the surface to the upper atmosphere for them. Gardes was drawn in the software environment. To do this, monthly data on mean sea level pressure, geopotential elevation, temperature and rainwater were collected from the NCEP-NCAR site.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between two important far-linking patterns of the Atlantic, namely NAO and AMO with the variability of temperature and precipitation parameters in Ardabil, Meshginshahr, Sarab and Harris stations. Thus, the results of Pearson correlation for temperature parameter showed that between different months of the year, June and October, all stations had a significant direct correlation with 99 and 95% confidence level with NAO index, but in December, Meshginshahr and Harris station had an inverse correlation with confidence percentage. It had 95% with this index. The AMO index also showed a direct correlation with the 95% confidence level only with the January temperature of Harris station. But the results for the precipitation parameter also showed that only the February precipitation of Ardabil station with the North Atlantic Oscillation index had a significant inverse correlation at the 95% confidence level. The results of synoptic analysis also showed that in periods when NAO index is in negative phase and AMO index is in hot phase, the dominant system in the study areas is low thermal pressure and rotational conditions prevail and temperature and rainfall increase and wetting occurs. The opposite is true when the NAO index is in the positive phase and the AMO index is in the cold phase. There are many contradictory results about the mentioned indices. However, the results of Pearson correlation regarding the precipitation parameter with the NAO index are associated with the results of Razmjoo et al. (1399). As they showed, the NAO index in a linear relationship is not able to explain the large share of variability in drought and new years in Iran. Regarding the temperature parameter, the result of Moradi (2004) research showed that when the index was in the positive phase, in winter, the temperature decreased in most parts of the country. According to this result, in this study, it was proved that with the rule of the positive phase period of NAO, the temperature has decreased. هماهنگی بین تغییرات زمانی دو نقطه دور از هم که عمدتا برای تغییرات فشار به کار می‌رود اصطلاحا پیوند از دور گفته می‌شود. هدف از انجام این تحقیق بررسی تغییر‌پذیری پارامتر دما و بارش ایستگاه‌های اردبیل، مشگین‌شهر، سراب و هریس از دو الگوی پیوند از دور شاخص نوسان اطلس شمالی و شاخص چند دهه‌ای اقیانوس آرام با استفاده از روش همبستگی گشتاوری پیرسون و تحلیل همدیدی می‌باشد. بدین منظور داده‌های مربوط به دو شاخص مذکور از سایت نووا برای دوره 2009-2018 تهیه شد. هم‌چنین برای این دوره آماری داده‌های مربوط به پارامتر دما و بارش نیز از اداره کل هوا‌شناسی اردبیل اخذ شد. در ادامه پس از استاندارد‌سازی دما و بارش، با استفاده از روش همبستگی پیرسون برای شاخص NAO مشخص شد دمای تمام ایستگاه‌ها در ماه‌های خرداد و مهر و بارش بهمن‌ماه ایستگاه اردبیل بیشترین همبستگی معنی‌دار مستقیمی در سطح اطمینان 99 و 95 درصد با این شاخص داشته است. شاخص AMO نیز تنها با دمای دی‌ماه ایستگاه هریس با 5 درصد احتمال خطا رابطه مستقیمی را نشان داد. به منظور بررسی همدیدی تأثیر این الگو‌ها بر پارامتر‌های مورد بررسی داده‌های NETCDF میانگین ماهانه فشار تراز سطح دریا، ارتفاع ژئوپتانسیل تراز 500 هکتوپاسکال، دما و آب قابل بارش از سایت نووا اخذ شد و در محیط نرم‌افزار گردس نقشه‌های سینوپتیکی ترسیم گردیدند. نتایج نشان داد زمانی‌که شاخص NAO در فاز منفی و شاخص AMO در فاز گرم بوده سیستم غالب بر مناطق مورد مطالعه کم‌فشار حرارتی بوده و شرایط چرخندی بر آن حاکم شده و دما و بارندگی افزایش یافته و ترسالی به وقوع پیوسته است برعکس زمانی‌‌که شاخص NAO در فاز مثبت و شاخص AMO در فاز سرد بوده با حاکمیت سامانه‌های پر‌فشار و شرایط وا‌چرخندی در مناطق مورد مطالعه دما و بارندگی کاهش یافته و شرایط خشکسالی را رقم زده است. https://www.jess.ir/article_160201_ca34f669ae367c87f0e75dcae0f61ee5.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Change in flood hydrograph response due to variable precipitation amount during different return periods in Namin watershed تغییر پاسخ هیدروگراف سیلاب در اثر تغییرات بارش در دوره بازگشت‌های مختلف در حوزه آبخیز نمین 5869 5882 160202 10.22034/jess.2022.346561.1807 FA رئوف مصطفی زاده دانشیار گروه منابع طبیعی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی و عضو پژوهشکده مدیریت آب، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی 0000-0002-0401-0260 زینب پورگنجی دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد ژئومورفولوژی و آمایش محیط، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، ایران فریبا اسفندیاری درآباد سعدی پلاک 574 مریم آقائی دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد سنجش از دور و سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، ایران. Journal Article 2022 06 11 Extended Abstract<br />Introduction: Flood as a natural hazards occurs under the influence of many factors. Heavy rainfall in the upstream basin is one of the causes of floods. Rainfall and discharge simulation is one of the methods that can be used to understand the hydrological behavior of the watershed against different rainfall regimes, which ultimately leads to proper management of water resources and floods. Floods are one of the topics of interest to researchers and one of the most important topics studied in natural disasters around the world. Due to the fact that access to accurate information for flood study is limited in watersheds, hydrological models have been used to estimate flood characteristics and predict the trend of runoff changes, which in many cases has yielded good results. Namin city is one of the flood vulnerable areas in Ardabil province and is hydrologically an area with a rapid hydrological response, which has been selected for the present study in simulating the hourly flood hydrograph. The results can be used in flood analysis due to different rainfalls. The aim of this study was to study the changes in rainfall amount and the effect of its values in different return periods on hourly flood hydrographs in the Namin watershed in Fandoghlou forested area in Ardabil province.<br /><br />Methodology: In the present study, Landsat satellite images, ENVI 5.3 software and Google Earth were used to classify the land use map of the study area. Due to the fact that Landsat satellite images are provided to users in the form of geometric correction, several control points were selected from 4 images and their accuracy was evaluated, which was acceptable. For this purpose, in ENVI 5.3 software, green, blue and red bands were combined and then due to errors, the effects of diffusion and atmospheric absorption at the image level, radiometric, geometric and atmospheric corrections were performed on satellite images. The atmospheric correction was performed on the image by FLAASH method. Then, training sample was prepared to classify land use in ENVI5.3 environment from land use classes with the help of visual interpretation, Google Earth, auxiliary slope map, digital model of 12.5 m area. Training samples were taken from land use, forest use, barren land use, agricultural use (irrigated), pasture use, and residential use. Then land use classification was performed using images. For land use classification, the command of minimum distance from the mean and support vector machine was used, which among the methods used, the SVM method had the highest accuracy, and also to increase the classification accuracy of the area slope map using digital elevation model map. The thermal and multi-bands were combined into other bands of the images, and then a comprehensive output was prepared from all of these bands, and the classification was done using the SVM method due to its high accuracy. After land use classification, the accuracy of the classification was evaluated. For this purpose, experimental samples were taken from the land uses in the study area and the overall accuracy and kappa coefficients of the land use classifications were calculated. All classified images had a high accuracy of 98%. Then the design rainfall values in different return periods has been calculated using Cumfreq software and the hourly flood hydrograph is simulated by using Wildcat software. The Wildcat5 model is based on the SCS model, which is a rainfall-runoff simulation model. The required inputs to the model include the following. First, the rainfall characteristics for each year will be determined with different return periods (average rainfall and rainfall distribution). In the following, the parameters related to soil and surface cover of various watershed land uses to calculate excess rainfall (basin runoff) will be determined. For this purpose, curve number (CN) was assigned according to the type of coverage of each user. Then, time parameters were calculated to enter the flow time from the upstream to the watershed outlet and entered the model. The appropriate method for transforming rainfall to effective rainfall and also converting effective rainfall to unit hydrograph were selected based on the curve number method. In this section, factors such as the length of the main stream and the average slope of the watershed were calculated. Then, the area of each land use was determined and in the mentioned section, they were included in the model along with the curved number. Finally, the amount of watershed concentration time was calculated. According to the required inputs, first the maximum 24-hour rainfall during the existing statistical periods was extracted from Namin rain gauge station. <br />According to the aim of this study, which is to investigate the hydrological response of the Namin watershed to changes in rainfall during the return period 2, 5, 15, 25, 50 and 100 using the Wildcat5 hydrological model to investigate the effects of changing rainfall during the return period in the flood hydrograph in the Namin watershed. <br /><br />Cumfreq software was used to estimate the amount of rainfall in different return periods.<br />Results: According to the results, the rainfall changes in the study area showed that the rainfall values in the return period of 2 years and 100 years were 23.27 and 47.02 mm, respectively. Based on the results of hourly flow simulation, the amount of runoff in the 2-year period was 1.43 mm and the highest amount in the 100-year return period was 7.42 mm. Accordingly, the results showed that the the peak flow rate of the flood hydrograph will be equal to 100.07 cubic meters per second under the rainfall with 100-years return period. According to the results, the increase in discharge from the 2-year to 5-year return period is equal to 20.73 cubic meter per second, which has increased by 111.51 percent. While, with the increase of rainfall from the return period of 50 to 100 years, the amount of increase in flow will be equal to 15.38%.<br />Conclusion: The results of rainfall-runoff simulation at hourly time scale in the Namin watershed showed that the rate of change in discharge relatively will be more in the lower return periods. <br />According to the simulations performed for maximum rainfall and runoff in Namin watershed in different return periods, it was observed that with increasing rainfall from 2 year return period to 100 years, runoff values and maximum flow intensities will increase. A noteworthy point is the amount of change with increasing return period. Overall, the results showed that the intensity of flow rate increase in the low return period will be more than the return period of more than 50 years. Based on the results of climate forecasts, the intensity of rainfall will increase due to climate change. Therefore, an increase in the intensity of flood events can be expected, which will show the importance of studying the effects of rainfall intensification. Accordingly, it is important to predict the flood-related effects of climate change in the study watershed.<br />Key words: Runoff simulation, Hydrologic response, Hydrologic modelling, Flood hydrograph چکیده<br />سیلاب یکی از مخاطرات طبیعی است که تحت تاثیر عوامل بسیاری رخ می‌دهد بارش‌های رگباری و شدید در بالادست حوضه یکی از عوامل رخ داد سیلاب است. هدف این پژوهش مطالعه تغییرات میزان بارش و تاثیر مقادیر آن در دوره بازگشت‌های مختلف بر هیدروگراف سیلاب در حوضه نمین‌ از منطقه جنگلی فندقلو در استان اردبیل است. در مطالعه حاضر جهت تهیه نقشه کاربری اراضی از تصویر ماهواره‌ای لندست و نرم‌افزار ENVI 5.3 وGoogle Earth استفاده شده است. سپس مقادیر بارش طرح در دوره بازگشت‌های مختلف با نرم‌افزار Cumfreq محاسبه و هیدروگراف ساعتی سیلاب با نرم‌افزار 5 Wildcat شبیه‌سازی شده است. نتایج حاصل ارزیابی تغییرات بارش در منطقه مورد مطالعه نشان داد که مقادیر بارش در دوره بازگشت 2 ساله و 100 ساله به‌ترتیب برابر 27/23 و 02/47 میلی‌متر بوده است. براساس نتایج حاصل از شبیه‌سازی جریان، میزان رواناب در دوره 2 ساله به مقدار 43/1 میلی‌متر و بیش‌ترین میزان در دوره بازگشت 100 ساله به مقدار42/7 میلی‌متر بوده است. بر اساس نتایج، در بارش با دوره بازگشت 100 ساله، میزان اوج دبی هیدروگراف سیلاب برابر 07/100 مترمکعب در ثانیه خواهد بود. بر اساس نتایج، افزایش میزان دبی از دوره بازگشت 2 ساله به 5 ساله برابر 73/20 ‌متر مکعب در ثانیه است که افزایش 51/111 درصدی داشته است. در حالی‌که، با افزایش بارش از دوره بازگشت 50 به 100 ساله، مقدار افزایش دبی برابر 38/15 درصد خواهد بود. نتایج شبیه‌سازی بارش و سیلاب در منطقه نمین در دوره‌ بازگشت‌های مختلف نشان می‌دهد که میزان تغییر دبی در دوره‌بازگشت‌های پایین بیش‌تر خواهد بود.<br />واژه‌های کلیدی: شبیه‌سازی رواناب، واکنش هیدرولوژیک، مدل‌سازی هیدرولوژیک، هیدروگراف سیلاب https://www.jess.ir/article_160202_d407a3ebb4ab9b0d68b224486f8b8dad.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Investigating the main factors affecting the occurrence of construction violations in urban constructions (case study: Bostan Abad city) بررسی عوامل اصلی اثرگذار بر بروز تخلفات ساختمانی در ساخت و سازهای شهری (مطالعه موردی: شهر بستان‌آباد) 5883 5900 160203 10.22034/jess.2022.354131.1837 FA هادی اسکندری عین الدین دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری 0000-0002-4665-5884 عطا غفاری گیلانده عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی حسین نظم فر دانشیار- دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی Journal Article 2022 07 31 Abstract <br />Construction violations are one of the anomalies or problems in cities, especially cities in developing countries, which cannot be easily dealt with and solved in an ineffective management system. The purpose of this research is to investigate the main factors affecting the occurrence of construction violations in Bostanabad city. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Data collection was operationalized in 5 categories of factors including components (economic, social, physical, managerial and rules and regulations). The basis for collecting the aforementioned data was based on a questionnaire with 23 items, which was distributed among the sample size of 70 people from the statistical community related to experts in the field of urban planning and construction and urban development in Bostan Abad city. In the analysis of the answers given in relation to the items, one-sample T-tests and Pearson's correlation test was used in the SPSS environment. In the phase of extracting and examining the main influencing factors in the occurrence of construction violations, analytical facilities in the Smart Pls environment were also used. According to the findings of the research, among the main factors affecting the incidence of construction violations in Bostanabad city, are lack of awareness of construction rules and regulations among residents, ignoring the needs of citizens in matters related to construction, the cost of construction based on rules and regulations The engineering system is collecting fines as a source of income for the municipality, therefore, based on the results obtained from the investigation of factors affecting the formation of construction violations, city managers in Bostanabad city can control the profiteering of land, localize construction rules and regulations, and create culture. In the field of construction rules and regulations, zoning the city and presenting plans for the expansion of the city, taking into account the income of the residents and the climatic conditions of the city, prevent the uneven development and heterogeneity in the urban body in the city of Bostanabad.<br /><br />Introduction <br />In the past decades, due to the increase in the population of cities, the spread of construction violations has faced the managers and residents of many cities in developing countries with major problems. which will be challenging if this uncontrolled and irregular urban expansion is not properly controlled and managed. The existence of factors such as the inefficiency of the urban management system, the long process of obtaining a building permit and the price of land, especially in third-world cities, are among the factors that have made citizens more justified in committing construction violations (Madanian, 35: 1387). Urban construction control requires planning and rational management and rewriting of the planning and management method by local governments (Zeyang Li et al, 2020.2). In the process of rewriting regulations, it is important to include the concerns of local residents and the entire process should be democratic. Finally, the new law should consider the traditional culture and current economic-social demands of the people (Rakwaro, 2009. 8). Therefore, policymakers can predict and control the trend between construction demand and the occurrence of construction violations and develop appropriate strategies to deal with the challenges ahead (Rayan Y.C. Fan, 2011. 167).<br /><br />Methodology<br />The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The information required in this research has been collected through documentary and library methods and a questionnaire (made by the researcher), which are:<br />1- Frequency of construction violations in Bostan Abad city between 1395-1401<br />2- Economic, social, physical, managerial and laws and regulations information obtained using questionnaires.<br />The current research has two groups of variables, the independent variable and the dependent variable, the independent variable of economic, social, physical, and managerial factors and laws and regulations investigated in Bostanabad city, which affect the amount of construction violations. The dependent variable consists of the results of the responses that, according to the referred experts, were obtained in relation to most types of construction violations in Bostan Abad city. The items obtained based on the mentioned answers are given in Table (6) respectively. In this research, due to the lack of a statistical population, the snowball sampling method was used to estimate the sample size. Data collection was operationalized in 5 categories of factors including components (economic, social, physical, managerial and rules and regulations). The basis for collecting the aforementioned data was based on a questionnaire with 23 items, which was distributed among the sample size of 70 people from the statistical community related to experts in the field of urban planning and construction and urban development in Bostan Abad city. In the analysis of the answers given in relation to the items, one-sample T-tests and Pearson's correlation test was used in the SPSS environment. In the phase of extracting and examining the main influencing factors in the occurrence of construction violations in Bostan Abad city, analytical facilities in the Smart Pls environment were also used. Regarding the representation of the studied area and the process of physical expansion of the city, drawing facilities were used in the AutoCAD environment.<br /><br />Conclusion <br />In the city of Bostan Abad, most of the construction violations took place, in addition to being caused by poverty and in the outskirts of the city, a significant number of violations occurred in places that are in better financial conditions than other places, and Most of these violations have been committed by people who seek to evade the law and seek economic profit. Therefore, the income of the owner or the economic base of the owner is one of the economic factors affecting the occurrence of construction violations in Bostan Abad city. If the problems and problems of today's cities are properly rooted, most of them are related to the social issues of the same society. In the study of social factors affecting the occurrence of construction violations in Bostan Abad city, the lack of awareness of the rules and regulations of construction among residents, ignoring the needs of citizens in matters related to construction, and the lack of coordination and cooperation of residents with the city management in construction have They are more effective. Due to the increase in the population of cities and the high demand for construction in urban areas, city managers, especially in the cities of developing countries, have faced fundamental problems, which have become the basis for uncontrolled and irregular urban expansion. In examining the physical factors affecting the occurrence of construction violations in the city of Bostan Abad, the process of converting gardens and agricultural lands in the heart and outskirts of the city to residential, commercial and similar uses, non-compliance with the rights of adjacent users, the limitations and possibilities of the spatial development of the city and the problems in the development Property documents by residents are more influential. In the field of laws and regulations affecting the occurrence of construction violations, from the point of view of urban planning experts in Bostan Abad city, the uniformity and generalization of construction rules and regulations in different cities, as well as the lack of flexibility of plans and programs and the lack of sufficient attention to the facilities and conditions for the realization of plans Among the main influencing factors in the occurrence of construction violations in the city of Bostan Abad. According to the topic of the article, which is the investigation of the main influencing factors in the occurrence of construction violations in Bostan Abad city. Suggestions are made to reduce the occurrence of construction violations in this city. In this regard, it is necessary to note that two levels of action are important in relation to construction violations, first, some measures should be aimed at eliminating the causes of construction violations. In the next step, the necessary measures should be taken after the violation to reduce its effects on the city by adopting appropriate solutions. تخلفات ساختمانی یکی از ناهنجاری‌های شهرها بخصوص در کشورهای در حال توسعه است که برخورد و حل آن در سیستم مدیریتی ناکارآمد به آسانی امکان پذیر نیست. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی عوامل اصلی اثرگذار بر بروز تخلفات ساختمانی در شهر بستان‌آباد است. گردآوری داده‌ها در 5 دسته از عوامل (شامل مؤلفه‌های اقتصادی، اجتماعی، کالبدی، مدیریتی و قوانین و مقررات) عملیاتی شد. مبنای گردآوری داده‌های مذکور بر مبنای پرسشنامه‌ای با 23 گویه قرار داشت، که در میان حجم نمونه 70 نفری از جامعه آماری مربوط به کارشناسان حوزه شهرسازی و عمران و توسعه شهری در شهر بستان آباد توزیع شد. در تحلیل پاسخ‌های ارائه شده در رابطه با گویه‌ها، از آزمون‌های آماری T تک نمونه ای و آزمون همبستگی پیرسون در محیط spss استفاده شد. در مرحله استخراج و بررسی عوامل اصلی تأثیرگذار در بروز تخلفات ساختمانی نیز از امکانات تحلیلی در محیط Smart Pls به کار گرفته شد. براساس یافته‌های پژوهش، از جمله عوامل اصلی اثرگذار بر بروز تخلفات ساختمانی در شهر بستان‌آباد، عدم آگاهی از ضوابط و مقررات ساخت و ساز بین ساکنین، نادیده گرفتن نیاز شهروندان در امور مربوط به ساخت و ساز، میزان هزینه ساخت و ساز براساس ضوابط و مقررات نظام مهندسی، اخذ جریمه به عنوان منبع درآمد برای شهرداری می‌باشد، بنابراین براساس نتایج حاصل از بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر شکل گیری تخلفات ساختمانی، مدیران شهری در شهر بستان‌آباد می‌توانند با کنترل سودجویی زمین، بومی سازی ضوابط و مقررات ساخت و ساز، فرهنگ-سازی در زمینه ضوابط و مقررات ساخت و ساز، پهنه بندی شهر و ارائه طرح‌هایی در جهت گسترش شهر با در نظر گرفتن درآمد ساکنین و شرایط اقلیمی شهر، باعث جلوگیری از توسعه نامتوازن و ناهمگونی در کالبد شهری بستان‌آباد شوند. https://www.jess.ir/article_160203_68f204f3838bfee4ada868b66e6a0814.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Survey of Housing Health Status in Rural Areas of Bonab County بررسی وضعیت بهداشت مسکن مناطق روستایی شهرستان بناب 5901 5909 160760 10.22034/jess.2022.304803.1650 FA غلامحسین صفری گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران. 0000-0002-3510-573X صفر علی داداش زاده کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز احمد هاشمی اصل گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز فاطمه یعقوبی رودپشتی دانشجوی کارشناسی مهندسی بهداشت محیط ، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز 0000-0002-1952-5777 Journal Article 2021 09 14 Housing health is one of the most significant factors in improving the quality of life in human societies. Achieving development and progress is possible by paying attention to the health of society people. Therefore, the observance of healthy principles in all aspects of life, including housing, must be considered. This study aimed to investigate the housing health status in rural areas of Bonab County. <br />In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the target population was all 29 villages of Bonab County with 14532 households and 47596 people. From this target population, 14 villages with 10322 households and a population of 34197 people chose as a statistical population through systematic random sampling. Data was collected using interviewing, observing, measuring, and completing the standard checklist of environmental and occupational health status. Finally, the collected data were statistically analyzed using version 22 of SPSS software. The results showed that 95.9% of rural dwellings had more than 70 m2, and the area of residential rooms was appropriate to the user population in more than 95% of households. 49.92% of the buildings were made with substandard materials (sun-dried brick 3%, block 27%, and wood 19%). 100% of residents had access to safe drinking water. 100% of residents collected and disposed of domestic wastewater, and solid waste, in a sanitary manner. Also, 100% of livestock households collected and disposed of their animal waste in a sanitary manner. More than 90% of rural households were in good condition and hygienic in terms of various parameters of residential rooms (floor, wall, ceiling, and light). 100% of rural families using natural gas as fuel. The statues of the bathroom and kitchen were healthy in 93.92% and 88% of households, respectively. However, 6.08% of households did not have a kitchen and 1.46% did not have a bathroom inside the house. In general, although most of the housing health indicators in the studied villages were in a good and acceptable condition, but the buildings are not in a good and acceptable condition in terms of the type of building materials and safety and strength. <br /><br />Introduction<br />Housing and the made environment play a major role in shaping human health. Historically, inadequate housing has fueled the spread of disease, affected individuals' physical and mental health, and enhancement mortality. The provision of adequate housing could lead to incremented human well-being and subsequently lower health care costs. Addressing this subject is important, given that more than 70% of an individual's time is typically spent housings. The concept of housing as a public health subject is not new. In the middle of the 19th century, pathologist Rudolf Virchow advised city leaders that poorly maintained, crowded housing was related with higher rates of infectious disease transmission. Engels, in his research of the labor group in England, reported that “There is ample evidence that the dwellings of the labors who live in the in poor areas, along with other adverse factors, cause many diseases.” Improving the quality of housing health sanitation were significant ingredients of 19th- and early-20th-century to control typhus, tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases.<br />Housing can expose people to a number of health risks. Housing that is difficult or expensive to heat contributes to poor respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes, while high indoor temperatures can cause heat-related illnesses and increase cardiovascular mortality. Indoor air pollution is associated with a wide range of consequences of non-communicable diseases that can lead to damage to respiratory and cardiovascular health and may trigger allergic and irritating reactions such as asthma. Crowded housing increases the risk of exposure to infectious diseases. Inadequate water supply and sanitation facilities affect food safety and personal hygiene, and therefore lead to the development of communicable diseases.<br />Poor housing statues are related with a wide range of health statues, including respiratory infections, asthma, lead poisoning, injuries, and mental health. Public health has long been involved in housing subject. In the 19th century, health officials targeted poor sanitation, crowding, and inadequate ventilation to decrease infectious diseases as well as fire hazards to reduce injuries.<br />Housing is an important determinant of health, and substandard housing is a main public health issue. Every year in the United States, 13.5 million nonfatal injuries happen in and around the house, 2900 people die in home fires, and 2 million people go to the emergency room for asthma. One million young children in the United States have blood lead values high enough to adversely affect their intelligence, behavior, and development. Two million Americans have homes with severe physical problems, and another 4.8 million have homes with medium problems. Improved housing statues can save lives, prevent disease, improve the quality of life, decrease poverty, and help mitigate climate change. Housing is becoming significantly important to health in light of urban growth, aging populations, and climate change.<br /><br />Methodology <br />This study aimed to investigate the health status of rural housing in Bonab County in terms of the type of building, residential rooms, yard, type of fuel consumed, drinking water, bathroom, kitchen, bathroom, collection and disposal of wastewater, solid waste, and animal waste was done. The method of control and evaluation of data in this research is based on field visits and observations. <br />The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The target population of this study is all 29 inhabited villages of Bonab Count with 14532 households and 47596 people. From this target population, 14 villages with more than 400 households with 10322 households and a population of 34197 people were selected as the statistical population. In this study, the sample size was estimated using Cochran's formula with 95% confidence and a 5% error rate at 370 households. Therefore, 411 households from the study population (approximately 10% more than the sample size estimated by the formula) were selected as the sample size. Data collection tools included observation, interview, measurement and completion of the form (housing status in terms of environmental and occupational health) on the last page of the rural household file to assess the current state of housing health in rural areas of Bonab County. Data were analyzed using Excel and SPSS software version 22 and the data were described using descriptive statistics such as mean and percentage.<br /><br />Conclusion <br />The results show that 95.9% of rural houses had more than 70 m2 of infrastructure. In more than 95% of households, the area of residential rooms was appropriate for the population. 49.92% of the buildings were made of substandard materials (sun-dried brick. 3.17%, block 27% and wood 18.98%). 100% of rural households had access to safe drinking water at home through a private branch. 100% of rural households collected and disposed of solid waste and wastewater in a hygienic way. Also, 100% of rural households with livestock disposed of animal waste in a hygienic way. More than 90% of rural households were in good health status in terms of various parameters of residential rooms (floor, wall, ceiling, light). 100% of households using natural gas as fuel. 93.92% of households have a sanitation bathroom inside the home. 88.08% of households have a hygienic kitchen inside the home. However, 6.08% of households did not have a kitchen and 1.46% did not have a bathroom inside the home. In general, most of the housing hygiene indicators in the studied villages were appropriate and acceptable. However, the most important health priorities and educational needs in relation to housing hygiene were the buildings made of substandard materials. Therefore, the performance of rural health workers and relevant authorities should be focused on improving the safety and strength of buildings and maintaining the existing conditions of other indicators of housing health. یکی از مهمترین عوامل مؤثر در بهبود کیفیت زندگی در جوامع انسانی بهداشت مسکن و محل زندگی است. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی وضعیت بهداشت مسکن مناطق روستایی شهرستان بناب می‌باشد. در این مطالعه توصیفی مقطعی، جامعه هدف 29 روستای دارای سکنه شهرستان بناب با 14532 خانوار و 47596 نفر جمعیت بود از این جامعه هدف 14روستا با 10322 خانوار و جمعیت 34197 نفر بعنوان جامعه آماری به‌صورت تصادفی سیستماتیک وارد مطالعه شدند. ابزار جمع‌آوری داده‌ها در این مطالعه مصاحبه، مشاهده، اندازه‌گیری و تکمیل چک لیست استاندارد وضعیت محل سکونت از نظر بهداشت محیط و حرفه‌ای بود. در نهایت داده‌های جمع‌آوری شده، توسط نرم‌افزار SPSS-22 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه نشان داد که 9/95 درصد مساکن روستایی بیش از 70 متر مربع زیر بنا داشتند و در بیش از 95 درصد خانوارها، مساحت اتاق‌های مسکونی نسبت به جمعیت استفاده کننده مناسب بود. 92/49 درصد ساختمان‌ها از مصالح نامرغوب ساخته شده بودند. 100 درصد خانوارها به آب آشامیدنی سالم دسترسی داشتند. 100 درصد خانوارها فاضلاب و مواد زائد خود را به‌روش بهداشتی جمع‌آوری و دفع می‌کردند. همچنین 100 درصد خانوارهای دارای دام، فضولات حیوانی خود را به-صورت بهداشتی جمع‌آوری و دفع می‌کردند. بیش از 90 درصد خانوارها از نظر پارامترهای مختلف اتاق‌های مسکونی از وضعیت مناسب و بهداشتی برخوردار بودند. سوخت مصرفی 100 درصد خانوارها گاز طبیعی بود. 92/93 درصد خانوارها دارای حمام بهداشتی و 08/88 درصد خانوارها دارای آشپزخانه بهداشتی در داخل منزل بودند. علاوه براین 08/6 درصد خانوارها فاقد آشپزخانه و 46/1 درصد فاقد حمام در داخل منزل بودند. به طور کلی، اگرچه اکثر شاخص‌های بهداشت مسکن در روستاهای مورد مطالعه از وضعیت مناسب و قابل قبولی برخوردارهستند ولی ساختمان‌ها از نظر نوع مصالح ساختمانی، ایمنی و استحکام در وضعیت مناسب و قابل قبولی قرار ندارند. https://www.jess.ir/article_160760_de8f23f6fe9ca976633534918b420504.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Effects of different concentrations of zero valent iron nanoparticles on biogas production from co-digestion of municipal solid waste and sewage sludge تاثیرات غلظت‌های مختلف نانو ذرات آهن صفر ظرفیتی بر تولید بیوگاز از هضم مشترک زباله جامد شهری و لجن فاضلاب 5910 5921 160761 10.22034/jess.2022.313870.1678 FA منصور احمدی پیرلو گروه مهندسی بیوسیستم، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0002-7039-1196 ترحم مصری گندشمین دانشیار گروه مهندسی مکانیک بیوسیستم، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. منصور راسخ گروه مهندسی بیوسیستم، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران Journal Article 2021 11 06 Abstract<br />A large number of biogas plants fed by municipal solid waste (MSW) are installed around the world. However, extensive research is being conducted with the aim of maximizing the performance of the anaerobic digestion process, in order to further compare it with fossil fuels. One of the most important problems of this process and the main obstacle to this transformation is the complex structure of lignocelluloses and the difficulty of its biological transformation. For this purpose, the effect of different concentrations of nanoparticles (NPs) of zero valent iron (ZVI) (50, 70, 90 and 110 ppm ZVI NPs) on maximizing biogas and methane production was evaluated. In this study, the ratio of co-digestion mixing MSW and sewage sludge (SS) was determined from our previous studies as the optimal ratio (MSW: SS: 60:40). The results showed that the highest methane yield was obtained by adding 90 ppm ZVI NPs based on statistical analysis (at least a significant difference using Duncan test) compared to the control treatment (p<0.05). Iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) also led to an 85% increase in cellulose, a 64% decrease in lignin and a 33% decrease in hemicellulose, indicating an increase in biodegradability due to NPs. The highest methane production was obtained at 90 ppm ZVI NPs concentration which increased by 45% compared to the control treatment and the highest reduction of TS and VS in this digester was 31 and 17% compared to the control digester, respectively.<br /><br />Introduction <br />Anaerobic Digestion (AD), as one of the most important methods used to convert organic waste into renewable energy in the form of methane by-products (as a form of fuel), may reduce the cost of treatmen (Holm-Nielsen et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2012). Also, anaerobic digestion is a desirable technology with high biological evolution to fight organic waste and to be used for electricity generation, residential heating and cooking, etc. to save energy and produce renewable energy (Yin et al., 2014). Hence, an increasingly popular method has been used for landfilling organic waste such as municipal solid waste (Krishna, 2013), food waste (Sreekrishnan et al., 2004) and industrial wastewater (Qiang et al., 2012), all of which have promising results. The overall result of anaerobic digestion is the conversion of biodegradable organic matter to methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and new bacterial biomass (Hendroko et al., 2014). Different biological and chemical additives are subject to different operating conditions. The use of additives in anaerobic digestion significantly improves its performance. The suitability of an additive strongly depends on the type of substrate (Sreekrishnan et al., 2004). <br />Iron nanoparticles are due to their super paramagnetic properties, high inductance, non-toxicity and biocompatibility and have been used in anaerobic digestion to increase methane production and substrate degradation (Demirel & Scherer, 2011; Gustavsson et al., 2013). The addition of Fe has been reported to stimulate and stabilize anaerobic digestion and thus improve biogas production performance (Hanay et al., 2009). Iron nanoparticles are unstable and can slowly dissolve and supply iron ions. In fact, iron ions are the main constituents of cofactors (biochemicals) and enzymes, and their addition to anaerobic digestion increases the activity of Archaea microorganisms (the most important metanogenic microorganisms) (Hanay et al., 2009; Hao et al., 2017). Although the addition of iron nanoparticles increases biogas production in the first 24 to 48 hours, its high concentration has a toxic effect on bacteria, which further leads to a decrease in biogas production (Yanfeng et al., 2008). Accordingly, iron nanoparticles are a good candidate for maintaining the optimal concentration of iron during anaerobic digestion due to their unsaturation and bioavailability.<br />The aim of this study was to anaerobic co-digestion of municipal solid waste organic wastewater and sewage sludge and to investigate the effects of different concentrations of zero valent iron nanoparticles on methanogenic activity and thus increase biogas and methane production in batch reactors with mesophilic temperature conditions.<br /><br />Methodology<br />The raw materials for testing the organic Fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and sewage sludge. To increase the microbial population, cow manure was used as an inoculum. Finally, after preparing the raw materials, they were stored at 4 °C until used. <br />Batch laboratory digestion consisted of glass bottles (1000 mL) of which 667 mL were sealed with substrate and 1/3 empty. Nitrogen gas was used to anaerobic the conditions inside the digestors at the beginning of the experiments (for 1 minute) (Angelidaki et al., 2009). The substrate contained 15% organic solid. Digesters were loaded in a hot water bath equipped with a digital temperature control system under mesophilic conditions (37 °C). Each day, before determining the volume of gas produced and sampling, the digestions were stirred for approximately 30 seconds to improve mixing (Angelidaki et al., 2009).<br />The organic loading rate at the beginning of the process was 16.4 gVS/L. Anaerobic digestion tests were performed under mesophilic conditions with a hydraulic retention time of 30 days. Experiments including: (1) control treatment was selected based on our previous studies which was determined as the optimal mixing ratio of municipal solid waste and sewage sludge [27] (MSW without nanoparticles) and (2) municipal waste with different concentrations of nanoparticles ZVI (50, 70, 90, and 110 ppm). Concentrations of nanoparticles were added at the beginning of the anaerobic digestion process.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of zero-valent iron nanoparticles on biogas and methane production from the co-digestion of municipal solid waste and sewage sludge in batch digesters with mesophilic temperature conditions. The highest production of biogas and methane in the digester was observed by adding nanoparticles with a concentration of 90 ppm ZVI, which was 46% and 262% higher than the control sample, respectively, and also the highest biodegradability (reduction of TS and VS) was obtained at this concentration. The results showed that zero-valent iron nanoparticles can effectively increase the yield of biogas and methane and be a new approach to optimize biogas production from municipal waste. Further research is needed on the anaerobic digestion process, including the mechanism for recycling residual iron from digestion. تعداد زیادی از نیروگاه‌های بیوگاز که با زباله‌های جامد شهری (MSW: Municipal Solid Waste) تغذیه می‌شوند در سراسر جهان نصب شده‌اند. با این حال، تحقیقات گسترده‌ای با هدف به حداکثر رساندن عملکرد فرآیند هضم بی‌هوازی، به منظور مقایسه بیشتر آن با سوخت-های فسیلی انجام می‌شود. یکی از مهم‌ترین مشکل این فرایند و اصلی‌ترین مانع این تبدیل ساختار پیچیده لیگنوسلولز و سختی تبدیل زیستی آن است. برای این منظور، اثر غلظت‌های مختلف نانو ذرات (NPs: magnetite nanoparticles) آهن صفر ظرفیتی (ZVI: Zero Valent Iron) (50، 70، 90 و ppm ZVI NPs110) در حداکثرسازی تولید بیوگاز و متان مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. در این مطالعه، نسبت اختلاط هضم مشترک زباله جامد شهری و لجن فاضلاب (SS: Sewage Sludge ) از مطالعات قبلی ما تعیین شد که بعنوان نسبت بهینه انتخاب شده بود (MSW:SS: 60:40). نتایج نشان داد که بالاترین عملکرد متان با اضافه کردن ppm ZVI NPs90 بر اساس آنالیز آماری (حداقل تفاوت معنی‌داری با استفاده از آزمون دانکن) نسبت به تیمار شاهد بدست آمد (05/0>p). همچنین نانو ذرات آهن (Fe NPs) به افزایش 85 درصد سلولز، کاهش 64 درصد لیگنین و کاهش 33 درصد همی-سلولز نیز منجر شد که نشان‌دهنده افزایش قابلیت تجزیه‌پذیری زیستی به دلیل NPs است. بیشترین تولید متان در غلظت ppm ZVI NPs90 حاصل شد که نسبت به تیمار شاهد رشد 45 درصدی را تجربه کرد و بالاترین کاهش TS و VS نیز در این هاضم بترتیب 31 و 17 درصد نسبت به هاضم شاهد بدست آمد. https://www.jess.ir/article_160761_3235a9f241f67e1a4c5daae2bcfbeb42.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Comparison of real and modeled apple drying process مقایسه فرایند خشک شدن سیب در حالت واقعی و مدلسازی شده 5922 5932 160762 10.22034/jess.2022.327384.1718 FA ولی رسولی شربیانی گروه مهندسی بیوسیستم، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی 0000-0001-5981-5229 علی خرمی فر دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0002-9527-632X غلامحسین شاهقلی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0001-5981-5229 Journal Article 2022 01 31 Introduction <br />Structural heterogeneity of fruits and vegetables makes it difficult to understand the associated physicochemical changes that occur during drying. Due to its heterogeneous structure, food is one of the most complex types of metamorphic materials. The porosity and hygroscopic nature of fruits and vegetables increase their shrinkage during the drying process, which is a physical process commonly observed during drying. Shrinkage has a significant effect on the mechanical and textural properties of fruits and vegetables. Most importantly, shrinkage is an important factor that has a great impact on drought rate and drought kinetics. Because of these factors, food researchers emphasize that shrinkage should not be ignored when predicting volume and heat transfer during drying. The shrinkage model is better suited to the experimental data during drying than the non-shrinkage model. Food shrinkage depends on several factors such as material properties, mechanical properties, and process status. Knowledge of porosity during drying can also help to accurately predict the transfer phenomenon and quality characteristics. Some researchers have used mathematical equations to predict the porosity of food as a function of moisture content, which can be classified into two categories: (1) theoretical models based on understanding of fundamental physics and the mechanisms involved in pore formation have been established, and (2) experimental models have been developed using parameters in experimental data. Many previous studies on experimental or laboratory shrinkage have predicted porosity as linear, quadratic, and exponential equations. On the other hand, theoretical modeling can provide a better understanding of the shrinkage that occurs simultaneously with heat and volume transfer during drying. However, limited efforts have been made in the theoretical modeling of the contraction of fruits and vegetables, due to the complexity of creating physics-based models. The first porosity model was introduced in the 1950s. Kilpatrick and colleagues proposed a simple model considering the volumetric contraction of fruits and vegetables during drying. Many models in previous research have considered shrinkage to be ideal, during which the reduction of the geometric volume of the product is exactly equal to that of water lost. But in fact, this linear relationship between the decrease in physical volume and the volume of water lost during the drying period is not observed. Cell loss and shrinkage of food tissues occur during the drying process of food. There is a fine distinction between shrinkage and loss, in that shrinkage refers to a reduction in food sample size, but loss indicates irreversible breakdown of cellular and tissue structure. Structural changes at the cellular level occur due to the transfer phenomenon during the dry period. As mentioned earlier, porosity and shrinkage during drying affect the transfer process as well as other quality characteristics. Accurate prediction of porosity and shrinkage helps design an advanced drying system to ensure quality products. <br />Careful examination of theoretical and experimental models of porosity indicates the need for a simple model that can compensate for some of the limitations of theoretical models and use them for drying products and processes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to create a real contraction model with minimal use of experimental coefficients. A simple model considering heat gradient and humidity, glass transfer temperature, and drying time can be a potential way to predict structural changes during drying. Therefore, in this study, a new approach to contraction velocity is introduced. Therefore, paying attention to these parameters in shrinkage rate, process parameters, and material properties are considered in predicting metamorphism during drying. The physical meaning of shrinkage velocity is as follows: The velocity of the outer surface of the specimen during drying.<br /><br />Methodology <br />Apples were selected as the study sample in this study. Apples have high initial porosity and change of porosity during the drying period is very important. Therefore, it is expected that the experimental measurement of porosity changes and confirmation of the proposed model for this sample will be better. Kohn rose apples were prepared from a local supermarket and stored in a refrigerator at 2 ° C. The apples were selected from a box to have the same degree of ripeness. The treatment step was calculated using a liquid refractometer (BPTR-100 V3.0). The average ripeness of apples was 14.20 ± 0.20. The initial moisture content of fresh apples was calculated to be 77 ± 0.50% wb. 10 samples were used to measure the moisture content. Apples were removed from the refrigerator and washed at room temperature for one and a half hours. The skin of the samples was taken and cut into round pieces 10 mm thick and 40 mm in diameter. A hot air dryer with a fan was used. The drying temperature varied from 50 to 65 ° C and airspeed was set at 1 m / s. Particle density was measured using a gas (helium) pycnometer. The density of the mass was measured from the volume of the sample and the weight of the sample so that the sample was first coated with organic solvents to cover the open pores because there were numerous open pores that were large enough to be glass beads. They could have entered them. The density of the same sample was calculated before and after coating. The density of the glass beads was calculated from the weight of the required glass beads. The simulation was performed using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6.0.280 Win / Linux. This software facilitates all stages of the modeling process including geometric structure definition, lattice, physical dimensioning, solving, and displaying results. COMSOL Multiphysics can manage variable properties that are a function of independent variables. A two-dimensional symmetry mode is also provided to facilitate the simulation process. There will be a small amount of 3D effects that can be ignored, and 3D consideration can complicate matters.<br /><br />Conclusion <br />The physical quality of dried food depends on the degree of metamorphosis during drying. Shrinkage also has a significant effect on mechanical and textural properties as well as drying speed and kinetics. Accurate prediction of shrinkage can lead to better food quality and optimal drying process design. Food shrinkage depends on several factors including material properties, microstructure, mechanical properties, and process conditions. Experimental models can be created quickly that have a high impact. However, they do not show physical changes in the process. Physics-based models, on the other hand, are used as predictive models not only in food drying but also in other food industries. However, the theoretical model for predicting porosity is a complex one, due to the need for a number of properties that change under drying conditions. In this study, in order to counter the limitations of experimental and theoretical models, a simple shrinkage model based on the shrinkage rate was developed, which considers the main factors affecting porosity. The results show that the proposed model accurately predicts shrinkage and porosity, and this shows that the simulated shrinkage of the apple is related to the experimental results. For example, the porosity of the apple sample simulation is 0.6, which is consistent with laboratory data. The influence of desiccant air temperature and air velocity was also investigated. Studies show that process parameters (including air velocity and temperature) have a significant effect on the final porosity of the dried food. The porosity model proposed in this study requires the least experimental parameters. Future research could use this model to examine other foods because the structure of different foods is different, and this affects the porosity detection mechanism. Different types of process conditions can be used in future research to develop a general model for pore formation. تشکیل و سیر تکاملی منافذ یک پدیده فیزیکی رایج است که در طی فرایندهای دهیدراسیون متععد در موادغذایی مشاهده می‌شود. این تغییر بر فرایند انتقال حجم و حرارت و بسیاری از ویژگی‌های کیفی محصول خشک تاثیر دارد. مدل‌های ریاضی متعدد تجربی و کلاسیک به منظور پیش‌بینی تخلخل در طی فرآیند خشک کردن موادغذایی پیشنهاد شده‌اند. مدل کلاسیک در مراحل نخستین خود می‌باشد، زیرا ویژگی های مواد موردنیاز در طی خشک شدن برای تعیین مشخصات مواد در دسترس نیستند. مدل‌های تجربی و نیمه تجربی توسعه خوبی داشته و ارتباط خوبی بین سیرتکاملی منافذ و محتوای رطوبت و تعیین ضرایب مبتنی بر آزمایش دارند. با این حال، مدل‌های ساده‌ای برای در نظر گرفتن وضعیت فرایند و ویژگی‌های مواد برای پیش‌بینی تخلخل وجود ندارند. هدف این مقاله، مقایسه فرایند خشک شدن سیب در حالت واقعی و مدلسازی شده می‌باشد. نتایج آزمایشات نشان داد ارتباط خوبی با نتایج شبیه‌سازی شده وجود دارد و در نتیجه مدل مورد تائید قرار گرفته است. https://www.jess.ir/article_160762_aad914e7b2c6c7fce75d59812eef5784.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Statistical Investigation and Comparison of the Current State of Land Degradation in Different Climates and Ecosystems of Khuzestan Province بررسی آماری و مقایسه وضعیت فعلی تخریب سرزمین در اقلیم‌ها و اکوسیستم‌های مختلف استان خوزستان 5933 5942 160763 10.22034/jess.2022.329634.1722 FA مهتاب صالحی فارغ التحصیل کارشناسی ارشد رشته مهندسی منابع طبیعی- مدیریت مناطق بیابانی، بخش مهندسی منابع طبیعی و محیط‌زیست، دانشکده کشاورزی، 0000-0003-1285-6175 مسعود مسعودی دانشیار گروه منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز 0000-0001-7059-456X Journal Article 2022 02 13 Abstract <br />Introduction:<br />Land degradation and desertification have emerged as one of the world's most pressing environmental and socio-economic challenges, posing a serious threat to global development. Therefore, it is vital to comprehend the worldwide pattern of this land disaster. Desertification and land degradation are two problems at national, regional, and global scales and fighting them has been a global effort since 1992. More than 75% of Iran's area has arid and semi-arid climate conditions. Therefore, this region has a high sensitivity to land degradation and desertification. In recent decades, natural factors such as climate change and anthropogenic influences have played effective roles in providing proper conditions for land degradation worldwide. Arid ecosystems show different forms of land degradation such as salinization of water and soil resources, wind erosion, vegetation degradation, etc. that contribute to desertification. Early monitoring and identification of land degradation through the application of simple and fast ways to alert people and prevent future threats is one of the key goals of various scientific and political groups worldwide. Due to the important role of identifying sensitive ecosystems to land degradation to reduce its impacts (especially in weak and fragile ecosystems), in this research, in order to identify sensitive ecosystems and determine the type of climate involved in land degradation in Khuzestan province, the statistical rates of land degradation in different climates and ecosystems of the mentioned region were assessed.<br />Methodology: <br />Khuzestan province with an area of about 64234 Km2 is located between 47º41ʹ 00ʹ to 50º 31ʹ00ʺ east longitude and 23º 04ʹ 00ʺ to 29º 58ʹ 00 ʺ north latitude in the southwest of Iran on Persian Gulf and Arvand River. This province is the center of Iranian oil extraction industry and Ahvaz city is its capital. This province is part of Persian Gulf coastal plains, hot and dry southern regions, and Gulf vegetation region. The province's average rainfall is estimated to be 150 mm. Although average air humidity in Khuzestan is 50%, the majority of Khuzestan plain is dry and desolate due to minimal rainfall. Rainfall in the province increases from south and southwest to north and northeast. Northeast has the highest rainfall, with an average of 616 to 700 mm, and southwest has the lowest amount, with an average of 125 to 225 mm. Annual average temperature is between 24 and 28 ◦C. Evaporation rate is estimated to be 2000 mm per year. Based on the climatic divisions of Amberje, the province includes extreme hot deserts and hot temperate deserts. In terms of topography, it consists of two mountainous parts in north and northeast and a plain in south. There are 500,000 hectares of forests and 5.2 million hectares of rangelands in Khuzestan province. Rangelands are poor winter rangelands with richer vegetation in mountainous areas. Of overall forests, 10% are of good grade, 30% are scarce, and the remaining is degraded and unusable. <br />FAO-UNEP and NDVI vegetation indices were utilized in this investigation. Because NDVI vegetation index depicts the state of cover, it can be used to study the current state of land degradation as a result of effective elements in degradation (rainfall, soil, land cover, etc.). For this purpose, MODIS vegetation images recorded in the range of 2011 and 2013 were extracted from USGS site and their geometric positions were corrected. Three images obtained in March, April, and May in the mentioned years, which represented the highest production, were selected. Then, to eliminate changes between 2011 and 2013, an image representing the maximum production in the aforementioned three months was generated and the maximum images were averaged. Then, maps of rainfall, land use, and land unit were combined to determine work units in GIS environment. The current production values of NDVIMAX and potential production (NDVIPOTENTIAL) were replaced in FAO-UNEP equation and by determining their values in each unit of work and with the help of FAO-UNEP equation, risk classification of the current situation of land degradation was performed in five classes. Then, using network method, we investigated the extent of degradation in Khuzestan province climates (very arid, arid, semi-arid, Mediterranean, semi-humid, humid, and very humid) and different ecosystems (desert, rangeland, rainfed, and forest) as determined by Domarten Climate Index (ultra-arid, arid, semi-arid, Mediterranean, semi-humid, humid, and very humid). The samples were random-systematic with a network size of 5×5 km. To explore the extent of difference in degradation in different climates and ecosystems of Khuzestan province, land degradation, climate, and land use maps and Point maps were integrated into GIS, and maps of each climate and ecosystem were generated independently. Finally, the analysis of variance and Duncan test in SPSS software were applied for statistical analysis of different degradations in various climates and ecosystems.<br /><br />Conclusion: <br />The results of the analysis of variance showed that land degradation in different climates and ecosystems of study area was significant at the level of 1%. Very arid climate (53.75 %) had the highest risk of land degradation, followed by dry climate (32.53%). In semi-arid, Mediterranean, semi-humid, humid, and very humid climates, the prevalence of land degradation was in middle-risk category and in terms of land degradation, there were no significant differences among the mentioned climates. The results also showed that desert ecosystems (81.95%) and rangeland ecosystems (49.20%) were in the categories of severe and very severe land degradation, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between forest and rainfed ecosystems in terms of land degradation. Also, the predominance of land degradation in these two ecosystems was related to middle-risk class. In rainfed and forest ecosystems, the percentages of severe and extreme hazard classes were higher than those of no risk and low-risk classes. Finally, it could be said that the reason for more severe land degradation in drier regions of Khuzestan province was related to the conditions of that region because its areas were semi-desert (they have not reached the final level of desert) and did not have the conditions of complete desert areas. Also, given that the rate of land degradation in desert ecosystem was the highest, we were faced with new concepts such as man-made or new deserts. It was hoped that the results of the present study and the application of this method could help managers and relevant officials in identifying ecosystems and climates sensitive to degradation to better plan and manage these areas to prevent further land degradation and desertification.<br />Keywords: <br />Current state of land degradation; Climate; Ecosystem; GIS; MODIS images. شناسایی اکوسیستم‌ها و اقلیم‌های آسیب‌پذیر به تخریب سرزمین و بیابان‌زایی یکی از اصول مهم در چارچوب حفاظتی است. در پدیده تخریب سرزمین، شناسایی مناطق حساس و تعیین نوع اقلیم تحت‌تاثیر تخریب سرزمین و همچنین ارزیابی آن با روش آسان و سریع به منظور آگاه‌سازی جوامع و پیشگیری از خطرات احتمالی موضوعی بسیار مهم است. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی آماری میزان تخریب در اقلیم‌ها و اکوسیستم‌های مختلف استان خوزستان است. بدین منظور نقشه وضعیت فعلی تخریب سرزمین (برگرفته از تصاویر MODIS سال 2011 و 2013)، نقشه نمونه‌برداری از استان به روش شبکه‌ای-تصادفی و نقشه کاربری اراضی و اقلیم در محیط GIS با همدیگر تلفیق شدند. پس از آماده‌سازی نقشه اقلیم‌ها و اکوسیستم‌های مختلف به صورت مجزا، به بررسی آماری میزان تفاوت تخریب با استفاده از تجزیه واریانس (Anova) و آزمون دانکن (DUNCAN) در محیط نرم‌افزار SPSS پرداخته شد. نتایج آماری نشان داد که بیشترین میزان تخریب سرزمین در اقلیم فراخشک و سپس خشک و کمترین میزان تخریب در اقلیم مدیترانه‌ای می‌باشد. همچنین بیشترین میزان تخریب سرزمین در اکوسیستم بیابان و سپس مرتع و کمترین میزان تخریب در اکوسیستم جنگل مشاهده گردید. https://www.jess.ir/article_160763_ea0d2a6107f2c4d78e7797675aa94e86.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Measuring the Comparative Advantage of Economic Activities in Environmental and Regional Conditions of Northwestern Provinces of Iran: A Basic Economy Model Approach and a Share Change Model سنجش مزیت نسبی فعالیت‌های اقتصادی در شرایط محیطی و منطقه‌ای استان‌های شمال غرب ایران: رهیافت مدل اقتصاد پایه و مدل تغییر سهم 5943 5959 160792 10.22034/jess.2022.347820.1811 FA عبدالرحیم هاشمی دیزج گروه اقتصاد.دانشکده علوم اجتماعی.دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی زهرا اذری گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی زینب برادران گروه اقتصاد دانشکده علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی اردبیل ایران Journal Article 2022 06 18 Introduction:<br />In the field of regional economy, due to the limited resources available, recognizing the economic characteristics and advantages of each region, provides the possibility of better planning to achieve development goals. The economy of a region mainly depends on the strength and weakness of the various economic sectors in it, the dynamics of the industrial structure and the unique factors of the region. The economy of a region usually develops when parts of the region develop over time. Because we are always faced with limited resources in the economy; Knowing the characteristics and economic advantages of each region allows better and smart planning to achieve development goals. Today, however, attention to macro-policies in regional policy-making is accepted as a principle; But this does not mean that what is appropriate at the national level will be useful for all provinces and regions. Failure to pay attention to this point, ie ignoring the talents, abilities and comparative advantages of each region in the field of economic activities, has caused investments not to be commensurate with the potential facilities and capacities, despite the implementation of the program. Of national development, the trend of underdevelopment has continued in some areas, which has caused a gap between different regions of the country in terms of production and employment. Despite having rich natural resources, climatic diversity, abundant water, vast plains, young labor force, abundant tourism capabilities, the northwestern provinces of Iran in recent years have not been able to do as they should and perhaps in proportion to their capabilities. 'S opportunities to gain a fair share of the national economy; So that the share of East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan provinces in GDP in 2018 was 3.4, 2, 0.9 and 0.9 percent, respectively, which is proportional to the capacity of these provinces in creating added value. is not. East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan provinces in 2018 experienced unemployment rates of 10.9, 14.7, 9.3 and 8.5 percent, respectively, which among Zanjan province with 0.9 shares Of the value added, it has an unemployment rate of 8.5 percent, which has had the best performance among other provinces.<br />Methodology<br />The present study is applied research in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive research in terms of information analysis. The required statistical data have been collected from the statistical yearbooks section of the Statistics Center of Iran using the library method. The statistical population of this study is the northwestern provinces (East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan) in 2014, 2016 and 2018. The measurement tools of the present study are the basic economy model and spatial coefficient index and the share change model. If the spatial coefficient is greater than one, the province has more production expertise in the activity in question than the whole country, and that activity is considered as a basic activity. If it is equal to one, the production expertise of the province and the country in the desired activity is the same and the province is self-sufficient. If it is less than one, the province has less production expertise in the activity in question than the whole country, and the activity is considered a non-basic activity. Share change model with three elements, total growth of the reference economy (A), relative growth of economic sectors in the total reference economy (B) and the performance of each sector in the province relative to the performance of each sector in the province relative to the performance of the same sector at the reference level (C) The method of change of share is one of the applied methods in regional sciences, which is used to understand the imbalance at the regional level and based on comparing changes at two different levels. It is based on the idea that it evaluates growth differences and inequalities in each region with a larger average level. This difference, which may be positive or negative, indicates a shift or shift in the share of the province's economy in the reference economy.<br /><br />Research variables<br />The variables of this research based on different economic sectors are considered as follows. Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing, mining, industry, electricity supply, steam and air conditioning, water supply, waste management, wastewater and treatment activities, buildings, wholesale, retail, vehicle and commodity repair, transportation, warehousing And post, service activities related to accommodation and food, information and communication, service activities related to financial and insurance activities,<br />Real estate, professional and scientific activities, administrative activities and support services,<br />Office of Public Affairs and Urban Services, education, human health and social work activities, arts, entertainment, recreation and other services.<br /><br />results <br />The results show that the share of value added of industry in East Azerbaijan province has increased during the studied years. The sector of professional and scientific activities as a sector in which the province of West Azerbaijan has a comparative advantage has gone up in the studied years. In Ardabil province, the share of agriculture as a sector with comparative advantage has been declining during the years under study. In Zanjan province, the sector with comparative advantage has changed during the studied years. According to the above results, it can be said that provincial officials need to be in accordance with development programs that emphasize the spatial organization and geographical distribution of population and activities, commensurate with the comparative advantages of each region; By identifying the basics and activities that have a comparative advantage, adopt their own strategies and policies that prioritize investment in core and core activities; So that supportive policies to achieve economic growth in the regions to be directed to these activities. Considering that East Azerbaijan province has a comparative advantage in the industrial sector of West Azerbaijan in the field of professional and scientific activities, Ardabil province in the field of agriculture and Zanjan province in the field of agriculture and industry, so it is necessary for provincial officials to pay attention to these sectors. It is necessary for provincial officials in accordance with development plans that emphasize the spatial organization and geographical distribution of population and activities in proportion to the comparative advantages of each region; By identifying the basics and activities that have a comparative advantage, adopt their own strategies and policies that prioritize investment in core and core activities; So that supportive policies to achieve economic growth in the regions are directed to these activities. Considering that East Azerbaijan province has a comparative advantage in the industrial sector of West Azerbaijan in the sector of professional and scientific activities, Ardabil province in the agricultural sector and Zanjan province in the sector of agriculture and industry, so it is necessary for provincial officials to pay attention to these sectors. در مبحث اقتصاد منطقه‌ای، با توجه به محدودیت منابع موجود، شناخت ویژگی‌ها و مزیت‌های اقتصادی هر منطقه، امکان برنامه‌ریزی بهتر را در جهت تحقق اهداف توسعه فراهم می‌نماید. از این رو، هدف مطالعه حاضر تحلیل وضعیت مزیت نسبی بخش‌های مختلف اقتصادی استان‌های شمال غرب در سال‌های 1393، 1395 و 1397، تحلیل مزیت رقابتی بخش‌ها و تعیین وضعیت ارزش افزوده بخش‌ها در استان‌های شمال غرب نسبت به کشور در سال‌های 1393، 1395 و 1397 است. برای این منظور از مدل اقتصاد پایه و شاخص ضریب مکانی و مدل تغییر سهم استفاده می‌شود. نتایج مطالعه نشان می‌دهد که استان‌های آذربایجان شرقی، آذربایجان غربی، اردبیل در سال‌های مورد مطالعه بخش صنعت، فعالیت‌های حرفه‌ای و علمی و کشاورزی دارای مزیت نسبی بوده و در حوزه فعالیت برنده اقتصادی قرار داشته و دارای مزیت بالقوه برای رشد اقتصادی است. در استان زنجان در سال 1393 و 1395 بخش کشاورزی و در سال 1397 بخش صنعت دارای مزیت رقابتی است. نتایج مدل تغییر سهم نشان می‌دهد که روند بسیاری از بخش‌ها در چهار استان شمال غرب با روند بخش‌های کشوری همخوانی ندارد. https://www.jess.ir/article_160792_5b27b364af7e5ef725784bec746dbb91.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Eco-driving technology: an effective and economical approach to reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas فن‌آوری رانندگی سازگار با محیط زیست: یک راهکار مؤثر و اقتصادی در کاهش مصرف سوخت و انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای 5960 5976 160793 10.22034/jess.2022.334478.1749 FA غلامحسین صفری گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران. 0000-0002-3510-573X احمد اصل هاشمی مربی گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز فاطمه یعقوبی رودپشتی دانشجوی کارشناسی مهندسی بهداشت محیط ، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز 0000-0002-1952-5777 Journal Article 2022 03 16 Abstract<br />Road transportation uses notable amounts of fossil fuels and accounts for a remarkable share of CO2 emissions and other pollutants worldwide. The transportation sector uses nearly 20% to 25 of global energy and is responsible for approximately 25% of global energy-related CO2 emissions, 75% of which is disseminated via road transport. Eco-driving is one of the 40 measures that should contribute to a 60% reduction in emissions of traffic-related pollutants by 2050. Eco-driving technology can be considered as a set of choices and behaviors adopted by drivers in order to energy-saving and environmental protection. This approach is a relatively inexpensive and immediate measure to dramatically reduce fuel consumption and emissions of pollutants. The finding of researches in this field indicate that although the efficiency of car engines has been developed due to recent technological advances and the integration of new types of fuels, but the behavior of drivers has not improved in line with this development. Thus, it is expected to with proper training and information of drivers, this procedure leads to further reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The main factors affecting eco-driving include acceleration/deceleration, driving speed, route select and idling. The present research is a study review in which data were obtained through library studies. The purpose of this study is to review and compare the major factors influencing the implementation of eco-driving technology. Finally, the challenges and future research for eco-driving technology are proposed. Therefore, due to the high price of fuel and the concern of conserving natural resources and energy, eco-driving technology is one of the best and most rational approaches for sustainable development, energy conservation and environmental protection.<br /><br />Introduction<br />Road transportation uses notable amounts of fossil fuels and accounts for a remarkable share of CO2 emissions and other pollutants worldwide. Overall, the transportation sector is responsible for generation the maximum amount of greenhouse gases, which is estimated to be approximately 30% of the man-made emissions, has increased by 22% since 1990. The transportation sector uses nearly 20% to 25 of global energy and is responsible for approximately 25% of global energy-related CO2 emissions, 75% of which is disseminated via road transport. Furthermore, energy usage and CO2 emissions from global transport are estimated to increment by more than 50% in 2030 because of population development and economic growth. The levels of pollutants emissions are related to fuel consumption efficiency. Hence, it is necessary to study the fuel consumption of the transportation sector, especially road transport, as well as approaches to reduce fuel consumption. In recently years, many measures have been taken to optimize fuel consumption and reduce emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases in the transportation sector. These measures include: Implement stricter standards regarding the emission of pollutants from the vehicle (Euro V and VI), new engines and technologies (electric and hybrid), better fuel quality and alternative fuels (high-octane and biofuel).<br />However, a momentous factor which is often ignored and may significantly improve vehicle fuel consumption is eco-driving technology, while, eco-driving technology is relatively inexpensive and immediate, and can further improve fuel efficiency. Recent research has shown that eco-driving can reduce fuel consumption by 15% to 25% and greenhouse gas emissions by at least 30%. In contrast, total fuel savings from engines and vehicles with the latest technology are estimated at around 10% to 12%, which is significantly lower. Moreover, eco-driving is more cost-effective than fleet resilience programs, such as replacing existing diesel buses with new compressed natural gas buses. Eco-driving is a driving behavior (driving style (that helps the environment and counteracting climate change through decreasing fuel usage and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). In general, this technology involves adjusting the speed of the vehicle in relation to traffic conditions and selecting routes to minimize fuel consumption. Therefore, eco-driving can be considered as a set of choices and behaviors adopted by drivers in relation to the use of a vehicle, which leads to fuel consumption savings. Increasing study interest on eco-driving indicates that despite, the efficiency of vehicles’ motors has improved because of recent technological achievements and integration of new fuel types, but drivers have not improved their behavior accordingly. Thus, it is expected to with proper training and information of drivers, this procedure leads to further reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.<br /><br />Methodology <br />The purpose of this study is to review and analyses the published studies on eco-driving technology and Role of this technology in reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This review specifically includes the concepts, objectives, principles, criteria and rules of eco-driving and, finally, the challenges and direction of future research on eco-driving. Eco-driving include a number of factors and has different definitions or scope in the literature. Eco-driving defined as decisions that a driver could make to influence the fuel economy of light-duty vehicles, ranging from vehicle purchase to post-purchase decisions. These decisions can be classified into three classes: strategic decisions (vehicle selection and maintenance), tactical decisions (route and weight planning), and operational decisions (driving style). In this study, eco-driving is limited to the driving behaviors or driver control of the vehicle during the journey that can affect fuel consumption and pollutants emissions. These factors involve driving speed, acceleration, deceleration, route choice, idling and vehicle accessories (other factors). This is because these factors are the most common and useful eco-driving skills that any driver can use every day in practice instead of buying a new fuel-efficient car. Furthermore, changes in these driving behaviors can lead to a significant reduction in fuel consumption and emissions compared to other behaviors such as better maintenance practices.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />Eco-driving technology has been studied based on many scientific articles. Eco-driving has been found to be a relatively inexpensive and immediate measure to significantly reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The main factors influencing the amount of fuel consumption and pollutants emissions that the driver has control over during driving include acceleration/deceleration, driving speed, route selection and idling. Training programs and in-vehicle feedback equipment are commonly applied to implement eco-driving skills. An immediate and considerable reductions in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions have been observed, with a slight increase in the travel time. Eco-driving can be one of our cheapest options to achieve the Kyoto Protocol, improve air quality and stabilizing CO2 concentrations below a doubling of preindustrial concentrations. Road transport is still the largest source of energy consumption and air pollution in urban areas. Thus, further studies on the impact of eco-driving on greenhouse gas emissions and conservation of energy and the environment are needed in the future. Quantification of the effect of eco-driving on fuel consumption and emissions of greenhouse gas and other pollutants, now and in the future, is essential to design an effective program in terms of both costs and effects. The impact of eco-driving on fuel consumption and pollutant emissions at the network level must also be considered. حمل و نقل جاده ای مقادیر قابل توجهی سوخت فسیلی مصرف می کند و سهم قابل توجهی از انتشار CO2 و سایر آلاینده ها در سراسر جهان را شامل می‌شود. بخش حمل و نقل حدود 20 تا 25 درصد از انرژی جهانی را مصرف می‌کند و مسئول تقریباً 25 درصد از انرژی جهانی مرتبط با انتشار CO2 است که 75 درصد آن از طریق حمل و نقل جاده‌ای نشر می‌یابد. رانندگی سازگار با محیط زیست یکی از 40 اقدامی است که باید تا سال 2050 در کاهش 60 درصدی آلودگی ناشی از ترافیک مشارکت نماید. فناوری رانندگی سازگار با محیط زیست را می‌توان مجموعه‌ای از انتخاب‌ها و رفتارهای اتخاذ شده توسط رانندگان در راستای صرفه جویی در مصرف انرژی و حفظ محیط زیست تلقی کرد. این تکنولوژی، اقدامی نسبتاً کم هزینه و فوری به منظور کاهش قابل توجه مصرف سوخت و انتشار آلاینده ها است. نتایج مطالعات در این زمینه نشان می دهد که اگرچه بازده موتور خودروها به دلیل دستاوردهای تکنولوژیکی اخیر و ادغام انواع سوخت‌های جدید توسعه یافته است، اما رفتار رانندگان متناسب با این توسعه بهبود نیافته است. با این حال‌، انتظار می‌رود که با آموزش رانندگان و اطلاع‌رسانی مناسب، این موضوع بیشتر به کاهش مصرف سوخت و انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای مضر کمک نماید. عوامل اصلی و عمده مؤثر بر رانندگی سازگار با محیط زیست شامل شتاب/کاهش سرعت، سرعت رانندگی، انتخاب مسیر و در جا کار کردن خودروو می‌‌باشد. پژوهش حاضر یک مطالعه‌ای مروری است که داده‌های آن از طریق مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای به دست آمده است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی و مقایسه عوامل اصلی مؤثر در اجرای فناوری رانندگی سازگار با محیط زیست می‌باشد و در نهایت، چالش‌ها و جهت تحقیقات آتی برای فناوری رانندگی سازگار با محیط زیست پیشنهاد داده شده است. https://www.jess.ir/article_160793_f8ae8de3a32e71e02f6f365714d287e9.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Assessing the potential ecological risk of heavy metal in the soils around Garmsar salt mines ارزیابی پتانسیل خطر اکولوژیکی عناصر سنگین در خاک های اطراف معادن نمک گرمسار 5977 5986 160794 10.22034/jess.2022.338971.1772 FA سمیه محرمی گروه محیط زیست دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران مجید محمدی گروه مهندسی طبیعت دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران Journal Article 2022 04 24 Introduction <br />In the past decades, industrial activities, application of fertilizer, sewage sluge, landfilling, mining and etc., have caused heavy metals to enter the soil. These processes increase the initial amount of these metals, accumulation or leaching of heavy metals from the soil, which has the potential to contaminate surface and groundwater. Due to the harmful effects of heavy metals on the human and the environment, the assessment of heavy metal pollution is important.<br />Heavy metal pollution assessment is determined using various factors including enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), contamination degree (Cd) and pollution laod index (PLI).<br />There are 27 salt mines in Garmsar city. Of these, 16 mines are active. Salt extracted from these mines are used as one of the food spices. On the other hand, due to mining activities, the soils of this region may be contaminated with heavy metals. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluation of heavy metal in the soil around some Garmsar salt mines using pollution indices.<br /><br />Methodology <br />The study area is Garmsar Sar Darreh region. This area is part of Garmsar plain, which is located in the south of Alborz mountaions. This plain is located between 35 º 5ʹ to 35 º 17ʹ north latitude and 52 º 15ʹ to52 º 35ʹ east longitude. There are 27 salt mines in this area and salt purity of these mines is over 98% , of which 16 mines are active. Seven soil samples were collected from the surface 0-20 cm of soils around some of the active salt mines in the area. Soil samples were air-dried and put through a 2 mm sieve. Acid digestion method was used to determine the concentration of total heavy metals in the soils. For each sample 2 gr of soil was placed in a centrifuge tube and then were extracted using 4 M HNO3 for 12h. Using a Whatman 42 paper the supernatant was filtered and the Atomic absorption Spectrometry (AAS)(Varian, Spectra 220) measured the concentration of Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn). <br />Personʹs correlation coefficient analysis, cluster analysis, pollution indices and potential ecological risk were used to evaluate the source and degree of soil pollution. The resultes of this study were analyzed using Microsoft Excel software. In this study, Minitab 16.0 Software was used to calculated the person correlation coefficient between variables and cluster analysis was used to investigate the relationship between metals in soil samples. <br />Conclusion <br />The concentration of heavy metals at the study points is presented in Table 5. The maximum and minimum values for As were 27.14 and 9.54, for Cd were 1.82 and 0.79, for Cu were 54.11 and 18.35, for Ni were 24.47 and 9.8, for Pb is equal to 30.48 and 19.61, for Zn is equal to 4.92 and 1.47 and for Fe is equal to 25045 and 17024. Comparison of the average concentration of heavy metals in soil samples with the average concentration of heavy metals in the earth's crust (Taylor, 1964) shows that the concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Fe were higher than the values of crust. Also, the average concentration of heavy metals in soil samples was compared with the standard introduced by the Environmental Protection Organization of Iran and the results showed that the concentration ofmetals such as As and Cd in the studied samples exceeded the values provided for soil.<br />The results show that based on the values of EF, the studied soil samples with respect to Cd and Pb in all soils and As in some soil samples were in the range of highly enriched while, Cu, Ni and Zn is classified in range of unenriched. High enrichment indicates anthropogenic origin (mining activity in the area). Also based of Igeo and Muller classification, soil samples with respect to heavy metals were in the range of non-polluted (Igeo<0). The calculated degree of contamination in all soils (except soil sample S1) showed low degree of contamination.The PLI obtained for soil samples is less than one, which indicates the normal and un-contaminated concentration of the studied elements. Based on the values of RI, the studied samples have low to medium environmental risk. <br />To better understand the relationships between the metals, methods can be used to separate homogeneous and similar groups. Cluster analysis is one of these methods. In this analysis, the variables are classified into homogeneous groups so that the variables of each group have the most similarity and the least similarity with the variables of other groups. Variables located in a cluster have the same geochemical behavior or similar origin. According to the obtained cluster diagram, three main groups of metals can be identified (Figure 3). The first group includes the metals Ni, Pb and Cu. In this group, the elements Ni and Pb have the most similarity to form the first cluster, and then Cu is attached to the first cluster. In the second group are the elements As and Zn and the element Cd is in the third group. These results indicate the existence of different sources for the studied elements in soil samples. In other words, the elements that are in a group have the same origin. Correlation coefficients are used to investigate the relationship between metals, variability of geochemical behavior and to determine the probable origin of metals in soil. In this study, a positive and significant correlation between Pb and Ni elements (r = 0.87) was obtained at a statistical level of 5%, which indicates a possible common origin between these elements in the study area. The existence of a high correlation coefficient between the elements indicates the same source of emission of the elements.<br />In general, the result of this study showed that As, Cd and Pb are more important, environmentally. Despite the studies conducted in the last decade, which show that the concentration of heavy metals in the salt samples of active mines in Garmsar region are in range of national standards but it is recommended in addition to the ecological indicators, the heavy metal concentration are periodically examinate in the salt rock of this area. کیفیت خاک به دلیل فعالیت‌های مختلف انسانی در سطح جهان رو به کاهش است. برخی از این فعالیت‌ها بدون در نظر گرفتن جنبه-های زیست‌محیطی می‌تواند آسیب‌های جدی به محیط زیست وارد نماید. این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی شاخص‌های آلایندگی عناصر ارسنیک (As)، کادمیوم (Cd)، مس (Cu)، نیکل (Ni)، سرب (Pb) و روی (Zn) در خاک‌های اطراف برخی از معادن نمک فعال گرمسار انجام شد. در مجموع 7 نمونه خاک مرکب از عمق 20-0 سانتی‌متری منطقه مورد مطالعه جمع آوری شد. اندازه‌گیری غلظت عناصر سنگین در نمونه‌های خاک توسط دستگاه جذب اتمی صورت گرفت. به منظور ارزیابی میزان آلودگی نمونه‌های خاک، از شاخص-های ژئوشیمیایی مانند فاکتور غنی شدگی (EF)، فاکتور زمین انباشتگی (Igeo)، فاکتور آلودگی (CF)، درجه آلودگی (Cd)، شاخص بار آلودگی (PLI) و شاخص خطر بالقوه زیست‌محیطی (RI) استفاده گردید. آنالیزهای آماری مانند تعیین ضریب همبستگی و آنالیز خوشه‌ای جهت تعیین منشأ احتمالی عناصر در خاک انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که نمونه‌های خاک از نظر فاکتور غنی شدگی نسبت به عناصر Cd و Pb در همه نمونه‌ها و As در برخی از نمونه‌ها در رده غنی شدگی بالا قرار دارند. همچنین غالب خاک‌ها برمبنای درجه آلودگی، از درجه آلودگی کم برخوردار هستند. شاخص زمین انباشتگی نیز نشانگر عدم آلودگی نمونه‌های خاک نسبت به عناصر مورد بررسی بود. ضریب همبستگی و آنالیز خوشه‌ای نشان داد که عناصر Ni و Pb دارای منشأ احتمالی یکسان در منطقه مورد مطالعه هستند. براساس مقادیر شاخص خطر بالقوه زیست‌محیطی، عناصر As، Cd و Pb از لحاظ ریسک اکولوژیکی، از اهمیت خاصی در منطقه برخوردار هستند. https://www.jess.ir/article_160794_8491644502946769f37e04ee92e946fd.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Investigation and landslide risk zoning in Nirchai basin using ANP model بررسی و پهنه‌بندی خطر زمین‌لغزش در حوضه نیرچای با استفاده از مدل ANP 5987 6002 160795 10.22034/jess.2022.342371.1785 FA موسی عابدینی عضو هیات علمی گروه جغرافیای طبیعی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی 0000-0002-4243-4670 لیلا اسمعیلی جغرافیای ظبیعی.دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی امیرحسام پاسبان گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران الناز پیروزی &#039;گروه جغرافیای طبیعی. دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی Journal Article 2022 05 14 Landslide is one of the most important geomorphological processes of slopes, which in addition to its significant role in the evolution of slopes, is sometimes considered as a serious hazard. In this regard, the preparation of landslide risk zoning maps is one of the basic strategies to reduce the risks of this phenomenon. In the present study, the risk of landslides in the Nirchai catchment area, located in Ardabil province, was evaluated. The research methodology is based on the Network Analysis Process (ANP) model in the context of GIS. For this purpose, 10 variables affecting the occurrence of landslides including the variables of slope, slope direction, height, slope length, convexity of the surface, geological formations, precipitation, distance from waterway, vegetation and land use were included in the model. The results show that the three variables of slope (weight 0.217), lithology (weight 0.217) and precipitation (weight 0.167) are the most important and, in fact, the main controllers Landslide processes at the surface of Nirchai catchment area are considered. The results of landslide risk zoning also indicate that about 9.8% of the surface of Nirchai basin is in the high risk class and about 19.3% of it is in the high risk class. High-risk and high-risk areas are mainly scattered in the middle parts of Nirchai basin. In this part of the basin, various variables such as suitable slope (especially 20 to 40%), vulnerable geological formations, average altitude, receiving favorable rainfall, high drainage density, etc. have increased the potential for landslides. <br /><br /><br />*<br />**<br />*<br />*<br />**<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />**<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />**<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />**<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />**<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br /><br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br 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/>**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />**<br />*<br />**<br />*<br />**<br />*<br />**<br />*<br />**<br />*<br />**<br />*<br />**<br />*<br />**<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />***<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br />*<br /><br />*<br />**<br />** زمین‌لغزش‌ یکی از مهم‌ترین فرایندهای ژئومورفولوژیکی دامنه‌ای می‌باشد که علاوه بر نقش قابل توجهی که در تحول و تکامل دامنه‌ها دارد گاها به عنوان یک مخاطره جدی نیز مطرح می‌گردد. در این رابطه، تهیه نقشه‌های پهنه‌بندی خطر زمین‌لغزش یکی از راهکارهای اساسی برای مدیریت کاهش خطرات این پدیده به‌شمار می‌رود. در پژوهش حاضر خطر وقوع زمین‌لغزش در سطح حوضه آبریز نیرچای، واقع در استان اردبیل، مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. روش‌شناسی پژوهش مبتنی بر مدل فرایند تحلیل شبکه‌ای (ANP) در بستر سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) می‌باشد. بدین منظور تعداد 10 متغیر موثر بر وقوع زمین‌لغزش شامل متغیرهای شیب، جهت شیب، ارتفاع، طول دامنه، تحدب سطح زمین، سازندهای زمین‌شناسی، بارش، فاصله از آبراهه، پوشش گیاهی و کاربری اراضی وارد مدل گردیدند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که سه متغیر شیب (با وزن 217/0)، لیتولوژی (با وزن 217/0) و بارش (با وزن 167/0) از بیشترین میزان اهمیت برخوردار بوده و در واقع، کنترل‌کننده‌های اصلی فرایند زمین‌لغزش در سطح حوضه آبریز نیرچای به شمار می‌روند. نتایج پهنه‌بندی خطر وقوع زمین‌لغزش نیز حاکی از این است که حدود 8/9 درصد از سطح حوضه نیرچای در کلاس خطر بسیار زیاد و درحدود 3/19 درصد آن نیز در کلاس خطر زیاد قرار می‌گیرد. پهنه‌های بسیار پرخطر و پرخطر عمدتا در قسمت‌های میانی حوضه نیرچای پراکنده شده‌اند. در این قسمت از حوضه، متغیرهای مختلفی از قبیل شیب مناسب (مخصوصا 20 تا 40 درصد)، سازندهای زمین‌شناسی آسیب‌پذیر، ارتفاع متوسط، دریافت نزولات جوی مطلوب، تراکم زهکشی بالا و غیره باعث افزایش پتانسیل وقوع زمین‌لغزش گردیده است. https://www.jess.ir/article_160795_a60176450372f2f1ed125669611ae3f5.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 The effect of economic and political globalization on the ecological ‎footprint in Iran: Application of the nonlinear asymmetric ‎cointegration approach ‎ اثر جهانی شدن اقتصادی‎ ‎و سیاسی بر ردپای بوم شناختی در ایران: کاربرد رهیافت ‏هم جمعی نامتقارن غیرخطی‎ ‎ 6003 6012 161719 10.22034/jess.2022.338539.1768 FA نیکتا لطافت اقتصاد کشاورزی- دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز- ایران -شیراز 0009-0008-1802-9975 درنا جهانگیرپور بخش اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز 0000-0002-3297-2985 منصور زیبایی بخش اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز Journal Article 2022 04 23 Introduction ‎<br />The main challenge to global sustainable development is environmental degradation due to ‎increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The ecological footprint index is widely used to ‎measure environmental degradation and represents environmental sustainability. The ‎Ecological Footprint Index is an indicator of environmental sustainability and is the most ‎appropriate indicator for assessing sustainable development - in the sense of meeting ‎current needs without reducing environmental capacity - for future generations in a region. ‎Given the importance of political and economic globalization and its impact on ‎environmental quality, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between ‎economic and political globalization with the index of environmental degradation in Iran. ‎The innovation of this study compared to previous studies is prominent in two dimensions. ‎First, in most studies, the emission of one types of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, is ‎considered as an indicator of environmental degradation, and this shows a small part of the ‎degradation. Therefore, the use of ecological footprint as a measure of environmental ‎degradation is the present study innovation‏.‏<br />‎ <br />Methodology ‎<br />KOF is a comprehensive index of globalization that includes three very important ‎economic, social and political aspects. The economic aspect of globalization index includes ‎trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign investment in stocks (FPI) - buying bonds ‎and stocks of companies in stock exchange transactions and deposit bills in foreign banks - ‎Barriers to trade, such as restrictions and tariffs, include barriers to covert imports, tariffs, ‎international trade taxes, and capital controls on real flows. Therefore, this index, by ‎increasing the volume and variety of exchanges of goods, services and capital flows, etc., ‎has a high power in explaining and reflecting the growth of economic interdependence of ‎countries. Political globalization includes the diversification of embassies in the country, ‎membership in international organizations, ratification of international treaties, as well as ‎participation in UN Security Council missions. Social globalization includes variables that ‎affect personal audiences such as telephone traffic and international tourism, information ‎streams such as the Internet, newspapers, etc.. Importantly, in addition to economic ‎globalization, the index also includes social and political globalization. Therefore, this ‎index is more comprehensive than other indicators used in previous studies. To calculate the ‎KOF index, each of the variables - the variables of economic, social and political ‎globalization - is converted to a number in the range of 1 to 100. The number 100 indicates ‎the highest value and the number 1 indicates the lowest value. The data is converted to ‎percentages of the original distribution, then weights are selected for each subgroup. These ‎weights are calculated for all countries and all years using principal component analysis. ‎Finally, the general index, which is a composite index, is obtained from the weighted sum ‎of these sub-indices. In order to investigate the asymmetric effects of economic ‎globalization on the ecological footprint, the non-linear extended nonlinear regression ‎‎(NARDL) approach was used. The extended NARDL is the extended-interrupt self-‎regression (ARDL) method, with the advantage that the asymmetric effects of the ‎independent variables, that is, the effect of positive and negative changes of the explanatory ‎variables in the short and long run, can not be examined separately. In this regard, ‎ecological footprint, GDP per capita at constant price in year 2010, foreign direct ‎investment, fossil fuel consumption, the effect of economic globalization and the political ‎globalization are considered as explanatory variables. In order to examine the effect of ‎economic globalization and the effect of political globalization, these variables include ‎positive and negative effects. In this study, the data are time series (1995-219) and these ‎data are from three sources: Global Footprint Network to extract ecological footprint data, ‎http://globalization.kof.ethz to extract KOF data and other required data were collected ‎from the World Bank.‎<br />Conclusion ‎<br />In this study, the asymmetric effects of economic and political globalization on the ‎ecological footprint for Iran were investigated in long-run and short-run. The results showed ‎that the negative relationship between ecological footprint and political globalization ‎confirms the hypothesis of global environmental management and shows that political ‎globalization reduces human environmental demand. Based on the results of the research, ‎suggestions are presented as follows.‎<br />Given the direct relationship between ecological footprint and energy consumption, through ‎policies including increased investment in energy saving, energy efficiency projects and ‎investments in Increasing the role of renewable and clean energy sources can reduce energy ‎consumption and consequently the ecological footprint. Therefore, reducing energy ‎subsidies and imposing environmental taxes on illicit uses can be an effective step towards ‎reducing the ecological footprint and increasing the ecological capacity to protect the ‎interests of the future. Given the focus of the ecological footprint on how much people ‎should reduce consumption, increase technology, and improve their behavior to achieve ‎sustainability, adopting environmental protection policies to control and reduce the ‎ecological footprint is essential. In this regard, awareness is needed to reduce the extreme ‎use of ecosystems and the use of efficient technology and control of industrial pollution.‎<br />The results of the long-run relationship showed that the negative shocks of economic ‎globalization in the long run increase the ecological footprint, so it is suggested that the ‎increase in trade liberalization to emphasize the management of its negative effects on the ‎country's environmental capacity as a principle. Therefore, it is necessary for the ‎government to develop business measures and strategies in order to increase environmental ‎protection. The development of trade with a focus on environmental protection can be a ‎useful step in improving the ecological orientation of the country. Therefore, it is ‎recommended that goods that produce more pollutants domestically be imported from ‎abroad. In this case, economic globalization can be a useful step in improving the ‎technology of production and improving the quality of the environment.‎<br />On the other hand, the negative effect of political globalization on the ecological footprint ‎index confirms the hypothesis of global management of environment and shows that ‎political globalization reduces the demand for environment. Therefore, reducing political ‎instability and conflicts in the region is essential to reduce environmental degradation. ‎Political instability and conflict not only weaken economic performance, but also shorten ‎the horizons of economic policymakers, thereby weakening macroeconomic performance ‎and environmental regulation.‎ تخریب محیط زیست از جمله انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای در جو، جنگل زدایی و نابودی شیلات نشان می‎‌‎دهد که تقاضای انسان از ‏ظرفیت بیوسفر فراتر رفته است. ردپای بوم‌شناختی بر خلاف انتشار گازهای گلخانه ای، یک شاخص جامع از فشارهای انسانی در محیط ‏زیست است که دارایی‎‌‎های اکولوژیکی مورد نیاز یک جمعیت را به منظور تولید منابع طبیعی مصرفی و جذب پسماندها به ویژه انتشار ‏کربن اندازه‌گیری می‌کند. در این مطﺎلعه ﺑﺎ استفاه از رهیافت خودتوضیح ﺑﺎ وقفه های گسترده غیر‌خطی (‏NARDL‏) رابطه همجمعی ‏نامتقارن بین ردپای بوم شناختی و جهانی شدن اقتصادی و سیاسی در ایران مورد ﺑررسی قرار گرفت. برای این منظور از داده‌های ‏سری زمانی 1995 تا 2019 برای ایران استفاده شد. نتایج حاصل از تخمین رابطه بلندمدت نشان داد که تکانه‌های منفی ناشی از ‏جهانی شدن اقتصادی‎ ‎و سیاسی اثر معنادار بر ردپای بوم‌شناختی دارد و به ترتیب موجب افزایش 17/0 درصدی و کاهش 4 درصدی در ‏مقدار این شاخص می شود. در حالیکه شوک‌های مثبت جهانی شدن اقتصادی و سیاسی اثر معناداری بر کیفیت محیط زیست ندارد. با ‏این حال، در کوتاه‌مدت 10 درصد افزایش در شوک‌های مثبت جهانی شدن اقتصادی منجر به افزایش 6/1 درصدی در ردپای بوم ‏شناختی ایران می‌شود. به طور کلی نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش مبنی بر اثر منفی جهانی شدن سیاسی بر شاخص ردپای بوم‌شناختی، ‏فرضیه مدیریت جهانی محیط‌زیست را تأیید می‌کند و نشان می‌دهد جهانی‌شدن سیاسی، تقاضای زیست‌محیطی بشر را کاهش می‌دهد.‏ https://www.jess.ir/article_161719_88e7397e41359b0573694cefc0b60442.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Forecast of the future climate in Tajan watershed پیش بینی وضعیت تغییرات اقلیم آینده در حوزه آبخیز تجن 6013 6022 162095 10.22034/jess.2022.295583.1607 FA فاطمه رجائی گروه محیط زیست دانشکده علوم دانشگاه زنجان Journal Article 2021 07 17 Impact of climate change is one of the major human challenges in the third millennium, the main source of which is the increase in greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. But how much of this gas will enter the Earth's atmosphere by human societies in the future, and consequently what will happen to the Earth's climate system, is not certain. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic review of climate change in the coming years with the aim of studying regional behaviors and predicting their effects is necessary to provide appropriate and appropriate solutions for decision makers to carry out reliable and coherent planning. Therefore, in order to predict the minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation of Tajan watersheds in the period 2040-2014, first, the efficiency of 14 different models of general atmospheric circulation under two scenarios of 2.5 RCP and 8.5 RCP in 20 meteorological stations was evaluated and then the statistical downscaling of each model was performed by LARS model. <br /><br />Methodology<br />Data set of AOGCM models is accessible through the Data Distribution Center established by the IPCC in 1998. To access data related to the region in the base and future periods, by entering the spatial coordinates of the desired location as well as the required statistical length in the base period (1985-2005) and Future period (2014-2040) were obtained. The Characterize of these models are given in Table 1. Then, to evaluate the efficiency of the models in simulating the temperature and precipitation of the region, the monthly average of the base period from the output of the models was compared with the observed values and the future period. To create a climate change scenario in each AOGCM model, the values of "difference" for temperature and "ratio" for rainfall between the average year in future periods (2040-2014) and the base period (1985-2005) for each cell were obtained from the computational network. Then climate change scenarios in the future period (compared to the base period, separately for different AOGCM models were created under two emission scenarios RCP2.5 and RCP8.5. In this study, the WG-LARS model was used for Downscaling, which is able to produce a series of meteorological data with statistical characteristics similar to the climatic period, which consists of three main parts: calibration, evaluation and meteorological data.<br />Result <br />In this research, out of 14 mentioned models, 6 models EC-EARTH, GISS-E2-R, MIROC-ESM, MIROC-ESM-CHEM, MPI-ESM-MR for temperature and 3 models EC-EARTH, GISS-E2 -R, MIROC-ESM was detected for suitable precipitation. The reason for the rejected models was due to the large changes in the monthly temperature of the future period compared to the base period. In all stations except Sari station, Pesharat and Dasht-e Naz, the minimum and maximum annual temperatures will increase in all models under both scenarios. The highest temperature increase is predicted for MIROC-ESM-CHEM model and the lowest temperature increase is predicted by GISS-E2 and EC-EARTH models. The highest annual minimum temperature increase of AOGCM models under scenario 2 was predicted to be 1.4 ° C and under scenario 8 was predicted to be 1.6 ° C at Burma and Sefidchah stations, respectively. The maximum maximum temperature increase under scenarios 8 and 2 will be in Peshart station (2.2 ° C) and Burma station (1.9 ° C), respectively. It is noteworthy that the temperature pattern changes under scenario 8 will be more intense in all stations (Figure 2).<br />Also, due to the fact that the meteorological stations were located at different altitudes, the relationship between the rate of temperature changes and altitude difference was investigated, but no significant correlation was found. As the results show, among the meteorological stations under study, the minimum and maximum temperature changes under both scenarios will be more noticeable in Burma and Sefid Chah stations, which may be due to the geographical location of the stations. These two stations are located in the highland lands of watershed, in the easternmost part of Mazandaran province.<br />The monthly comparison of the average temperature of the AOGCM models and the observational data, in all months, under scenario 2, except September (predicted by the GISS-E2 model) shows the temperature increase. In May, July, then in August and January, the highest temperature increase was observed, and the lowest temperature increase was observed in March, followed by February and September. Also, these comparisons under scenario 8 showed the highest temperature increase in May (2.6 ° C with MIROC-ESM model) and September (2.9 ° C with MIROC-ESM model) and the lowest The increase (0.1 ° C with the EC-EARTH model) will be in March (Figure 3).<br />The results of seasonal precipitation of AOGCM models under both scenarios show that in spring, autumn and winter there will be a decrease in precipitation and in summer an increase in precipitation. Of course, the amount of change varies under each scenario. The highest percentage of rainfall decrease is 28% under scenario 2 in spring and 65% under scenario 8. On the other hand, the highest increase in rainfall in summer under scenarios 2 and 8 is projected at 50 and 7%, respectively. Also, the average annual rainfall under Scenario 8 in the three models EC-EARTH, GISS-E2 and MIROC-ESM for the next time period shows a decreasing trend. It is noteworthy that the precipitation pattern will also change under the effects of climate change, so that the maximum amount of precipitation has changed from winter and autumn to summer under scenarios 2 and 8 (Figure 4).<br /><br />Conclusion<br />With the above analyzes, in general, it can be said that one of the most important changes in the Tajan watersheds is the change in the seasonal rainfall pattern and the increase in temperature in the warm seasons. These natural changes will also affect the river flow regime and peak discharge time, intensification of water cycle, change in precipitation characteristics, change in runoff amount and time, occurrence of drought, major floods and change in evapotranspiration rate. Also, Tajan watersheds as the agricultural center of the country are of great importance in the development of the country. Due to the fact that the reduction of river flow coincides with the period of plant growth and water needs of crops in the basin, it can reduce production in the agricultural sector of the basin. Therefore, the findings of this study affect the macro-planning related to the climate of the region, to estimate changes in surface and groundwater resources of the basin, changes in the performance of agricultural and rangeland products and the status of extreme climatic phenomena such as the number And the severity of flood and drought events and timely awareness will be very effective, as in recent years, due to lack of proper forecasting, or a reduction in the severity of natural disasters, we have witnessed an increase in the aforementioned events in the northern provinces of the country. Also, since the thermal regime plays a decisive role in the distribution of plants, the impact of definite changes in temperature, especially the warming of forest ecosystems, will cause changes in the composition of plant communities and their individual distribution. Usually, with increasing altitude every 100 meters, the temperature decreases by one degree Celsius; In particular, environmentally sensitive areas such as Dudangeh, Chahardangeh and Bola National Park are located in the study area, which shows the importance of natural habitats in the study area. Therefore, this research is the basis for many studies in various fields, including the consequences of climate change on water resources, water efficiency, crop yield, impact on irrigation networks, impact on the distribution of plant species in Hyrcanian forests, etc., which can be Manage and reduce climatic consequences to be useful.<br /><br /><br /><br />. چکیده<br />با توجه به تغییرات اقلیمی 30 ساله اخیر در حوزه آبخیز تجن، لزوم بررسی وضعیت اقلیم آینده آن‌ها ضروری می‌باشد. در این تحقیق ، آمار دمای بیشینه، دمای کمینه و بارش 14 مدل از مجموعه مدل‌های گردش عمومی جو (General Circulation Models (GCMs)) تحت دو سناریو RCP2.5 و RCP8.5 در دو بازه زمانی 2014-2040 به عنوان دوره آینده و بازه 1993-2013 به عنوان دوره پایه، استخراج شد. در ادامه، 6 مدل EC-EARTH، GISS-E2-R، MIROC-ESM،MIROC-ESM-CHEM، MPI-ESM-MR برای ارزیابی دما و نیز 3 مدل EC-EARTH،GISS-E2-R ، MIROC-ESM برای بارش مناسب تشخیص داده شد. در همه ایستگاه‌ها به جز ایستگاه ساری، پشرت و دشت ناز، تغییرات حداقل و حداکثر دمای سالانه، در جهت افزایش دما خواهد بود. بیشترین افزایش دما مربوط به مدل MIROC-ESM-CHEM و کمترین افزایش توسط مدل GISS-E2 و EC-EARTH پیش‌بینی‌ شده است. بیشترین افزایش دمای حداقل سالانه به میزان 6/1 درجه در ایستگاه سفیدچاه و بیشترین افزایش دمای حداکثر در ایستگاه پشرت (2/2 درجه سانتی گراد) خواهد بود. بیشترین افزایش میانگین دمای ماهانه، در ماه‌ می و کمترین افزایش در ماه مارس پیش‌بینی می‌شود. هم‌چنین، نتایج بارش فصلی، کاهش بارندگی در بهار، پاییز و زمستان و افزایش بارندگی در تابستان را نشان داد. قابل ذکر است، تغییر الگوی بارش از فصل پاییز به فصل تابستان پیش‌بینی گردید. این تغییرات باطبع بر رژیم جریان و رودخانه و زمان دبی پیک، تشدید چرخه آب، سیلاب‌های بزرگ، تعداد و شدت وقایع حدی سیل و خشکسالی، عملکرد محصولات کشاورزی و غیره تاثیر گذار خواهد بود. https://www.jess.ir/article_162095_11ffdd8819307f49602b681f0a5df7b8.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Ethnoecology of halophytes based on Turkmen herders’ viewpoint in northern rangelands of Golestan Province اتنواکولوژی گیاهان شورپسند از دیدگاه دامداران ترکمن در مراتع شمالی استان گلستان 6023 6031 162114 10.22034/jess.2022.332855.1740 FA سهیلا یوسف وند علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان 0000-0001-8364-6699 حسین بارانی علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان مژگان سادات عظیمی علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان حمید نیک نهاد علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان ابوالفضل شریفیان بهرمان فارغ التحصیل دکتری، گروه مدیریت مرتع، دانشکده مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان 0000-0001-8942-371X Journal Article 2022 03 06 Abstract<br />Traditional ecological knowledge of Indigenous and local communities in classification of vegetation, habitats and other elements of rangeland ecosystems can be used in natural resources management. The current research aimed at studying the ethnoecology of halophytes in saline and alkaline plains of Turkmen Sahra using traditional knowledge of Turkmen herders. Data collection was done through field walk, semi-structured interviews and community feedback meetings with herders in Incheboron at Golestan Province and questions about the relation between halophytes and their environment were asked. Based on the result, herders referred to 38 plants with local names. According to traditional knowledge of Turkmen herders, land in saline rangelands lies between two ranges of sweet and salty, healthy and unhealthy or good and bad. Herders continued with introducing seven classes of soil naming glassy, Shor (salty), wet, Naor (small basin), hilly, red and black and they stated that specific plant species appear in each of these classes. For instance, nothing grows in the saltiest soil which is glassy soil, however, with the reduction of soil salinity level Shor lands appear where Cheratan [Halocnemum strobilaceum M.B] habitat exists. Considering traditional knowledge of Turkmen herders different plant species appear in rangeland with variation of salinity which is due to the variation of physiography, rainfall and flood. The result of current study show that local communities possess valuable and rich knowledge in describing plants and their habitats. Therefore, this knowledge can be used in rangeland and other natural lands management.<br /><br />Introduction<br />Local and Indigenous knowledge is part of national capital of each ethnicity which include their beliefs, values, cultures and awareness and is the result of centuries of trial and efforts in ecological and social environment and is transmitted from one generation to another mostly orally (Emadi et al. 1999). Ethnoecology is one branches of local and Indigenous knowledge in which the relations between human and its surrounding environment is studied (Foroozeh, 2014). The ethnoecological knowledge available among local people includes several items such as plants habitat and their phenological stages and time, soil characteristics of specific habitats, landscape and climate changes from past to current situation etc. which can be used for nature conservation and management (Qureshi at el., 2010). Therefore, it is useful to study the classification of plants and their habitats based on local and Indigenous people and assess the relationship between plants and their environment (Júnior at el., 2005). This research aims at studying the local and Indigenous knowledge of Turkmen traditional herders in northern Golestan province regarding halophytes and relationship between characteristics and their environment. Also, classification of different plant habitat was the second aim of this study.<br /><br />Methodology<br />Case study<br />The study area are winter pasturelands of Incheboron located in northern part of Golestan Province which are located at 37° 07ʹ N and 54° 29ʹ E. Incheboron represents an area of saline and alkaline rangelands of Iran. Total area of this rangeland is 13470 hectares where 12687 hectares of this land are available for pastoral traditional systems. The average altitude of this rangeland is -4 meter below sea level. The maximum altitude is 3 m asl and the minimum altitude is -22 m bsl. The soil has a medium texture with high salinity. With respect to physiography, the region is mostly plain with few hills (Naseri, 1995).<br />Method<br />In order to identify halophyte species and their relationship with the environment, the researchers conducted an infield participatory approach in which they interviewed traditional Turkmen herders while they were walking on the pastures. Questions regarding the local name of plant species, their traits and characteristics, habitat properties etc. were asked when they observed new plant species. In those cases, when it was not possible to walk (elderly herders, disabled herders etc.), high quality pictures printed on A4 pages or plant herbariums which were provided before the field trip were shown to herders and they were asked if they know the species. In this case, only the information of those plants which were repeatedly mentioned by several herders were used as data to prevent the bias of misunderstandings regarding some pictures. The statistical community of current study were all traditional Turkmen herders present in Incheboron rangeland in 2019 and 2020. Two field trips were conducted in November 2019 and March-April 2020 each of them took eight days to study most plant species including annuals and perennials. All the interviews were recorded using a digital sound recorder. Prior informed consent was sought, following the guidelines of the International Society of Ethnobiology (ISE 2006) and the general data protection regulation of the European Union.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />It was shown that Turkmen herders carry vast body of knowledge regarding the plants and their habitat with introducing 38 halophyte species. They had detailed knowledge regarding the phenology and habitat characteristics of halophytes. Moreover, they introduced a local classification for soils in which they mentioned seven categories for different soils with specific properties. Soil among Turkmen herders ranged between the two end of spectrum of healthy and non-healthy soil, or sometimes they called it sweet and salty soil or good and bad soil. Seven categories of different soils existed between these two distinct spectrums including Shishei (glassy soil with highest salinity level in which no plant species grow, not even halophytes with highest salinity tolerance), Shoor (soils with lower salinity compare to glassy soil in which halophytes such as Halocnemum strobilaceum grow). Martoob (wet soil which includes the land between healthy and non-healthy soil where the salinity of soil fluctuates owing to temporal runoffs and rainfall), Tappeh or Mase (hill or sand soils which included the soils on top of the hills which Turkmen herders considered as the best soil or the most sweet soil where good plants such as Medicago sp. Grow), Naor (soils of small basins located on the saline plain where soil salinity has decreased owing to temporal stay of water), Qermez (red soil which included the soil of farmlands mostly with sand) and Siah (black soil which only exist in forest area with highest fertility). Each of these soil/ land categories were characterized with specific plant communities. The result of current study showed the extent of Turkmen herders’ knowledge regarding saline and alkaline ecosystems which can be used and integrated with modern knowledge for nature conservation and management. چکیده <br />استفاده از دانش بوم‌شناختی سنتی جوامع محلی و بومی جهان در طبقه‌بندی پوشش گیاهی، زیستگاه‌ها و سایر اجزای اکوسیستم‌های مرتعی می‌تواند در راستای مدیریت منابع طبیعی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. از اینرو در پژوهش حاضر هدف مطالعه اتنواکولوژی گیاهان شورپسند در دشت‌ شور و قلیایی ترکمن‌صحرا با استفاده از دانش بومی دامداران قوم ترکمن بود. گردآوری داده با استفاده از روش پیمایش میدانی، مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته و جلسات بازخورد جامعه با دامداران مرتع اینچه‌برون شمال استان گلستان استفاده شد و در آن از رابطه گیاهان شورپسند و محیط پیرامون آن پرسش صورت گرفت. طبق نتایج دامداران به 38 گونه گیاهی با ارائه نام محلی اشاره کردند. طبق دانش بومی دامداران ترکمن زمین در مراتع شور بین دو طیف شیرین و شور، سالم و ناسالم و یا خوب و بد قرار می‌گیرد. دامداران در ادامه هفت طبقه خاک شیشه‌ای، شُر، مرطوب، نائور، تپه‌ای، قرمز و سیاه را معرفی کردند و بیان کردند در یک از این طبقات گونه‌های گیاهی خاصی حضور دارند. به طور مثال در شورترین نوع خاک یعنی خاک شیشه‌ای هیچ گونه گیاهی رویش ندارد ولی با کاهش سطح شوری زمین‌های شُر آغاز می‌شوند که زیستگاه گونه شورپسند چراتان (Halocnemum strobilaceum M.B.) است. طبق دانش بومی ترکمن‌ها گونه‌های گیاهی متفاوتی با تغییرات درجات شوری خاک ناشی از ویژگی‌های فیزیوگرافی، بارندگی و رواناب در اراضی مختلف مرتعی حاضر می‌شوند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد جوامع محلی و سنتی از دانش ارزشمند و غنی در خصوص توصیف گیاهان و زیستگاه‌های آنها برخوردار هستند به طوری که این دانش می‌تواند در مدیریت مراتع و سایر منابع طبیعی مورد استفاده قرار بگیرد. https://www.jess.ir/article_162114_0e3ff6860454d0118de68f4bceea4129.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Measurement of noise pollution in Ardabil city using COPRAS model In order to improve the urban environment سنجش آلودگی صوتی شهراردبیل با بهره گیری از مدلCOPRAS در راستای بهبود وضعیت محیط زیست شهری 6032 6040 162115 10.22034/jess.2022.332874.1742 FA محمد حسن یزدانی گروه آموزشی جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0001-8088-6910 ژیلا فرزانه سادات زارنجی دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی 0000-0002-2536-0702 مریم جامی اودولو گروه آموزشی جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی Journal Article 2022 03 08 Introduction <br />Noise pollution can be found today in most urban and industrial areas of cities, which has many effects on hearing, emotions, psyche and human body, and its high level can cause serious damage to the health of the individual and society. The city of Ardabil is not free from this problem and noise pollution can be seen in the crowded and busy squares and intersections of the city. These squares and intersections have not been studied as they should be and perhaps from the angle of noise pollution in order to pay attention to specific reactions in proportion to the load of noise pollution and the reflection of its effects. Therefore, in the present study, the situation of noise pollution in crowded and busy intersections and intersections of Ardabil city in the distance between Tazeh Maidan and Sarein station has been investigated. According to the issues raised, the present study seeks to answer the question of what is the situation of noise pollution in squares and busy intersections of Ardabil city (fresh distance from the square to Sarein station)?<br /><br />Methodology<br />The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The required information has been collected in the form of field studies and the use of questionnaires, interviews, observations and library-documentary studies according to the nature of the problem and the purpose of the research. The statistical population of the study consists of the citizens of Ardabil, which has 525,702 people, of which 382 people were selected as a sample based on the Cochran's formula. In order to increase the accuracy of the work, a total of 420 questionnaires were distributed and completed by stratified random sampling method (70 questionnaires for each of the selected fields). The results of calculating the Cronbach's alpha test for the questionnaire were 0.823, which indicates the high reliability of the research tool.All steps of data processing were performed with Excel and SPSS software and finally to prioritize the studied fields in terms of noise pollution from The COPRAS multi-criteria decision model is used.<br />COPRAS model:<br />Multi-criteria decision models (MCDMs), sometimes called multi-objective decision models and multi-criteria analysis models, are actually a set of methods that allow decision makers to consider A set of criteria (often contradictory) to select, rank, sort, or describe a set of options in the decision-making process .Many models have been proposed for multi-criteria decisions, each of which has advantages and limitations (Poor Taheri, 1392: 37). The most important features of Coopras multi-criteria decision model compared to other multi-criteria decision models can be mentioned as follows:<br />1- It is clear that this model is simpler than other models such as AHP and TOPSIS and requires less time for calculations compared to these methods.<br />2. Coopers can provide a complete ranking of options.<br />3- This model is able to use both quantitative and qualitative criteria to calculate the criteria.<br />4. Coopers has the ability to calculate positive (maximum) and negative (minimum) criteria separately in the evaluation process.<br />5. Another important feature that makes the Coopras decision model superior to other decision models is that it can estimate the degree of importance of each option and show it by percentage to what extent a better option or It is worse and in this respect to make a complete comparison between the options.<br />The following is a calculation of the Coopras model.<br />Step 1: Form the initial matrix<br />After determining the weight of the criteria, the decision matrix is formed as the first step of the Coopers model. The decision matrix means that the options are on one side of the matrix and the criteria are on the other.<br />Step 2: Form a collective decision matrix<br />In this step, the respondents' opinions are aggregated using the arithmetic mean.<br />Step 3: Formation of normalized (weighted) matrix<br />To weight the decision matrix, using Equation (1), the values of each option are multiplied by their weight and divided by the sum of the values.<br />Relationship (1): dij = <br /><br />In this formula, qi is the weight of the i index and xij is the value of each option per criterion:<br /><br /><br />Step 4: Calculate the value of positive and negative criteria (Sj- & Sj-)<br />In this step, we calculate the positive sj + criteria using Equation (2) and the negative sj- criteria using Equation (3). A positive or consistent criterion is a criterion that, as its value increases, its desirability increases, but for negative criteria, the desirability decreases as the value increases. After determining the positive and negative criteria, the final value of the positive and negative criteria should be calculated using equations (2) and (3).<br /><br />Relationship (2): Sj+ <br />Relationship (3): Sj- <br />Step 5: Calculate the final value of the options (Q value)<br />In this step, the final value of each option (Q) is calculated. In this section, first 1 is divided by Sj and then according to Equation (4), the value of Q is calculated for each option, in which the value of Q indicates the value and importance of each option in terms of criteria.<br /><br />Step 6: Determine the desirability of the options<br />Finally, using Equation (5), the option with a degree of desirability close to one is the best option. That is, it is enough to divide the number Q among the numbers obtained in the previous step by the maximum Q. The total value of each criterion varies from 0 to 100% and the best and worst option is determined among this range.<br />Conclusion <br />In this study, in order to evaluate the situation of noise pollution in busy squares and intersections of Ardabil city, a 5-point Likert scale was used and ranks 1 to 5 were assigned to the answers, score 1 indicates the lowest quality and score 5 indicates The highest quality is the relevant criterion. Thus, the number 3 is considered as the theoretical median of the answers and the average obtained from the noise pollution situation is compared with the number 3. Based on the results of statistical calculations, the highest amount of noise pollution is related to the market with an average (4.476) and the lowest amount of noise pollution is related to Sarein station with an average (3.573). The average of total noise pollution is also higher than the average (3). In the Coopers model, the option that has the best status in terms of criteria is identified with the highest degree of Nj importance, which is equal to 100%; As can be seen in Table 2, Sarein station with Nj 100 has the lowest amount of noise pollution and in the best condition and market intersection with Nj 386/80 has the most noise pollution and in the most unfavorable condition compared to other squares and intersections has been studied. Among the studied variables, the variable related to the amount of noise caused by the activities of businesses and street vendors in the market area has had the greatest impact on increasing the amount of noise pollution at this intersection.<br /><br />Keywords<br />Noise pollution ; Urban environment ; COPRAS; Ardabil city آلودگی صوتی یکی از مشکلات محیط زیستی است که در کنار آلودگی هوا، خاک و آب، سلامت بشر و حتی بقای سایر موجودات زنده را تهدید کرده به نحوی که یکی از عوامل موثر برای تعیین سطح کیفیت زندگی در کشورها محسوب می شود و تاثیر فراوانی بر روی شنیدار، احساسات، روان و جسم انسان دارد. در این راستا بررسی وضعیت آلودگی صوتی و متغیرهای های تاثیر گذار بر آن در میادین و تقاطع های پر ازدحام شهری می تواند در آمدی برای اقدامات هدفمند در تقابل تدریجی معضلات مربوطه باشد. از این رو پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی وضعیت آلودگی صوتی میادین و تقاطع های پر ازدحام شهر اردبیل تدوین شده است. این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر روش، توصیفی - تحلیلی و از نوع پیمایشی می باشد. به تناسب موضوع مورد بحث سعی شده است با انتخاب سه بازه زمانی در طول روز، وضعیت آلودگی صوتی در میادین و تقاطع های پرازدحام و پرتردد درحد فاصل تازه میدان تا ایستگاه سرعین مورد پژوهش و واکاوی قرارگیرد. جامعه آماری تحقیق را شهروندان شهر اردبیل تشکیل می دهد که در ظرف فضای مرتبط با تقاطع ها و فضای مورد بررسی شده مورد مراجعه قرار گرفته اند. جهت اولویت بندی میادین مورد مطالعه به لحاظ آلودگی صوتی از مدل COPRAS استفاده شده است. بر اساس نتایج حاصله از مدل کوپراس، ایستگاه سرعین با کسب Nj 100 دارای کمترین میزان آلودگی صوتی و در بهترین وضعیت و تقاطع بازار با Nj 386/80 دارای بیشترین آلودگی صوتی و در نامطلوب ترین وضعیت نسبت به سایر میادین و تقاطع های مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. https://www.jess.ir/article_162115_c164f0af3316227529a10f7168051bbc.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Geology and geochemistry phosphate deposite in Lordegan, south of Chahar mahal and Bakhtiyari province زمین‌شناسی و ژئوشیمی نهشته‌های فسفات در منطقه لردگان، جنوب استان چهارمحال و بختیاری 6041 6050 162712 10.22034/jess.2022.350061.1817 FA مریم آهنکوب استادیار ، گروه زمین شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران 0000-0002-9941-7927 الهام کیوانی گروه زمین شناسی ، دانشکده علوم ، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران Journal Article 2022 07 02 Abstract <br />Lordegan phosphate deposites are located in the Amirabad, Shirmardi and Sateh, in the south of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, and in the folded Zagros zone. These areas are include marl and limestone marl pabdeh formations, limestone Kahzdoms formation and shale marl, and gluconite sandstone gurpi formation. Mineralogy studies show, ther are calcite, fluoropatite, dolomite, quartz, muscovite, illite along with gluconite as main minerals. Phosphote was formed often as autogenetic and replacmet as oolite, pelitic, fossil pezodomorhphic and cement.The normalize pattern of rare earth elements with PAAS pattern indicates to poor differentiation of LREE compared to HREE and negative anomalies of Ce and Eu. The Ce anegetive anomaly indicated to reduction condition during phosphate diagenesis.The combination of the field study, petrographic and geochemical data indicates to formed phosphate by the interference of diagenesis, adsorption, degradation of organic matter, oxidation and reduction conditions and the performance of pore water in these area.<br /><br />Introduction <br />Phosphorus, a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15, is very necessary for life. This element forms the major part of the DNA molecule, which is necessary for energy transfer in cells (Föllmi, 2011, Filippelli, 1996). In the phosphorus industry, it is one of the main materials for the preparation and production of fertilizers, feed additives, water purification, and metals. It is very useful in the preparation and production of detergents and toothpastes, the processing of meat products, cheeses, beverages in the food industry and the production of batteries for electric vehicles. Considering the importance of this element in various industries and its shortages with population growth, the production of this element with The use of recycling from wastewater and agricultural runoff has been suggested (Cordell et al, 2009; Cordell and White, 2011). This element is obtained by extracting minerals containing phosphate ions such as apatites. The main sources of phosphate include phosphate from marine sediments, deposits They are igneous, metamorphic, biological sources and weathering products (Guimaraes and Araujo, 2005). Rocks that contain amounts higher than 12% of phosphate are economically valuable and affordable (Sengul et al., 2006). The most important sources Phosphates in the world are made up of sedimentary deposits. These sediments include 1: Chemical sediments (corresponding to the coastal to shallow environment) which are in the form of olitic and pelitic and are seen in the shale and marl series (such as the concentration of phosphates in the Soltanieh Formation and the phosphate deposits of the Tertiary period of the Zagros, which extends to the north of Iraq) or The chemical sediments of the platform which include alternating layers of thin-layered chert, black shale, thin-layered dolomite with phosphate formations. 2: Biogenic sediments include fragments of bones and teeth of fishes and phosphatic shells along with olitic and pelitic chemical sediments (such as Soltanieh Formation in Delir region). 3: Clastic sediments that are observed from the destruction of previous phosphate formations along with mineralogical erosion and the size and progress of the sea. The formation environment of phosphates is often alkaline and acidic environment leads to their dissolution. For the first time, the theory of the geochemical cycle of phosphorus from the main sources, i.e. igneous rocks, to stabilization in oceanic sediments was introduced by Blackwelder in 1916. Kazakov 1937 considers the cause of phosphate sedimentation in such a way that during the Cenozoic, phosphate-bearing sediments were formed in warm areas and geographical latitudes of 40 degrees north and south and on the western coasts of the continents. These phosphate-bearing facies are accompanied by marine limestone, sandstone, and glauconite-carbon shale. The amount of P2O5 in phosphate facies increases with increasing depth. Phosphates are often seen with the advance of the sea and are formed in connection with the continental plateau and the continental slope in a large basin connected to the ocean. The amount of P2O5 is minimum in the photosynthesis area and maximum at a depth of 500 meters. He believes that apatite is formed due to the presence of a saline basin with higher pH and temperature than sea water and due to the presence of small amounts of destructive substances. In this basin, there should be sufficient amounts of phosphorus and water should be in circulation so that the environment is almost aerobic. According to him, the phenomenon of upflows of phosphorus-rich waters from deep to shallow parts leads to an increase in pH and a decrease in CO2, and phosphorus enters the sedimentary basin in the form of a solution, combined with organic substances, absorbed by aluminum hydroxide, iron, and detrital minerals. It will be The data shows that phosphorus is saturated in oceanic waters in a non-uniform manner, and usually cold waters have higher amounts of phosphorus. According to the classification done by (Riggs, 1979), phosphates include orthochemical, allochemical, olitic, pliitic and intraclastic.<br />The studied areas are located in the south of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province and in the folded Zagros structural zone. These areas are in the southern part (near the villages of Shirmardi, Amirabad) in the geological sheet of 1.100000 Dana (Sedaghat et al., 1378) and in the central part of the sheet 1.100000 Cheng (near the village of Sateh) (Bakhshkermani et al., 1374). The stratigraphic units of the region extend with a northwest-southeast trend in the region, which sometimes folds and faults can be seen in the stratigraphic units of the region. Also, simple, regular and low-span anticlis and navdis buildings are spread in the northwest-southeast direction<br /><br />Methodology <br />Following geological and field studies, 3 sections were surveyed in the areas near the villages of Shirmardi, Sateh and Amirabad and 46 samples were taken from the formations of Kazhdomi, Gurpi and Pabdeh. Then 30 thin sections were prepared and studied. There were 10 samples selected to ICp MS, AES analysis by Tehran's Binaloud Company. Finally, by combining field, microscopic and geochemical data, an analysis was made regarding the investigation of phosphate in the studied areas and its genesis.<br /><br />Conclusion <br />Field studies, microscopy and chemical analysis of Gurpi, Pabdeh and Kazhdami formations in the south of Lordegan in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces indicate the presence of phosphate horizons. These horizons are outcropped in the northern side of Taghdis Zard Mountain, Bakhtiari border of Pabdeh-Asmari Formation. Petrographic data indicating a simple mineralogical composition is seen as a collection of calcite, quartz, clay minerals, glauconite, phosphate with paxton to wackestone texture. The formation of phosphate is autogenic and replacement, that is, the creation of a suitable environment and the settling of phosphate directly due to regeneration conditions and suitable oxidants, as well as the phosphatization of primary carbonate minerals due to replacement. The variety of macrofossils indicates the different facies of shallow to deep parts. High-energy environment, with oxidizing-reduction boundary condition, saturated with phosphate and full of light are among the characteristics of phosphate formation environments in the region. The extent of outcrops of phosphate formations in the region, the lack of mineralogical diversity, the results of chemical analysis and the values of up to 7.8% p2O5 in the studied areas point to the importance of these horizons for accurate economic exploration studies. The negative anomaly of Eu and Ce in the studied samples confirms the presence of an oxygen-free sedimentary environment or a diagenesis (stimulating) environment for the formation of phosphates.. افق‌های فسفاته لردگان در سه منطقه امیر‌آباد، شیرمردی و ساطح، در جنوب استان چهارمحال و بختیاری در زون ساختاری زاگرس چین‌خورده واقع‎شده‎است. این افقها شامل سازندهای مارنی، مارنی آهکی پابده، آهکهای کژدمی و شیل مارن و ماسه سنگ گلوکونیتی گورپی می‌باشند. مطالعات کانی‌شناسی دال بر حضور کانی‌های اصلی کلسیت، فلوئور آپاتیت، دولومیت، کوارتز، مسکویت، ایلیت همراه با گلوکونیت می‌باشد. فسفات اغلب به صورت جانشینی و اتوژنیک به صورت االیت ، پلیتی، پزودومورفهای فسیلی و سیمان دیده می شود. الگوی توزیع عناصر نادر خاکی به هنجار شده با الگوی PAAS دال بر تفریق ضعیف LREE در مقایسه با HREE و بی‌هنجاری منفی Ce و Eu می‌باشد. آنومالی منفی سریم دال بر محیط احیا و عدم حضور اکسیژن در طی دیاژنز فسفات می باشد. تلفیق داده‌های صحرایی، پتروگرافی و ژئوشیمیایی نمایانگر دخالت عوامل دیاژنز، جذب، تخریب مواد آلی، شرایط اکسیداسیون و احیاء مناسب و عملکرد آبهای منفذی در تشکیل فسفات در مناطق یاد شده‌ می‌باشد. https://www.jess.ir/article_162712_fe4239ff9e4012c8aeb4539190d35cd8.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Quantitative and qualitative study of Amlash municipal waste and provide economic solutions for cost management بررسی کمی و کیفی پسماند شهری املش و ارائه راهکارهای اقتصادی برای مدیریت هزینه 6051 6062 162713 10.22034/jess.2022.309146.1662 FA پریسا طالبی دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه گیلان بابک توکلی گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان جواد ترکمن دانشیار جنگلداری - دانشکده منابط طبیعی - دانشگاه گیلان Journal Article 2021 10 05 Management and planning to organize municipal waste is inevitable and city managers seek to find optimal solutions to improve the existing issues and problems of urban management these include municipal waste management. Amlash city due to the lack of a sanitary landfill and the use of unprincipled methods to bury waste and dump garbage in one of the inner neighborhoods of the city called Kiaznik and adjacent to the river for more than 20 years environmental, cultural and health problems for the city. To manage the high volume of waste produced with high diversity requires a comprehensive program. The quantity and quality of waste in different areas is affected by factors sch as: environmental status, season, income, land use and construction status, social, economic and cultural conditions and eating habits. Reduction of production, waste reuse and recycling, energy extraction from landfills are the main goals of the comprehensive waste management plan. Certainly in the near future, recycling communities will become countries with the healthiest environments and the most powerful economies.The present study to determine the quantity and quality of waste produced in Amlash city in Guilan province in a period of 9 months from july 2019 to march 2020 sampling was performed in seven stations included recreation centers, administrative centers, health centers, commercial centers and three residential areas of the rich, middle- class and marginal. In total, the production waste was examined 36 times in each station. From office, commercial and health stations on weekdays after business hours and for the three residential areas of the affluent, the middle, and the suburbs on the days designated by Amlash municipality organization, which was responsible for collecting waste in these areas before being collected by pakbanan municipality and transferred to a garbage truck waste samples were randomly selected and collected the sampling station was also sampled on weekends. The total amount of waste generated in each studied station was collected and weighed. Samples were randomly selected and the compounds in the samples individually and on the basis of six categories plastic, paper and cardboard, glass, metal, organic materials and others waste was collected and weighed in the waste storage container with a special label. Separation was done manually to determine the components of the waste. The samples were weighed by a scale weighing 45 kg. Data from physical analysis of waste in different months of the year and in different places analyzed using Excel version 2010 and Spss version 26. Shapiro- Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the data. To determine the difference between the average production waste in different months of the year and different places for variables that have a normal distribution the one way anova test was used and for variables that have an abnormal distribution the Kruskal- Wallis was used. Tukey test was also used to compare the means for data that had a normal distribution. Depending on the culture of consumption in different communities, the percentage of recyclable materials it is different in municipal waste after analyzing municipal waste, the correct amount can be achieved.Due to the increasing population growth and consequently the increase in consequently the increase in consumption, we will see an increase in the volume of waste produced. Therefore, waste management, especially solid waste, has a special place which require special attention. The results showed that the daily production of solid waste in the city of Amlash is 20 tons, 32% of the waste is recyclable materials, 11% non- recyclable materials and 52% are organic matter. Therefore, 89% of waste can be reduced through recycling and compost. Also, the per capita daily waste production in the city of Amlash is 1.136 kg per person per day. The results show there is a significant difference between plastic, glass, metal, paper and cardboard and other wastes in different months of the year (p<0.05). But there is no significant difference in the amount of organic matter in different months of the year. There is a significant difference in the amount of variables of plastic, glass, paper and cardboard, organic materials and other wastes in different stations (p<0.05). But there is no significant difference in the amount of metal variables in different stations. As a result, Tukey test was used to compare the average between the mentioned components of waste at different times of the year and at different stations. The results for plastic variables show that suburban office and residential stations have a significant difference in the presence of plastic and recreation, health, commercial, affluent and middle- class residential stations do not differ significantly in the presence of plastic. Also, the results obtained from Tukey test for glass variable were determined, health station, commercial station, medium- sized residential station and suburban residential station have a significant difference in the presence of glass. Recreation stations, office and residential stations do not differ significant in the presence of glass. July, August, October, November, December, February and March have significant differences in the presence of glass. The months of September and January are not significantly different in terms of glass. Also showed Tukey test for metal variable in none of the months in which the sampling was done, there was no significant difference in the presence of metal. In fact, recycling and reuse of consumables is one of the principles of increasing productivity in economic systems. If the recycling industry is properly managed it can be as profitable for the economy as the volume of goods produced in the country. In fact, recycling allows without compromising the initial resources and environmental consumption levels remain constant and even increase and this is one of the manifestations of sustainable development. The World Environment Commission, sustainable development is the process of changing resource consumption, directing investment defines the direction of technology development and fundamental change to be compatible with current and future needs. Achieving sustainable development requires simultaneous attention to three dimensions: economic, social and environmental.Organic materials, plastics, paper and cardboard are the three most important types of waste in Amlash which can be used for the purpose of reducing waste and recycling.The results of statistical analysis showed that the weight of dry waste components there is significant difference in the syudied stations and in a different months of the year (p< 0.05). According to the results, the city of Amlash due to its small size and a large average population, quantity and quality of production waste in three residential areas: rich, middle- class and marginal are not much different. Given that most of the components of residential waste are related to organic matter the best economic solution for managing this type of waste is to convent the organic matter in the household waste organic fertilizer for soil improvement as well as the development of agricultural activities in the city of Amlash. Separation from source and recycling are also the most appropriate economic solutions for significant volume management recyclable materials are available in administrative, health and commercial centers. Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a system involving multiple sub- systems that typically require demanding inputs, materials and resources to properly process generated waste throughput. For this reason, MSW management is generally one of the most expensive services provided by municipalities. Eliminating, reusing or reducing waste is the first route to significant cost savings رشد فزاینده‌ی جمعیت و توسعه شهرنشینی و به تبع آن افزایش تولید موادزائدجامد و انتشار آن در محیط‌زیست یکی از مهم‌ترین چالش جامعه بشری است. پژوهش حاضر جهت تعیین کمیت و کیفیت پسماند تولیدی شهر املش در استان گیلان در یک بازه‌ی زمانی 9 ماهه از تیرماه 1398 تا اسفندماه 1398 در هفت ایستگاه نمونه‌برداری صورت گرفت. نمونه‌ها به‌صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند و جهت تعیین اجزای تشکیل دهنده پسماند تفکیک به‌صورت دستی انجام گرفت. نتایج نشان داد تولید روزانه پسماند جامد در شهر املش 20 تن می‌باشد، که32 درصد پسماندها را موادقابل بازیافت، 11 درصد مواد غیرقابل بازیافت و 52 درصد را موادآلی تشکیل می‌دهند. هم‌چنین سرانه تولید روزانه پسماند در شهر املش 1.136 کیلوگرم به‌ازای هر نفر در روز به‌دست آمده است. با نظر به این‌که بیش‌ترین اجزاء تشکیل‌دهنده پسماندهای مناطق مسکونی مربوط به موادآلی است بهترین راهکار برای مدیریت این دسته از پسماندها تبدیل موادآلی موجود در زباله خانگی به کودآلی جهت اصلاح خاک و هم‌چنین توسعه فعالیت‌های کشاورزی در شهر املش می‌باشد. هم‌چنین تفکیک از مبدا و بازیافت نیز مناسب‌ترین راهکار اقتصادی برای مدیریت حجم قابل توجه مواد قابل بازیافت موجود در مراکز اداری، بهداشتی‌ودرمانی و تجاری محسوب می‌شود. https://www.jess.ir/article_162713_480383c1c7a3a34c5b98b3047793bf31.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Evaluation of different peanut harvesting systems and selection of the best system based on important biological indicators ارزیابی سامانه های مختلف برداشت بادام زمینی و انتخاب بهترین سامانه بر اساس شاخص های مهم زیستی 6063 6071 162715 10.22034/jess.2022.360293.1865 FA علی میرزازاده استادیار گروه مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مغان، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران ترحم مصری گندشمین دانشیار گروه مهندسی مکانیک بیوسیستم، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. مهدی حکیم زاده دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران Journal Article 2022 09 03 Introduction<br />Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), which is also called ground pistachio in Iran, is one of the most important and economical oilseeds in tropical and subtropical regions, which is rich in minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, fiber and compounds. It is phenolic. Peanut production is important for consumption, income generation and improving the food security of smallholder farmers and due to its high quality of oil and protein, it is cultivated in at least 109 countries of the world. In recent years, due to changes in the price of dried fruits, this product has also attracted the attention of the farmers of Maghan Plain (North of Ardabil Province, Iran) and in the crop year of 2019-1400, with the cultivation of more than 10,000 hectares, the amount of production reached 30,000 tons of peanut products in Mughan has been harvested. Previously, Gilan province was in the first place of this product with the cultivation of 2,500 hectares. Despite the fact that about a century has passed since the cultivation of peanuts in Iran, not much research has been done on its sustainable production. One of the critical stages of production of this product is the harvest stage. This stage, while having its own difficulties, is associated with significant losses, which are considered by experts due to its high economic value and direct and indirect adverse environmental effects. In recent years, this product has also been considered by farmers in the Moghan Plain due to the special conditions of the Iranian economy. Peanut harvesting in Moghan is done manually and three machine methods including semi-mechanized, pull type mechanized and self-propeller. Each of these methods has unique features. Therefore, in this study, while evaluating important harvest indicators such as quantitative loss, quality loss, actual field capacity, number of labor required, cost of harvest operations and price of machines required, the best harvesting system using the Multiple Criteria Decision Making Matrix (TOPSIS model) was introduced.<br />Methodology <br />The present research was carried out in Pars Abad, Moghan, in the crop year of 2018-2019, which was cultivated with Astana flower variety and mechanized. The final product was harvested on the 10th of October 2019 with approximately 19% soil moisture. Harvesting options were done randomly and with three repetitions as follows:<br />1- Manual method (A1): Using a V-shaped chisel, the root of the crop was loosened and harvested by human labor. Separation of Almond kernels from Materials Other than Grain (MOG) and cleaning of the final product was done using manual methods using a special sieve.<br />2- Semi-mechanized (A2): In this method, the peanut thresher behind the tractor manufactured by Dezful Machine Company, model PPH70 was used. This device does not have a pick-up platform. Therefore, feeding the device was done by two human labours at the same time as the tractor moved forward.<br />3- Pull type mechanized harvesting system (A3): In this method, the peanut harvesting pull type combine machine behind the tractor made by Bacanaklar Company in Turkey was used. This device is equipped with a pick-up platform and does not require human labors.<br />4- Self-propeller system (A4): In this method, a self-propeller combine harvester (special peanut harvesting combine) made in China (Henan Longfei 4HZJ-2500) was used. Due to its self-driving nature, it does not need a tractor.<br />The parameters considered in this research are:<br />1- Quantitative losses (%C1): These losses include the pods dropped on the ground and the pods left on the plant, which were not collected due to the improper operation of the machine harvesting system and the improper operation of the worker in manual harvesting, and are considered among the crop losses.<br /><br />Where: B (kg/m^2) is the weight of the sample (loss) collected inside the fram with dimention 1×1 m^2 and P is the estimated yield of the product (kg/ha).<br />2- Quality loss (%C2): Quality loss is an estimate of the percentage of non-grain material among the pods of the product in the grain tank.<br /><br />Where: Ws is the mass of the sample taken from inside the tank and WMOG is the mass of Material Other than Grain (MOG) in the sample.<br />3- Field capacity (C3) (ha/h): The actual capacity (taking into account the time intervals caused by the operation of the machine and the operator from the moment the machine entered the farm) was calculated as the amount of machine operation based on the area (A) per time unit (T).<br /><br />4- Number of human labours (C4) (person days per hectare): This index was also calculated by considering the amount of work done by one worker in 8 hours of working day.<br />5- The final cost of harvesting operations (C5) (million Tomans per hectare): The price index was calculated based on the regional rate of peanut harvesting operations.<br />6- The amount of initial fixed investment including the purchase of related tools and machines (million Tomans) (C6)<br />In order to choose the best harvesting and ranking system, the multi-criteria decision matrix method and TOPSIS model were used.<br />Conclusion<br />The results showed that the lowest quantitative loss with C1=10.5% was for the manual method and the highest value C1=20.4% was for the semi-mechanized method. Manual and semi-mechanized harvesting systems had the highest harvest quality index and the lowest non-grain material (approximately 11.5%). Also, self-propeller system with Ca=0.7 ha/h and manual harvesting with Ca=0.0033 ha/h had the highest and lowest actual field capacity, respectively. The manual harvesting method required more labors than other methods and had the highest cost of harvesting operations. The results of using the TOPSIS method also showed that considering all indicators, the pull type mechanized harvesting system with a value of CL* = 0.79 is in the first place of options and manual harvesting is in the last option of this study. Semi-mechanized and self-propeller systems were also ranked second and third, respectively. Despite the fact that the pull type mechanized harvesting system with a value of CL* = 0.79 was ranked first in harvesting systems, but its difference of 0.21 with the ideal option, indicates that to improve this system, a lot of work is needed, including quantitative and qualitative decline should be reduced, which needs to be seriously considered by researchers in this field. برداشت محصول بادام‌زمینی، بخاطر دشواری‌های خاص خود، با تلفات چشم‌گیری همراه است که این خود همراه با اثرات سوء زیست محیطی مستقیم و غیرمستقیم می‌باشد. برداشت بادام‌زمینی در مغان به چهار روش دستی، نیمه مکانیزه، مکانیزه کششی و کمباین انجام می‌گیرد. هر یک از این روش‌ها دارای ویژگی‌های منحصربه‌فردی می‌باشند. در این پژوهش ضمن ارزیابی شاخص‌های مهم از جمله افت کمّی، افت کیفی، ظرفیت واقعی مزرعه‌ای، تعداد کارگر مورد نیاز، هزینه عملیات برداشت و هزینه ماشین‌آلات مورد نیاز، بهترین سامانه برداشت با در نظر گرفتن اهمیت اثرات زیست محیطی و با استفاده از روش ماتریس تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره معرفی گردید. نتایج نشان داد کمترین مقدار افت کمّی برای روش دستی و بیشترین مقدار از آنِ روش نیمه مکانیزه است و برداشت دستی و نیمه مکانیزه دارای بالاترین شاخص کیفیت برداشت و کمترین مواد غیردانه‌ای بودند. همچنین سامانه برداشت مکانیزه کمباینی و برداشت دستی به ترتیب دارای بالاترین و کمترین ظرفیت واقعی مزرعه‌ای بودند. روش برداشت دستی ضمن نیاز به کارگر زیاد نسبت به سایر روش‌ها، بیشترین هزینه عملیات برداشت را نیز داشت. نتایج استفاده از روش تاپسیس نیز نشان داد که با در نظر گرفتن همه شاخص‌ها، سامانه برداشت مکانیزه کششی با مقدار 79/0=CL* در جایگاه اول و برداشت دستی در جایگاه آخر این بررسی قرار دارد. https://www.jess.ir/article_162715_b6a10aaf773f1082263635cea27a4859.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 economic evaluation of Birk protected park in Sistan and Baluchistan province ارزش‌گذاری اقتصادی پارک حفاظت شده بیرک در استان سیستان و بلوچستان 6072 6083 162719 10.22034/jess.2022.361718.1872 FA علیرضا کیخا گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران 0000-0003-2170-7868 راضیه شیبک گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل ، ایران سامان ضیایی گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل ، ایران محمود احمدپور گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل Journal Article 2022 09 11 Abstract<br />The economic valuation of environmental resources is a step in the direction of controlling and preventing the destruction of places and environmental species. Among environmental resources, forest areas play a very important role in increasing human well-being. On the other hand, forest areas provide products such as fodder and medicinal plants and services such as carbon sequestration, oxygen production, soil and water protection. On the other hand, recreational uses such as walking and mountain climbing are used and they have existential and heritage values. The aim of the current research is to estimate the economic value of recreational services as well as the conservation value and the use value of Birk Forest Park. The necessary information for valuing recreational services has been obtained by completing a two-dimensional double-choice questionnaire online, and the necessary information for consumption values has been obtained by surveying and completing the questionnaire. Probit model has been used to measure people's willingness to pay. Based on the results of the research, about 68% of the surveyed people are willing to pay for the recreational use of the Birak forest area, and the willingness to pay for recreational and conservation use is 8850, respectively. Estimated at 4385 Tomans. The total value of its annual recreational use was estimated at 1397 million Rials. Also, the annual direct and indirect use value of the studied area is equal to 187,247 million rials. The results of the probit model show that the variables of income, education, gender have a positive effect and the variable of age has a negative effect on willingness to pay.<br /><br />Introduction<br />Ecosystems and natural resources are the main assets of ecotourism. One of the main uses of these resources is recreational use, for which forest areas have received a lot of attention. And the importance of these areas is expressed using the economic valuation of their services and functions. To strengthen the protection, such as the recreational use of these areas. According to economists and ecologists, valuing natural resources and environmental systems makes people understand the environmental benefits, providing a connection between economic policies and natural incomes, and preventing the excessive destruction of natural resources. (Mehdizadeh, 2018) It pays for the services that ecosystems create. Some of these goods and services are included in the market goods group because they can be traded in the market and these goods have a specific price and their supply and demand can be seen. The other part of these goods and services are included in the non-market goods group because they cannot be traded in the market and also have no price, but they have a very high value. The economic value of the entire forest area is considered as an alternative to the traditional evaluation of environmental goods. which are divided into two categories of use value and non-use value. The use value of environmental resources is also divided into two groups of consumption value (wood, paper, recreation) and non-use value (carbon absorption and decomposition). The non-use value includes the existential value, the intrinsic value of a natural resource, or the value that people have only to recognize the existence of a natural resource. Even if they never see or use it. The heritage value or the value of future generations is the benefit resulting from people's awareness of maintaining a natural resource for future generations, and the choice value is an indicator of the degree of people's preference to preserve a natural resource against the possible use of people in the future. In other words, existential value as the willingness of society members to pay for the protection of a natural resource, heritage value as the willingness to pay to preserve the natural resource for the benefit of future generations, and choice value as the willingness to pay for the protection of the natural resource for opportunities and activities. Possible future consumption is defined. (Safaei, 2013) In addition to recreational use, forest areas and pastures also have other services such as wood and fodder production. According to the results of various researches, about 30% of the value of pastures is related to economic issues such as fodder production, production of medicinal and industrial plants, and honey production, while environmental functions account for about 70% of the value of pastures (Yegane, 2012). Therefore, preserving, revitalizing, developing and exploiting pastures is more important from the point of view of fodder production and livestock breeding, from an environmental point of view (Yegane et al., 1396; Bostan et al., 1397). The economic development of the country is influenced by the development of the natural resources and agriculture sectors, and the development of the natural resources sector is also possible through production. Determining the economic value of pasture and the share of main and secondary products in it can guide and help managers in improving the planning and optimal management of pastures (Heshmat al-Waezin et al., 2009).<br />Methodology<br />In the current research, to determine the consumption value of the required information, the necessary information was obtained by surveying and completing the questionnaire, as well as the recreational value and the protection value of Birak forest area, the necessary data statistics were collected by completing 112 questionnaires online in the year 1400. In order to measure the respondents' willingness to pay, conditional valuation method and two-dimensional double questionnaire were used. This method requires determining and choosing one more offer than the initial offer. that the offer of a higher amount is given as a yes answer and a less offer is given as a no answer. The questionnaire consists of two parts, the first part includes socio-economic characteristics and the second part includes questions related to the respondents' willingness to pay, and in this part, the three suggested prices are 10,000, 20,000 and 5,000 Tomans as questions related to It was also expressed. The proposed amount (10,000 Tomans) was asked in this way. that the forest area of Birk has provided an opportunity to travel and have fun. Are you willing to pay 10,000 Tomans as an entrance fee to use this area? In case of a positive answer, a higher proposed amount (20,000 Tomans) will be asked, and in case of a negative answer, a lower proposed amount (5,000 Tomans) will be asked. After collecting data, statistics and information were analyzed. And then, using econometric models, recreational value and conservation value were estimated. Excel and Stata software were used for statistical analysis of variables. ارزش‏گذاری اقتصادی منابع زیست‌محیطی، گامی در جهت کنترل و جلوگیری از تخریب مکان‏ها و گونه‏های محیط زیستی می‌‌‌باشد. در بین منابع زیست‌محیطی، مناطق جنگلی در افزایش رفاه انسان نقش بسیار مهمی دارند. مناطق جنگلی از سویی تولیداتی نظیر علوفه و گیاهان دارویی و خدماتی نظیر ترسیب کربن، تولید اکسیژن، حفاظت خاک و آب ارائه می‏کنند. از سوی دیگر استفاده‏های تفریحی نظیر پیاده‌روی، کوه‌پیمایی از آن‏ها می‏شود و دارای ارزش‏های وجودی و میراثی می‏باشند. هدف پژوهش حاضر برآورد ارزش اقتصادی خدمات تفریحی و هم‌چنین ارزش حفاظتی و ارزش استفاده‌ای پارک جنگلی بیرک می‌باشد. اطلاعات لازم برای ارزش‏گذاری خدمات تفریحی با تکمیل پرسشنامه انتخاب دوگانه دوبعدی به صورت اینترنتی و اطلاعات لازم برای ارزش‏های مصرفی به صورت پیمایشی و تکمیل پرسشنامه بدست آمده است. از مدل پرابیت جهت اندازه‌گیری میزان تمایل به پرداخت افراد استفاده ‌شده است براساس نتایج پژوهش حدود ۶۸ درصد افراد بررسی شده، حاضر به پرداخت مبلغ جهت استفاده تفریحی از منطقه جنگلی بیرک هستند و میزان تمایل به پرداخت افراد جهت استفاده تفریحی و حفاظتی به ترتیب ۴۳۸۵ و ۸۸۵۰ تومان برآورد شد. همچنین ارزش کل استفاده تفریحی سالانه آن برابر با ۱۳۹۷میلیون ریال برآورد گردید. به علاوه، ارزش استفاده‌ای مستقیم و غیرمستقیم سالانه منطقه مورد مطالعه معادل ۶/۱۳۳۰۱۳میلیون ریال است. نتایج مدل پرابیت نشان می‌دهد که متغیرهای درآمد، تحصیلات و جنسیت اثر مثبت و متغیر سن اثر منفی بر میزان تمایل به پرداخت اظهار شده افراد داشته‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌است. https://www.jess.ir/article_162719_17fea086609d4a6d22091d84af98ebe7.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Treatment of contaminated soil to petroleum hydrocarbons with Vetiver phytoremediation اصلاح خاک آلوده به هیدروکربنهای نفتی با گیاه پالایی وتیور 6084 6091 162794 10.22034/jess.2022.342720.1787 FA ساسان محسن زاده دانشیار بخش زیست شناسی دانشگاه شیراز محمد رضا کشت ورز گروه ایمنی، بهداشت و محیط زیست شرکت بهره برداری نفت و گاز زاگرس جنوبی مهدی محسن زاده گروه مهندسی محیط زیست دانشکده مهندسی عمران دانشگاه صنعتی خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی مهدی نظری گروه زیست شناسی دانشکده علوم دانشگاه شیراز مجتبی پورباقری گروه زیست شناسی دانشکده علوم دانشگاه شیراز عرفان آتش دهقان گروه زیست شناسی دانشکده علوم دانشگاه شیراز Journal Article 2022 05 16 Abstract<br />Industrialization can be one of the main causes of environmental pollution increasing, especially petroleum hydrocarbons in the water, air, and soil. Polluted soils in the evaporation ponds are one of the primary sources of pollution in the oil refineries. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to remove contaminants from contaminated soils, to accumulate them in the roots and to remove them from the stems and leaves, or to decompose these compounds within the plant. Choosing the right plant, especially in soils with low or moderate pollution, plays an important role in the process of phytoremediation. Vetiver is a suitable plant for phytoremediation. In this project, first, soil samples were collected and the survival and resistance of vetiver were investigated. After that, executive works started in the Dalan area, including planting plants in the area, installing a reservoir, installing a drip irrigation system, sampling contaminated and non-contaminated soils in the area, and sampling the soil adjacent to the plant roots and measuring the amount of Petroleum hydrocarbons. The vetiver plant can grow and survive in oil-polluted soils. After a year of phytoremediation effect, the Vetiver plant reduced the amount of total petroleum hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons by about six times and nine times, respectively. Further phytoremediation treatment with vetiver root (soil rhizosphere near the root) could further reduce the amount of total petroleum hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons.<br /><br />Introduction<br />Phytoremediation is a cost-effective plant-based approach of remediation that takes advantage of the ability of plants to concentrate elements and compounds from the environment and to metabolize various molecules in their tissues. It refers to the natural ability of certain plants called hyperaccumulators to bioaccumulate, degrade, or render harmless contaminants in soils and water. Bioremediation is very much involved in the degradation, eradication, restriction, or reclamation varied chemical and physical hazardous substances from the nearby with the action of all-inclusive microorganisms. The oil refinery is one of the top 10 sources of environmental pollution. In the last few years, petroleum hydrocarbons pollution, due to its toxicity to microorganisms as well as humans, has become one of the most serious global concerns. Among petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known as important hazardous pollutants due to their stability in the environment. The use of plants to remove contaminants from contaminated soils, their accumulation in roots, and their removal from stems and leaves is called phytoremediation. The term phytoremediation was first introduced in 1991 to describe methods of reducing the environmental pollution. Phytoremediation is an inexpensive in-situ method that has no destructive effects on the environment. Phytoremediation is a cost-effective technology that should be considered an environmental-friendly method for remediation of contaminated areas. Vetiver plant (according to the new scientific name classification called Chryspogon zizanioides L.) is suitable for phytoremediation due to its special properties. Vetiver is called “khas” in Iran. Vetiver is widely distributed in Africa, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. This plant is a genus of weeds and has no rhizomes. It has a voluminous root system with delicate structures that can grow quickly so that sometimes its root depth reaches 3 to 4 meters in the first year of growth. Chrysopogon zizanioides, commonly known as vetiver is a perennial bunchgrass of the family Poaceae, native to India. Vetiver grows to 150 centimeters (5 ft.) high and form clumps as wide. Under favorable conditions, the erect culms can reach 3m in height. The stems are tall and the leaves are long, thin, and rather rigid. The flowers are brownish-purple. Unlike most grasses, which form horizontally spreading, mat-like root systems, vetiver roots grow downward, 2 meters (7 ft.) to 4 meters (13 ft.) in depth. The vetiver bunch grass has a gregarious habit and grows in tufts. Shoots growing from the underground crown make the plant frost and wildfire resistant, and allow it to survive heavy grazing pressure. The leaves can become up to 300 centimeters (10 ft.) long and 8 millimeters (0.3 in) wide. The panicles are 15 centimeters (6 in) to 30 centimeters (12 in) long and have whorled, 25 millimeters (1 in) to 50 millimeters (2 in) long branches. Vetiver grass is a phytoremediator plant but is also grown for many other purposes. The plant helps to stabilize soil and protects it against erosion, but it can also protect fields against pests and weeds. Vetiver has favorable qualities for animal feed. From the roots, oil is extracted and used for cosmetics, aromatherapy, herbal skincare and ayurvedic soap. Due to its fibrous properties, the plant can also be used for handicrafts, ropes and more.<br /><br />Methodology<br />Three thousent vetiver seedlings were prepared from its production center in Khuzestan province, Ramhormoz city. After replanting in seedling pots, kept with care for two months. The intended land for the phytoremediation project was 23,000 square meters, which had been used for years as an evaporation pond for the effluent of the Farashband refinery without the use of any plastic, or cement, or geomembrane liners. In the first step, two of the three main ponds were selected. After that, the wastewater was removed from the evaporation ponds and the soil around the ponds was poured into them to fill the ponds. Then the land was leveled and a quarter of it was selected for the project. Holes were dug to plant the plants with a hole machine. The physical and chemical properties of the wastewater and the contaminated soil were determined by the laboratory of Farashband Gas Refinery Company. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) were measured by Parham Gostar Shiraz Laboratory and cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of the central laboratory of Shiraz University.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />Vetiver plant can grow and survive in a variety of oil pollution conditions, such as contaminated soil in refineries. Results of this study showed that after one year of phytoremediation, vetiver reduced the amount of total petroleum hydrocarbons and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by about six and nine times, respectively. In addition, Results showed that further phytoremediation treatment with vetiver root (soil rhizosphere near the root) could further reduce the amount of total petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. افزایش آلاینده‌های محیط زیست به ویژه هیدروکربن های نفتی، به دلیل صنعتی شدن جوامع بشری است. یکی از منابع اولیه آلودگی در این زمینه، خاک های واقع در حوضچه های تبخیر مناطق پالایشگاه های نفت می باشد. استفاده از گیاهان به منظور حذف آلودگی‌ها از خاک‌های آلوده، انباشته کردن آن‌ها در ریشه و برداشت آن‌ها از ساقه و برگ و یا تجزیه این ترکیبات در درون گیاه را گیاه‌پالایی می‌گویند. انتخاب گیاه مناسب، مخصوصاً در خاک‌هایی با میزان پایین یا متوسط آلودگی، یک نقش مهم را در پیشرفت گیاه‌پالایی ایفا می‌کند. وتیور گیاهی است که از جهت‌های مختلف برای گیاه‌پالایی مناسب می‌باشد. در این پروژه، ابتدا نمونه هایی از خاک منطقه جمع آوری شده و میزان زنده مانی و مقاومت گیاه وتیور بررسی شد. پس از مثبت بودن زنده مانی گیاه کارهای اجرایی در منطقه دالان شروع شد شامل کاشت گیاهان در منطقه، نصب مخزن ، ایجاد سیستم آبیاری قطره ای، نمونه برداری از خاک آلوده و غیر آلوده منطقه، نمونه برداری از خاک مجاور ریشه گیاه و اندازه گیری میزان هیدروکربن های نفتی انجام پذیرفت. گیاه وتیور توانایی رشد و زنده مانی در انواع شرایط آلودگی نفتی، مانند خاک آلوده پالایشگاه ها را دارا می باشد و پس از یک سال اثر گیاه وتیور میزان آلودگی هیدروکربن های نفتی کل و هیدروکربن های آروماتیک چند حلقه ای حدود شش و نه برابر به ترتیب کاهش یافت. البته در مدت زمان بیشتر از یکسال تیمار با ریشه وتیور (منطقه ریزوسفر خاک نزدیک ریشه) می تواند مقدار هیدروکربن های نفتی کل و هیدروکربن های آروماتیک چند حلقه ای را بیشتر کاهش دهد. https://www.jess.ir/article_162794_3dd5856e6c165901d05ef57193b68f2a.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Spatial justice analysis in land use distribution in Tabriz neighborhoods تحلیل عدالت فضایی در توزیع کاربری اراضی در محلات شهر تبریز 6092 6104 162795 10.22034/jess.2022.346153.1804 FA حسین نظم فر دانشیار- دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی روح اله میرزازاده دانشجوی دکتری- دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی ابوالفضل قنبری دانشگاه تبریز Journal Article 2022 06 08 Today, the discussion of social justice is at the center of urban studies in all related fields. Also, the realization of social justice in cities ultimately leads to citizens' satisfaction with their way of life and contributes significantly to political stability and national authority.In this regard, from a geographical point of view, social justice of the city is synonymous with equitable spatial distribution of facilities and resources between different areas of the city or different areas of an urban area and equal access to all of them because their lack of equitable equitable distribution of social crises and complex problems. Space will result. In this regard, the beginning of social justice is rooted in spatial and environmental justice. Given that urban services are considered as a type of public goods that are correctly estimated and located in the field of urban management, so it can not be deprived of part of urban society. Spatial justice is the equitable distribution of urban services and facilities in order to achieve a balanced society and one of the approaches to social justice. Lack of proper distribution of services will cause the loss of justice and increase citizens' dissatisfaction with their place of residence and city managers. Therefore, over the past decades with the increasing growth of urbanization in the world; Cities in developing countries, including Iran, have faced service imbalances and population disparities and unstable urban growth; Thus, the resulting instability is manifested in the form of spatial and social imbalances and with manifestations such as deprivation of citizens from urban services and facilities, increasing class gap and intensifying the differences between the north and south of the city, etc. Therefore, according to the concepts of spatial and social justice and to achieve these goals; Eliminating social and economic inequalities, reducing the vulnerability of low-income groups, optimal distribution of services and facilities, paying attention to the basic needs of citizens in cities is a vital and inevitable issue. Urban land use is one of the cases that increase the public interest by responding to the needs of the population by its optimal functioning; It plays an important role in this field. The negative effects of inadequate land allocation such as environmental degradation, social and economic segregation (injustice) and the dispersion of urban growth all emphasize the need to pay attention to sustainability in the land use planning and allocation process. Sustainable land use allocation has various social, economic and environmental dimensions, one of the most important components of its social dimension is the concept of justice.Achieving spatial justice in the distribution of urban services, for the fair allocation of social costs and equal use of environmental capacity, is one of the goals of urban planners.Therefore, the conscious action of urban management in the spatial distribution of social benefits to reduce spatial inequality and improve physical environmental quality and improve quality of life and achieve urban sustainability requires an analytical understanding of the current situation in which inequalities seek to allocate resources with the most desirable combination.With this description, the main essence of spatial justice in urban land use is justice in the spatial distribution and allocation of land uses. In this regard, urban uses and services are among the effective and useful factors that can establish the dimensions of spatial justice.The city of Tabriz is currently undergoing a rapidly increasing urbanization process. According to the latest studies of demographic changes in this city, the population of this city has always been increasing during the years 1335 to 1399. Therefore, according to the mission of urban planning, which is to provide and increase the welfare of citizens through a better, more favorable, healthier, more effective and more pleasant environment.The grounds for achieving this goal must be provided. Therefore, one of these goals is to observe spatial justice in the distribution of various urban uses in areas and neighborhoods for quick and easy access by citizens, which can be in the field of citizen participation, sustainable development of neighborhoods, increase social security, reduce costs. کا Transportation and ... reduced and provided hope to stay in different areas of Tabriz metropolis.One of the new approaches in the field of reform and development of the concept of urban development is spatial justice, which emphasizes that various urban programs, in addition to paying attention to physical and functional goals, must also meet the psychological and qualitative needs of citizens in urban living be accountable. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze spatial justice in the distribution of land use in the neighborhoods of Tabriz. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The research area is the city of Tabriz. To collect the required data and information, library studies, especially the comprehensive and detailed plan of the city of Tabriz (approved in 2012) were used. The nearest neighborhood distance model and spatial coefficient (LQ) model were used to analyze data and information and answer research questions. The results showed that, in general, all surveyed land uses in Tabriz metropolis are often clustered and more scattered in the city center and citizens have to spend a lot of time and money to receive services, and spatial justice has not been observed in the distribution of land uses. In terms of per capita use, region 9 with the highest per capita (4.4102 per capita) is in the first place and region 10 with the lowest per capita (5.52) are in the last and tenth ranks and indicates an unbalanced distribution of land uses in Region 9. The results of spatial coefficient also showed that region 8 with the value of spatial coefficient is 47.98 in the rank of 1 and region 9 with the spatial coefficient of 8.25 is in the tenth rank in terms of spatial coefficient and it has a more unbalanced distribution of land uses than other areas, and spatial justice is much less in this area.<br />Keywords: Spatial justice, spatial analysis, spatial coefficient, land use, Tabriz یکی از رویکردهای جدید و نوین در زمینه اصلاح و تکامل مفهوم توسعه شهری، عدالت فضایی است که تأکید می‌کند، برنامه‌های مختلف شهری علاوه بر توجه به اهداف کالبدی و کارکردی، باید به نیازهای روانی و کیفی شهروندان در محیط زندگی شهری نیز پاسخ‌گو باشد. لذا، هدف از تدوین پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل عدالت فضایی در توزیع کاربری اراضی در محلات شهر تبریز است. این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از لحاظ ماهیت و روش توصیفی - تحلیلی است. قلمرو مکانی تحقیق شهر تبریز است و برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها و اطلاعات مورد نیاز از مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای به‌ویژه طرح جامع و تفصیلی شهر تبریز (مصوب 1391) استفاده گردید. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها و اطلاعات و پاسخگویی به سوالات تحقیق از مدل نزدیکترین فاصله همسایگی و تحلیل ضریب مکانی (LQ) استفاده گردید. نتایج نشان داد، در مجموع همه کاربری‌های مورد بررسی در کلانشهر تبریز اغلب به‌صورت خوشه‌ای و بیشتر در مرکز شهر پراکنده شده‌اند و شهروندان برای دریافت خدمات باید هزینه و زمان زیادی را صرف کنند و عدالت فضایی در توزیع کاربری‌های رعایت نشده است. از نظر سرانه کاربری نیز، منطقه 9 با بیشترین سرانه (4/4102 سرانه) در رتبه‌ اول و منطقه 10 با کمترین سرانه (5/52) در رتبه آخر و دهم قرار گرفته‌اند و از نامتعادل بودن توزیع کاربری‌ها در منطقه 9 حکایت می‌کند. نتایج ضریب مکانی نیز نشان داد، منطقه 8 با مقدار ضریب مکانی 98/47 در رتبه 1 و منطقه 9 نیز با ضریب مکانی 25/8 در رتبه دهم از نظر ضریب مکانی قرار گرفته و از وضعیت توزیع نامتعادل‌تر کاربری‌ها نسبت به سایر مناطق برخوردار است و عدالت فضایی در این منطقه خیلی کمتر است. https://www.jess.ir/article_162795_aa3f7465585bf8b8c7ef3c635b5ef8bb.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Identifying the basic issues and challenges of creating and developing freecycling in Iran شناسایی مسائل و چالش‌های اساسی ایجاد و توسعه فری سایکلینگ در ایران 6105 6118 158698 10.22034/jess.2022.361465.1871 FA قاسم زارعی گروه مدیریت بازرگانی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی زینب محمودی پاچال دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی Journal Article 2022 09 10 Introduction <br /><br />Like it or not, we live in a society full of disposable products, and it's not just paper products and fast food containers that we throw away. We use televisions, computers, mobile phones, clothes and other products until something better comes along and then we throw them away. The earth is full of garbage that we create everywhere (Solomon, 2012). Therefore, the increase in the amount of waste along with the lack of space to empty it has polluted all the cities of Iran and the world (Kordi, et al., 2008). But what if people could find someone to take their old junk off their hands? Or what if people can find a needed sex that someone else has thrown away? It is better to know that Freecycle responds to this need. This website was created as a recycling concept, to reduce the pressure on the earth and reduce the generation of consumer waste. This site, which uses a forum structure, works well because of its simplicity. This site connects people who have items to throw away with people who need them and vice versa. Since the start of this site in Tucson, Arizona in 2003, today there are millions of members who have formed thousands of user communities in more than 75 countries. They say that they change the world with their every gift. This site is one of the most popular non-profit sites in cyberspace, and this reputation has been achieved within a few short years, without using any advertising other than word of mouth or free advertising. Anyone can join this 24/7 virtual garage sale and membership is free. In fact, the basic rule of Freecycle is that you can only give things away for free. Sellers and receivers contact each other via email and then arrange to send or receive in person. The founder of the site estimates that an average item on the Freecycle site weighs about one pound, which means that Freecycle's daily movement prevents 300 tons of waste. Therefore, Freecycle has created another cycling option that is growing rapidly and can also affect the buying habits of consumers (Solomon, 2012). Therefore, the present researchers decided that due to the large volume of waste in Iran and the lack of waste management and the principled and engineering method of waste disposal in all regions of the country, and as a result, serious damage to the environment and the health of people who live in the waste dumping areas. , examine the challenges facing the flow of "free-cycling" in Iran, as a method of recycling second-hand goods that can be used in various matters, in order to reduce the amount of waste. Because free-cycling is the previous and the first step in relation to waste and is the so-called prerequisite for the rest of the methods (separation, burial, burning, etc.); Because the amount of existing waste should be reduced first, and then destruction or recycling engineering methods should be used for the amount of waste created.<br /><br /><br /><br />Methodology <br /><br />The current research is a qualitative type of research, in which, using in-depth interviews in WhatsApp and content analysis approach, the basic issues and challenges facing free cycling in Iran, from the point of view of 4 marketing experts and also 3 environmental experts, were analyzed. Along with the theoretical review of the findings of the researchers and the opinion of the freecyclists of the countries that are active in the freecycle course, they were found.<br /><br /><br /><br />Results <br /><br />The findings in five main areas include "1. Issues related to the structure of Freecycle (including: Freecycle rules, the support provided by Freecycle, the uses of items donated in Freecycle); 2. supports that are better or necessary from the government, companies and organizations and product designers; 3. Issues related to free cycle users or free cyclers (including: motivations and behavior of gift givers and gift recipients); 4. Challenges related to people in the society (their point of view towards free-cycle and participation in it, culture-building of free-cycle); 5. Free cycle effects (including: environmental effects and social effects)" were categorized.<br /><br />Conclusion <br /><br />Nowadays, it is not enough to imagine that products have only one owner in their whole life and then they go away and become waste and disappear; On the other hand, because without considering the key and fundamental role of urban waste producers, i.e. citizens, all solutions will fail, and without their participation, there will be no change in the amount of waste produced daily; Following such a problem, in recent years, with the participation of citizens, efforts have been made to manage waste, and measures such as collecting wet and dry waste in separate bins, clean neighborhood plan, collection program Smart collection of waste and other such cases have been implemented, and according to the experts interviewed in this research, while achieving relative success, they have also faced major failures, and the reason for them, in addition to the lack of correct science and knowledge, lack of investment from the government; Because they believed that, for example, in all provinces and cities of Iran, there are no waste recycling factories and equipment, and there are no engineering methods for burial and disposal, and there are not enough facilities to transfer waste from all parts of the country to places with existing equipment. There is no, or in some areas, a garbage truck transports wet and dry garbage at the same time, and practically, the separation of wet and dry garbage has been useless, and the environmental damage is still strong. In this regard, considering that the basic rule and law of Freecycle is that the providers offer their goods only for free to the receivers and in no way have the right to sell and earn profit from them or even They do not have barter; on the other hand, the receivers must really need the goods and not intend to sell or abuse them. Therefore, the providers should be able to donate their extra items to others with different motivations and non-economic goals and without obtaining financial profit, and the receivers should not have the intention of abusing and demand the received goods only to satisfy their needs. Of course, if Be careful in the interactions of the Iranian society, the act of free cycling and donating goods and even financial aid has existed informally in Iran since the beginning, and members of the society often donate their second-hand goods or new goods to others (generally relatives). or acquaintances, but the main purpose of Free Cycle is to prevent some people from buying goods (on the one hand), and throwing away the same goods used by some people (on the other hand), by connecting these two group of people to each other, whether the recipient has purchasing power or not; Of course, gift givers usually choose the recipient of their goods based on various criteria and usually try to choose the person who needs the goods most and most vitally among the applicants. In addition, it is necessary that the government, while officially accepting Freecycle, by setting special tariffs for the transfer of items that need to be sent and received in absentia and through mail, as well as programs to encourage people in the community to join Freecycle, and Of course, technical and financial support for the website and its networks, participate in this movement. Finally, due to the fact that Iran is one of the Islamic countries and in its religious teachings, the virtue of forgiveness and gifts is highly recommended, and its people are also in different and sensitive crises and situations (such as floods, earthquakes, etc.), the desire They have proven themselves to help their fellow citizens, so it is expected that Freecycle will be well received. امروزه کفایت نمی‌کند تصور کنیم که محصولات در تمام زندگی خود فقط یک مالک داشته باشند و سپس از دور خارج شوند و به زباله تبدیل شوند و از بین بروند؛ وبسایت فری سایکل در راستای این مسئله کار خود را از 2003 آغاز نموده و شبکه‌های آن در بیش از 75 کشور مختلف(تا سال2010) فعالیت روزافزون دارند و هدف آن از ابتدا تاکنون کاهش حجم زباله در محل دفن یا بازیافت زباله، از طریق یک جنبش غیرپولی و اهدای اقلام اضافی افراد جامعه به دیگرانِ غریبه‌ای که به آنها نیاز دارند، می‌باشد و تاکنون موفقیت‌های چشم‌گیری کسب نموده است. باتوجه به بحران‌های زیست‌محیطی جدی ایران و تجمع روزافزون حجم زباله در آن و اهمیت اقداماتی که از بارِ محل-های جمع‌آوری و امحای زباله می‌کاهد، هدف پژوهش حاضر «شناسایی و بررسی مسائل و چالش‌های پیشِ روی فری سایکلی شدن ایران»، از طریق مصاحبه عمیق با متخصصان بازاریابی و بخصوص کارشناسان محیط‌زیست و به روش تحلیل محتوا بوده است. یافته‌ها در پنج حوزه‌ی‌ اصلی شامل«ساختار فری سایکل- پشتیبانی - کاربران - جامعه – اثرات» دسته‌بندی شدند. انتظار می‌رود ایران به عنوان کشوری اسلامی همراه با آموزه‌هایی غنی پیرامون اهمیت بخشش و هدیه به دیگران و اثبات عملی مردم آن در بحران‌های مختلف، استقبال خوبی از فری سایکل داشته باشد. https://www.jess.ir/article_158698_5682f30d4d5f1f24e3717e8d339662d7.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Identifying and measuring the amount of heavy metals in soil and ornamental plants in high-traffic squares of Mashhad (Case study: Squares of Revolution, Anti, Flake Ab, Taghi Abad) شناسایی و اندازه گیری میزان فلزسنگین در خاک و گیاهان زینتی میادین پرتردد مشهد( مطالعه موردی: میادین انقلاب، ضد، فلکه آب، تقی آباد) 6119 6126 162796 10.22034/jess.2022.359788.1864 FA شهرزاد خرم نژادیان گروه محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد دماوند، دماوند ، ایران. 0000-0002-9637-9988 ماریا عمرانی دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه محیط زیست، واحد دماوند،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی،دماوند، ایران Journal Article 2022 08 31 Introduction: Soil is the main source of organic and mineral substances in the earth and the natural environment for the growth and development of plants, and in addition, it is an important platform for other developmental activities. Heavy metals are a group of metals that are highly toxic to the health of human societies and the environment. Heavy metals can be said to exist naturally in the soil because they are brought into the dry environment by geological processes such as volcanoes, erosion of underground materials, etc. Heavy metals accumulate in soil and plants at different times and can have a negative effect on the physiological activities of plants (such as photosynthesis, gas exchange and absorption of nutrients), plant growth and its yield. Heavy metals accumulate in soil and plants at different times and can have a negative effect on the physiological activities of plants. Lead, arsenic and cadmium are examples of heavy metals. This substance is one of the metals that exist in nature in a very large amount. Lead is known as a potential poison of the nervous system due to its major effect on different parts of the central nervous system. Arsenic is one of the heavy metals that has a high level of toxicity, this metal leads to disorders such as blood circulation, nervous system, acute poisoning and death. Heavy metals are a group of metals that are highly toxic to the health of human societies and the environment The biological availability of the total amount of heavy metals as well as the man-made amount of these metals gives information about environmental pollution, but what is more worrying is the amount of metals that enter the food cycle and body of organisms, especially humans, through water, soil and sediment.. Although these metals exist naturally in different environments, but various natural and anthropogenic factors lead to their excessive increase in air, water and soil environments all over the world. The industrialization of cities, the increase in traffic in metropolises, etc. are among the effective factors in increasing the amount of pollution from different sources. Metropolises such as Mashhad located in Razavi Khorasan province are among the cities that face high levels of pollution due to various reasons such as high traffic. In this research, the heavy metals cadmium, lead and arsenic were measured in the root organs, stems and petals of the rose ornamental plant, as well as the soil, in 4 high-traffic square of Zed, Taghi Abad, Flake Ab and enghelab.<br /><br />Methodology: The statistical population of selected soil and plants was selected from 4 high-traffic squares of Mashhad city and Shahid station in low-traffic areas. Sampling was done in compound form and by plastic shovel. The soil samples were dried in the open air and after 24 hours at 40 degrees Celsius and passed through a 63 micron sieve and used for complete analysis and chemical separation. For Preparation of plant samples, the samples were immediately transferred to the laboratory after harvesting. First, they were washed with ordinary water, then they were washed with 0.1 M Hcl or some ordinary detergents (dishwashing liquid), then they were drained again with ordinary water and distilled water. After drying in air in an oven at 70°C for 48 hours, the samples were then ground. The amount of heavy metals was measured with an atomic absorption device.<br />Conclusion: The results of the investigations showed that among the 4 high-traffic squares, Falakeh Ab Square, Enghelab Square, Zed Square, and Dr. Ali Shariati Square, also known as Taghiabad Square in Mashhad, the soil of Enghelab Square has the highest amount of lead, and the soil of Taghiabad Square has the lowest amount of lead. Considering that the control sample was taken from the soil of the plains around Mashhad, the contamination was much lower. Soil lead has a traffic origin and is caused by car fuel, with the removal of lead from fuel, its amount has decreased significantly, but it is still accumulated in the soil. The results of the investigations showed that among the 4 high-traffic squares, Falakeh Ab Square, El Enghelab Square, Zed Square, and Dr. Ali Shariati Square, that is, Taghi Abad Square had the highest amount of lead accumulation in the stem of rose plants, and seen that lead accumulation in Enghelab Square, and the lowest is in Taghi Square. In the case of cadmium metal, the highest accumulation is related to Zed Square and the lowest is related to the roses of Taqi Abad Square. The highest accumulation of the heavy metal arsenic is related to the roses of Falakeh Ab and the lowest is related to the roses of the Revolution Square. The results of the investigations showed that among the 4 high-traffic squares of Falakeh Ab Square Enghelab Square, Zed Square and Dr. Ali Shariati Square, that is, Taghi Abad Square, Mashhad, the highest concentration of lead is related to rose petals in Enghelab Square, and the lowest is related to the rose petals of Taghi Abad.<br />The results showed that the highest concentration of these metals after the soil is in the root of the rose plant. Transfer coefficient is the ability to move a heavy metal from one environment to another environment. The transfer coefficient was calculated for lead: stem < petal < root, for cadmium petal < stem < root and for arsenic: petal < stem < root. Rose plant could use as an accumulators of heavy metals in high traffic area.<br />The results of statistical tests show that the significance level for the accumulation in the soil is less than 0.05, so the assumption of the equality of the average in the two control and experimental groups can be rejected, that is, traffic has a significant effect on the accumulation of metals in the soil of plants, considering that the test statistic is positive, so Traffic increases the accumulation of metals in the soil of plants. The significance level for the accumulation in the roots is less than 0.05, so we can reject the assumption of the equality of the averages in the two control and experimental groups, that is, traffic has a significant effect on the accumulation of metals in the roots of plants, considering that the test statistic is positive, so Traffic increases the accumulation of metals in the roots of plants. فلزات سنگین به گروهی از فلزات می باشند که سمیت فرآوانی برای سلامت جوامع انسانی و محیط زیست دارند. این فلزات گرچه به صورت طبیعی در محیط های مختلف وجود دارند ، اما عوامل طبیعی و آنتروپوژنیک مختلفی منجر به افزایش بیش از حد آنها در محیط های هوا و آب و خاک در سراسر کره خاکی میشود . صنعتی شدن شهرها ، افزایش میزان تردد در کلانشهر ها و ... از جمله عوامل موثر در افزایش میزان آلودگی منابع مختلف می باشد. کلانشهرهایی نظیر کلانشهر مشهد واقع در استان خراسان رضوی ، از جمله شهرهایی می باشد که به دلایل مختلفی نظیر میزان تردد بالا ، با مقادیر بالای آلودگی مواجهه است . در این تحقیق فلزات سنگین کادمیم ، سرب و آرسنیک در اندامهای ریشه ، ساقه و گلبرگ گیاه زینتی رز ، و همچنین خاک ، در 4 میدان پر تردد ضد ، تقی آباد ، فلکه آب و انقلاب مورد اندازه گیری قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین تجمع این فلزات پس از خاک ، در ریشه گیاه رز می باشد. ضریب انتقال برای سرب: ساقه < گلبرگ < ریشه ، برای کادمیم گلبرگ < ساقه < ریشه و برای آرسنیک : گلبرگ < ساقه < ریشه محاسبه گردید. https://www.jess.ir/article_162796_c58b49878ed35ba9de62f8fe4b3622f1.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Bio-environmental effects of transgenic plants with emphasis on safety aspects اثرات زیست - محیطی گیاهان تراریخته با تأکید بر جنبه‌های ایمنی 6127 6136 162956 10.22034/jess.2022.335011.1752 FA فیروزه علویان گروه علوم پایه، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران 0000-0001-6866-8988 Journal Article 2022 03 23 Introduction<br />With the advancement of agricultural biotechnology, many genetically modified crops have been mass-produced and commercialized to meet the needs of the world's growing population. Following the rapid commercialization of transgenic products each year worldwide, concerns about the biosafety of these products; Potential risks to human health, and environmental concerns have been raised. <br />The global debate over genetically engineered products (transgenic products) has now shifted its focus from whether or not it should be used to safe use. As most transgenic crops are approved for commercial cultivation, there is growing concern about their potential impact and risk to human health, and in particular to the environment. Also, there is an imminent risk of cross-fertilization, which leads to contamination of normal germplasm and thus the risk of biodiversity disruption.<br />Transgenic crops are one of the noblest inventions of the 21st century through genetic engineering by modifying the genetic structure of crops to enrich them with one or more important economic characteristics such as improving quality traits, increasing herbicide tolerance and stress resistance. Various biological and non-biological have been developed. These products have helped humans to meet the various challenges posed by population growth; but the development of these products may pose a serious threat to the environment.<br />Environmental safety research has introduced potential risks associated with specific transgenic compounds; non-target transgenic streams within and between species and the persistence and consequences of transgenics in unwanted hosts. Resistance management strategies for insect and pesticide-resistant transgenics have also been studied. Also, food biosafety research has focused on the toxicity and allergenicity of transgenic products. Discussing possible innovations or strategies to reduce the effects of technological interventions and developing effective strategies for the conservation and conservation of biological resources is an important goal that this article seeks to challenge.<br /><br />Methodology<br />In the present review article, data collection was using the keywords ecological, transgenic, safety, and risk done with the help of articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct information sources.<br />The articles used are from 1987 to 2022. Out of 114 reviewed articles, 75 articles were deleted and the information of the remaining 39 articles was used in writing this article. Articles that were not related to the purpose of writing the article were removed from further study.<br /><br />Results<br />Agriculture is the main and unique source of nutrition in the world, but due to traditional cultivation methods, many environmental issues such as drinking water pollution, soil degradation, erosion and biodiversity reduction can be solved almost by genetic modification. But, every innovation in food production has been associated with a set of potential risks. These range from increased pesticide exposure in conventional agriculture to exposure to more pathogens in organic farming. New genes can have numerous unexpected effects on the ecology, physiology, and nutritional value of products.<br />In biotechnology risk assessment, potential effects on environmental and human health are considered. The ecological concerns currently being discussed include increased invasion (a problem in agriculture where uncollected seeds germinate from last year's crop and grow in the current crop), intra-species and interspecific hybridization, the possibility of sensitization, and a change in material taste. Dietary quality changes, toxicity, carcinogenicity, decreased immunity, favorable conditions for the growth of emerging bacteria and viruses, and horizontal gene transfer (transfer of genetic material between cells or organisms of unrelated species such as bacteria and viruses and production of new strains Pathogenesis, development of antibiotic-resistant genes, reactivation of inactive pathogenic viruses, damage to non-target organisms, biodiversity loss, and resistance management. Risk management includes strategic techniques to reduce the adverse effects of transgenic and related products on consumers or the environment, as well as to reduce the chances of developing resistance in the target pest population. Several tactics, such as the use of alternative or mixed insecticides, can be used in a variety of ways to effectively minimize the risk of insecticide resistance in insects. These techniques are also useful in preventing the problem of regeneration in insects. Similarly, various techniques have been used to minimize or prevent the risk of herbicide-resistant weeds and weed development. Spinning herbicides or using them in combination effectively reduces the chances of herbicide resistance in weeds. Crop rotation is another technique that can be used to reduce this risk. In fact, in the past, transgenic foods focused on increasing yields and other agricultural properties, which were primarily beneficial to agricultural companies and economically viable. But the new generation of transgenic foods emphasizes the health benefits of the consumer, which is the right policy to promote environmental health.<br />Risk assessment of transgenic crops identifies the adverse effects of transgenic crops or derived products on non-target organisms and/or the environment, which includes several coordinated steps such as risk identification and classification. The first and most important step is to identify the risk, including identifying potential hazards or hazards to the target population or the environment if transgenic and related products are used. This is followed by a general characterization of the risk, ie it’s direct or indirect impact, chronic or acute, immediate or delayed, and so on. Finally, risk classification is performed, which includes the grouping of identified and well-defined risks into different categories. Negative effects of the transgenic crop on health include adverse effects on target and non-target populations, development of resistance or regeneration in the target population of pest/pathogen, transgenic flow in other species, etc.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />The main purpose of this study is to introduce the bio-environmental safety aspects of transgenic plants. Modern advances in biotechnology have revolutionized the way of life, especially in meeting nutritional needs, fodder, fiber, and fuel using transgenic products. However, a group of social activists and environmentalists have always opposed the use of transgenic products because of their unprecedented effects on ecosystems and human health. Therefore, a concerted effort should be made to identify credible concerns and risks and to provide reliable and useful information to the public, and scientists should work to resolve ambiguities about transgenic products and foods. Previously, transgenic foods focused on increasing yields and other agricultural properties, which primarily benefited agricultural companies and farmers. The new generation of transgenic foods emphasizes the health benefits of the consumer. It is only with these new products that the general public will accept the use of a genetic modification of foods, and this is where the overlap of nutrition, ecology, and plant biotechnology will become more apparent. با پیشرفت بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی، بسیاری از محصولات اصلاح‌شده ژنتیکی در سطح گسترده تولید و تجاری شده‌اند تا نیازهای جمعیت رو به افزایش جهان را برآورده کنند. پس از تجاری‌سازی سریع محصولات تراریخته هرساله در سراسر جهان، نگرانی در مورد ایمنی زیستی این محصولات؛ ازجمله خطرات احتمالی بر روی سلامت انسان و نگرانی‌های زیست‌محیطی مطرح‌شده است؛ زیرا بسیاری از محققان به این عقیده که صنعت بیوتکنولوژی، بدون قید و شرط ایمن است، اعتماد چندانی ندارند. آن‌ها باوجود قبول فواید انکارناپذیر محصولات تراریخته، نگران خطرات احتمالی نیز هستند؛ موضوعی که در این مقاله به آن خواهیم پرداخت. تحقیق حاضر از نوع مروری است و بر اساس اطلاعات جمع‌آوری‌شده از منابع انگلیسی‌زبان گوگل اسکولار ، ساینس دایرکت و پاب مد ؛ و با استفاده از کلمات کلیدی زیست - محیطی، تراریخته، ایمنی و خطر انجام شد. تحقیقات ایمنی زیست - محیطی، ضمن برشمردن مزایای گیاهان تراریخته، خطرات بالقوه مرتبط با ترکیبات ترانس ژن خاص، مانند جریان تراریخته درون و بین‌گونه‌ای، ماندگاری و عواقب تراریخته‌ها، اثرات غیر هدف این ژن‌ها در میزبان‌های ناخواسته، تهدید ورود تراریخته به مخزن ژن طبیعی، تکامل جهش‌یافته‌ها و از دست دادن تنوع زیستی را شناسایی کرده است و استراتژی‌های مدیریت در برابر تراریخته‌ها، تدارک دیده‌شده است. بحث در مورد نوآوری یا استراتژی‌های احتمالی برای کاهش اثرات سوء مداخلات فناوری و توسعه استراتژی‌های مؤثر برای حفاظت منابع بیولوژیکی هدف مهمی است که در این مقاله سعی شده است به چالش کشیده شود. https://www.jess.ir/article_162956_3ab772845d89d50015c978111aaf4c42.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Analyzing the quality of urban crisis management system from the perspective of structural approach (Case study: Ardabil city) واکاوی کیفیت سیستم مدیریت بحران شهری از منظر رویکرد ساختاری (مطالعه موردی: شهر اردبیل) 6137 6143 162958 10.22034/jess.2022.355634.1841 FA عطا غفاری گیلانده استاد گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری و روستایی - گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری و روستایی/ دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی 0000-0002-8145-4818 هما واعظی دانشجوی دکترای تخصصی جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی علیرضا محمدی دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0002-3327-0942 Journal Article 2022 08 11 Introduction<br />Despite there has been lots of efforts in many countries to reduce hazards, damages, costs and negative effects of various disasters are increasing. Therefore, the way to overcome consequence of this disasters is by having correct plans and utilizing new disaster management dimensions and methods. There are two approaches to properly manage different stages of disaster; which are the modern approach and the developmental approach. The developmental or so-called the community-based approach has been considered recently. In this approach the aim is to empower the individuals in community which will increase adaptability against harmful consequences of hazards; and by involving them in actions which will lead to risk reduction, we can prepare them to prevent, maintain and deal with disasters and return them to a stable situation. The modern approach, which it's organizational structure is hierarchical from top to bottom, the participation of stockholders in society are not considerable. Researches show that this approach fails in preparing and preventing from disasters due to the lack of participatory element and giving disproportionate responses to basic needs of society. At the same time, due to the implementation of unnecessary programs and ignorance of individual opinions in the community, it has led to dissatisfaction with the performance of responsible organizations.<br />The present study is formed in framework of structural hazardology perspective and its purpose is to evaluate the qualities of Ardabil city disaster management with emphasize on the structural approach. The special geographical, climatic, demographic and economic situation of Ardabil city has provided the basis for numerous disasters caused by various environmental hazards in this city. Due to features like centrality of province and it's political and economic importance, this city is categorized as a critical city.<br />Methodology<br />The purpose of this study is practical, and descriptive- analytical in terms of method. This study is based on a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative). First the qualitative and then the qualitative data was collected and analyzed. Finally, both qualitative and quantitative analyses were interpreted. In this study by reviewing research literature and according to the theories of many scientists, the conceptual dimensions of structural approaches of disaster management were identified and presented. Then in order to prepare questioners and obtain proper tools to collect required data, through discussions with Delphi group, 43 components in 11 factors were identified for this research. In order to measure the effect of structural approach factors on the disaster management system of Ardabil city the factors and components extracted in previous stages were set as questionnaires in the forms of Likert scales. The statistical population of this study are officials working in governmental and non-governmental organizations in the field of disaster management in Ardabil. The sample size in this research are 105 people which were determined using Cohen's formula with 95% confidence level and effect size of 0.1. Questionnaires were distributed among officials using purposeful sampling. Filled questionnaires and data were used in smart pls and spss software to get structure modelling analysis. In this study Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability (CR) methods were used to assess the validity. Also the standard average variance extracted (AVE) method has been used to evaluate the convergent validity of the research, the results of which show high reliability and validity of research variables. Then in order to compare the statistics of factors affecting Ardabil disaster management system, Friedman test was carried out to evaluate the average rank of research factors.<br />Conclusion<br />To analyze the significance of the relationships between research factors and components of the urban crisis management system, second-order confirmatory factor analysis were used. To calculate the reliability of research components (observed variables), factor load tests have been used. The results show that all variables have a factor load higher than the minimum value of 0.7, which indicates the appropriate reliability of the variables. The results of structural equation modeling show that The factors identified for this research, explains the quality of urban disaster management with 0.613. The highest path coefficient of direct path is for management factors (0.733), living conditions (0.538) knowledge and equipment (0.528); and the lowest amount are related to laws and regulations (0.244) and citizen participation (0.302). Also, to evaluate the significance of the relationships between variables (the significance of the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable), value of t-statistic obtained from the output of the model has been used. In the direct path of the factors of management issues: storage, support system and planning (8.925, 6.625, 6.622, respectively) has the highest t-value, and the factors of citizen participation, laws and regulations (3.233, 3.306, respectively) has the lowest t-value assigned to them. In the indirect path, that is caused by the influence of factors on other factors, for example, the amount of t-value of influence of knowledge and equipment on citizen participation is equal to (23,160). Management issues on the living conditions of society (7.520), and laws and regulations on community member's safety is (2.217) and so on. In general, the results show that all factors have a good ability to measure the main structure of this research, which is the quality of urban disaster management system with emphasis on the structural approach. Because the amount of P-value for all factors is less than 0.05, the amount of T-value for all factors is greater than 1.96 and also the value of Beta (path coefficient) for all factors of research is greater than 0.1. The analyses of measurement models quality test show that the measuring tool has a good quality because the 1- SSE / SSO index for latent variable is positive. To evaluate the quality of the structural model, the GOF index has been used which with 0.408, indicates the desirability of this model. In the continuation of the research, Friedman test was carried out with the aim of ranking the factors affecting the quality of disaster management. Since the significance level of the test is less than 0.05; at the 95% confidence level, it can be said that the average rank of research factors and components are not equal. The results show that all factors identified for research have a positive effect on the disaster management system of Ardabil. Based on the analysis, the results indicate that the study of disaster management without considering concepts such as structure and system, cannot lead planners and managers to a true understanding of it. Therefore, in order to enhance the quality of the disaster management system, appropriate structures should be utilized in communities. به منظور مدیریت بهینه بر مراحل مختلف سانحه، رویکردهای گوناگونی به کار گرفته می‌شوند که اساساً در دو گروه مدرن و توسعه‌ای یا جامعه‌محور طبقه‌بندی می‌شوند. رویکردی که در سالهای اخیر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است، توسعه‌ای یا جامعه‌محور است. پژوهش حاضر در چهارچوب دیدگاه مخاطره‌شناسی مبتنی بر ساختار شکل گرفته است و هدف آن ارزیابی کیفیت سیستم مدیریت بحران شهر اردبیل با تاکید بر رویکرد ساختاری می‌باشد. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش کمی است. در این پژوهش به منظور تنظیم پرسشنامه و دستیابی به ابزاری جهت جمع‌آوری داده‌های مورد نیاز از طریق بحث و گفتگو با گروه دلفی عوامل و مولفه‌هایی برای پژوهش شناسایی گردید. سپس عوامل و مولفه‌های استخراج شده در مرحله قبل به صورت سوالات پرسشنامه تنظیم گردید. جامعه آماری تحقیق در این مرحله مسئولان شاغل در سازمانهای دولتی و غیر دولتی فعال در حوزه مدیریت بحران شهر اردبیل هستند. پرسش‌نامه‌های تکمیلی و داده‌های حاصل از آن جهت انجام آزمون‌های آماری و مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری در محیط نرم‌افزارهای SPSS و SMART PLS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. خروجی معادلات ساختاری نشان می‌دهد که همه عوامل شناسایی شده برای تحقیق تاثیر مثبت معناداری بر سیستم مدیریت بحران شهر اردبیل دارند. https://www.jess.ir/article_162958_fc8b47e85883a82592459c27809eb4b4.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Investigating the diversity of non-wood product providing species in Arasbaran forests بررسی تنوع گونه‌های دارای محصولات غیرچوبی در جنگل‌های ارسباران 6144 6153 162959 10.22034/jess.2022.362427.1874 FA عایشه اسماعیلی دانشگاه ارومیه سجاد قنبری دانشگاه اردبیل Journal Article 2022 09 20 This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the diversity of non-wood products providing species in Arasbaran forests. 36 sample plots (100 m × 50 m (0.5 ha)) were investigated in a systematic random grid of 800 × 800 m. In each sample plot, each stem was identified as a species, and the frequency and diameter at the breast height of all species were included. Species with non-wood products and species without non-wood products were measured. To investigate and compare the biodiversity were used the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener species diversity indices, the Margalf richness and Mennick richness indices, and for the uniformity of a species of Pylo and Hill uniformity indices. Biodiversity index values were determined using Past software. Paired t-test was used to investigate the effect of species with non-wood products on species biodiversity. The results showed that species non wood products providing species have a relatively large impact on the biodiversity of plant species in the research area. The species richness index and species diversity decrease in the absence of species with non-wood products and the uniformity index increases. This can be considered as an opportunity to create an alternative strategy for sustainable forest management by participating and allowing the local community to use non-wood resources instead of destructive uses such as wood harvesting or land use change. Incentivizing the use of non-wood products can contribute to the sustainable livelihoods of local communities, which, if realized, can attract their interest for better forest conservation and development.<br />This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the diversity of non-wood products providing species in Arasbaran forests. 36 sample plots (100 m × 50 m (0.5 ha)) were investigated in a systematic random grid of 800 × 800 m. In each sample plot, each stem was identified as a species, and the frequency and diameter at the breast height of all species were included. Species with non-wood products and species without non-wood products were measured. To investigate and compare the biodiversity were used the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener species diversity indices, the Margalf richness and Mennick richness indices, and for the uniformity of a species of Pylo and Hill uniformity indices. Biodiversity index values were determined using Past software. Paired t-test was used to investigate the effect of species with non-wood products on species biodiversity. The results showed that species non wood products providing species have a relatively large impact on the biodiversity of plant species in the research area. The species richness index and species diversity decrease in the absence of species with non-wood products and the uniformity index increases. This can be considered as an opportunity to create an alternative strategy for sustainable forest management by participating and allowing the local community to use non-wood resources instead of destructive uses such as wood harvesting or land use change. Incentivizing the use of non-wood products can contribute to the sustainable livelihoods of local communities, which, if realized, can attract their interest for better forest conservation and development.<br />This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the diversity of non-wood products providing species in Arasbaran forests. 36 sample plots (100 m × 50 m (0.5 ha)) were investigated in a systematic random grid of 800 × 800 m. In each sample plot, each stem was identified as a species, and the frequency and diameter at the breast height of all species were included. Species with non-wood products and species without non-wood products were measured. To investigate and compare the biodiversity were used the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener species diversity indices, the Margalf richness and Mennick richness indices, and for the uniformity of a species of Pylo and Hill uniformity indices. Biodiversity index values were determined using Past software. Paired t-test was used to investigate the effect of species with non-wood products on species biodiversity. The results showed that species non wood products providing species have a relatively large impact on the biodiversity of plant species in the research area. The species richness index and species diversity decrease in the absence of species with non-wood products and the uniformity index increases. This can be considered as an opportunity to create an alternative strategy for sustainable forest management by participating and allowing the local community to use non-wood resources instead of destructive uses such as wood harvesting or land use change. Incentivizing the use of non-wood products can contribute to the sustainable livelihoods of local communities, which, if realized, can attract their interest for better forest conservation and development.<br />This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the diversity of non-wood products providing species in Arasbaran forests. 36 sample plots (100 m × 50 m (0.5 ha)) were investigated in a systematic random grid of 800 × 800 m. In each sample plot, each stem was identified as a species, and the frequency and diameter at the breast height of all species were included. Species with non-wood products and species without non-wood products were measured. To investigate and compare the biodiversity were used the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener species diversity indices, the Margalf richness and Mennick richness indices, and for the uniformity of a species of Pylo and Hill uniformity indices. Biodiversity index values were determined using Past software. Paired t-test was used to investigate the effect of species with non-wood products on species biodiversity. The results showed that species non wood products providing species have a relatively large impact on the biodiversity of plant species in the research area. The species richness index and species diversity decrease in the absence of species with non-wood products and the uniformity index increases. This can be considered as an opportunity to create an alternative strategy for sustainable forest management by participating and allowing the local community to use non-wood resources instead of destructive uses such as wood harvesting or land use change. Incentivizing the use of non-wood products can contribute to the sustainable livelihoods of local communities, which, if realized, can attract their interest for better forest conservation and development.<br />This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the diversity of non-wood products providing species in Arasbaran forests. 36 sample plots (100 m × 50 m (0.5 ha)) were investigated in a systematic random grid of 800 × 800 m. In each sample plot, each stem was identified as a species, and the frequency and diameter at the breast height of all species were included. Species with non-wood products and species without non-wood products were measured. To investigate and compare the biodiversity were used the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener species diversity indices, the Margalf richness and Mennick richness indices, and for the uniformity of a species of Pylo and Hill uniformity indices. Biodiversity index values were determined using Past software. Paired t-test was used to investigate the effect of species with non-wood products on species biodiversity. The results showed that species non wood products providing species have a relatively large impact on the biodiversity of plant species in the research area. The species richness index and species diversity decrease in the absence of species with non-wood products and the uniformity index increases. This can be considered as an opportunity to create an alternative strategy for sustainable forest management by participating and allowing the local community to use non-wood resources instead of destructive uses such as wood harvesting or land use change. Incentivizing the use of non-wood products can contribute to the sustainable livelihoods of local communities, which, if realized, can attract their interest for better forest conservation and development. این تحقیق با هدف بررسی تنوع گونه‌های دارای محصولات غیرچوبی در جنگل‌های ارسباران انجام شد. 36 قطعه نمونه‌ (100 متر × 50 متر (0.5 هکتار) در یک شبکه تصادفی سیستماتیک 800 × 800 متر مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در هر قطعه نمونه، هر ساقه به عنوان گونه شناسایی شد و فراوانی و قطر برابر سینه تمامی گونه‌ها اعم از گونه‌های دارای محصولات غیرچوبی و گونه‌های فاقد محصولات غیرچوبی اندازه‌گیری شد. برای بررسی و مقایسه تنوع زیستی از شاخص‌های تنوع گونه‌ای سیمپسون و شانون_وینر، برای محاسبه غنای گونه‌ای از شاخص‌های غنای مارگالف و غنای منهنیک و برای یکنواختی گونه‌ای از شاخص‌های یکنواختی پایلو و هیل استفاده شد. مقادیر شاخص‌های تنوع زیستی با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Past تعیین شد. جهت بررسی تاثیر گونه‌های دارای محصولات غیرچوبی در تنوع‌زیستی گونه‌ها از آزمون t جفتی استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که گونه‌های دارای محصولات غیرچوبی تاثیر نسبتا زیادی در تنوع‌زیستی گونه‌های گیاهی منطقه مورد تحقیق دارند. شاخص غنای گونه‌ای و تنوع گونه‌ای در نبود گونه‌های دارای محصولات غیرچوبی کاهش و شاخص یکنواختی افزایش می‌یابد. این مهم می-تواند به عنوان فرصتی برای ایجاد استراتژی جایگزین برای مدیریت پایدار جنگل با مشارکت و اجازه دادن به جامعه محلی برای استفاده از منابع غیرچوبی به جای استفاده‌های مخرب مانند برداشت چوب یا تغییر کاربری زمین استفاده شود. انگیزه استفاده از محصولات غیرچوبی می‌تواند به معیشت پایدار جوامع محلی کمک کند، که در صورت تحقق، می‌تواند علاقه آن‌ها را برای حفاظت و توسعه بهتر جنگل جلب کند. https://www.jess.ir/article_162959_3ac75b967630b2f1bf15c38eea60e033.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Evaluation of Desertification Hazard in the Jiroft Plain with Emphasis on Geology and Geomorphology Criteria ارزیابی شدت خطر بیابان‌زایی در دشت جیرفت با تاکید بر معیارهای زمین‌شناسی و ژئومورفولوژی 6154 6163 162961 10.22034/jess.2022.363579.1881 FA کرامت نژادافضلی گروه جغرافیا - دانشکده علوم انسانی- دانشگاه جیرفت Journal Article 2022 10 06 Desertification asone of the most important of environmental threats in the present century,is one of the main obstacles to meeting the needs of the inhabitants of arid and semi-arid areas.better understanding of desertification severity and determining the most effective factors on it are the first steps to de-desertification. For this purpose, the severity of the Jiroft plain to desertification was investigated using IMDPA method on the basis of geological and geomorphological criteria. Firstly work unit map was created using geology, land use map, Landsat 8 satellite imagery and Google Earth data. In each unit the "slope", "land use" and "erodibility" indices scored and combined with each other by calculating geometric mean of indices, finally the map of desertification hazard was generated in GIS10.3 software. <br />The results of this study showed that Jiroft plain was classified in moderate class (II) of desertification hazard. Accordinglyalthoughin the Jiroft plain the geological and geomorphological factors have moderate intensity on desertification but it can be turning a risk to an environmental crisis by unsustainable use of lands and natural resources. According to findings, it can be concluded that the management strategies and landuse activities in Jiroft Plain needs to consider the spatial planning.Desertification asone of the most important of environmental threats in the present century,is one of the main obstacles to meeting the needs of the inhabitants of arid and semi-arid areas.better understanding of desertification severity and determining the most effective factors on it are the first steps to de-desertification. For this purpose, the severity of the Jiroft plain to desertification was investigated using IMDPA method on the basis of geological and geomorphological criteria. Firstly work unit map was created using geology, land use map, Landsat 8 satellite imagery and Google Earth data. In each unit the "slope", "land use" and "erodibility" indices scored and combined with each other by calculating geometric mean of indices, finally the map of desertification hazard was generated in GIS10.3 software. <br />The results of this study showed that Jiroft plain was classified in moderate class (II) of desertification hazard. Accordinglyalthoughin the Jiroft plain the geological and geomorphological factors have moderate intensity on desertification but it can be turning a risk to an environmental crisis by unsustainable use of lands and natural resources. According to findings, it can be concluded that the management strategies and landuse activities in Jiroft Plain needs to consider the spatial planning.Desertification asone of the most important of environmental threats in the present century,is one of the main obstacles to meeting the needs of the inhabitants of arid and semi-arid areas.better understanding of desertification severity and determining the most effective factors on it are the first steps to de-desertification. For this purpose, the severity of the Jiroft plain to desertification was investigated using IMDPA method on the basis of geological and geomorphological criteria. Firstly work unit map was created using geology, land use map, Landsat 8 satellite imagery and Google Earth data. In each unit the "slope", "land use" and "erodibility" indices scored and combined with each other by calculating geometric mean of indices, finally the map of desertification hazard was generated in GIS10.3 software. <br />The results of this study showed that Jiroft plain was classified in moderate class (II) of desertification hazard. Accordinglyalthoughin the Jiroft plain the geological and geomorphological factors have moderate intensity on desertification but it can be turning a risk to an environmental crisis by unsustainable use of lands and natural resources. According to findings, it can be concluded that the management strategies and landuse activities in Jiroft Plain needs to consider the spatial planning.Desertification asone of the most important of environmental threats in the present century,is one of the main obstacles to meeting the needs of the inhabitants of arid and semi-arid areas.better understanding of desertification severity and determining the most effective factors on it are the first steps to de-desertification. For this purpose, the severity of the Jiroft plain to desertification was investigated using IMDPA method on the basis of geological and geomorphological criteria. Firstly work unit map was created using geology, land use map, Landsat 8 satellite imagery and Google Earth data. In each unit the "slope", "land use" and "erodibility" indices scored and combined with each other by calculating geometric mean of indices, finally the map of desertification hazard was generated in GIS10.3 software. <br />The results of this study showed that Jiroft plain was classified in moderate class (II) of desertification hazard. Accordinglyalthoughin the Jiroft plain the geological and geomorphological factors have moderate intensity on desertification but it can be turning a risk to an environmental crisis by unsustainable use of lands and natural resources. According to findings, it can be concluded that the management strategies and landuse activities in Jiroft Plain needs to consider the spatial planning.Desertification asone of the most important of environmental threats in the present century,is one of the main obstacles to meeting the needs of the inhabitants of arid and semi-arid areas.better understanding of desertification severity and determining the most effective factors on it are the first steps to de-desertification. For this purpose, the severity of the Jiroft plain to desertification was investigated using IMDPA method on the basis of geological and geomorphological criteria. Firstly work unit map was created using geology, land use map, Landsat 8 satellite imagery and Google Earth data. In each unit the "slope", "land use" and "erodibility" indices scored and combined with each other by calculating geometric mean of indices, finally the map of desertification hazard was generated in GIS10.3 software. <br />The results of this study showed that Jiroft plain was classified in moderate class (II) of desertification hazard. Accordinglyalthoughin the Jiroft plain the geological and geomorphological factors have moderate intensity on desertification but it can be turning a risk to an environmental crisis by unsustainable use of lands and natural resources. According to findings, it can be concluded that the management strategies and landuse activities in Jiroft Plain needs to consider the spatial planning.Desertification asone of the most important of environmental threats in the present century,is one of the main obstacles to meeting the needs of the inhabitants of arid and semi-arid areas.better understanding of desertification severity and determining the most effective factors on it are the first steps to de-desertification. For this purpose, the severity of the Jiroft plain to desertification was investigated using IMDPA method on the basis of geological and geomorphological criteria. Firstly work unit map was created using geology, land use map, Landsat 8 satellite imagery and Google Earth data. In each unit the "slope", "land use" and "erodibility" indices scored and combined with each other by calculating geometric mean of indices, finally the map of desertification hazard was generated in GIS10.3 software. <br />The results of this study showed that Jiroft plain was classified in moderate class (II) of desertification hazard. Accordinglyalthoughin the Jiroft plain the geological and geomorphological factors have moderate intensity on desertification but it can be turning a risk to an environmental crisis by unsustainable use of lands and natural resources. According to findings, it can be concluded that the management strategies and landuse activities in Jiroft Plain needs to consider the spatial planning. بیابان‌زایی یکی از موانع اصلی در تأمین نیازهای ساکنین مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک به‌شمار می‌رود که درک و شناخت وضعیت بیابان‌زایی در هر منطقه، گام نخست برنامه‌ریزی منطقی به منظور بیابان‌زدایی می‌باشد. از این رو، در پژوهش حاضر، شدت خطر بیابان‌زایی در دشت جیرفت با استفاده از "مدل ایرانی ارزیابی پتانسیل بیابانزایی" و با تاکید بر معیار زمین‌شناسی و ژئومورفولوژی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. ابتدا، نقشه واحدهای کاری با استفاده از نقشه‌های زمین‌شناسی، کاربری اراضی و تصاویر سنجنده لندست 8 و با بهره‌گیری از تصاویر گوگل ارث تهیه شد و در هر واحد، شاخص‌های "شیب"، "نوع بهره برداری از واحد کاری" و "حساسیت سنگ به فرسایش" ارزش‌گذاری گردید و در نهایت با تلفیق شاخص‌ها با استفاده از میانگین‌گیری هندسی، ارزش معیار مربوطه محاسبه، و نقشه شدت خطر بیابان‌زایی تهیه شد. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان داد که دشت جیرفت از لحاظ بیابان‌زایی و از حیث معیار زمین شناسی و ژئومورفولوژی در کلاس متوسط (II) طبقه‌بندی می‌گردد که شاخص بهره برداری از واحد کاری بعنوان با امتیاز متوسط 3، بعنوان مهمترین عامل در بیابانزایی منطقه تاثیرگذار بوده است. بر این اساس در دشت جیرفت اگر چه عامل زمین شناسی و ژئومورفولوژی، با شدت متوسطی موجبات خطر بیابان‌زایی را مهیا نموده است اما این امر می‌تواند با استفاده ناپایدار از اراضی و مصرف بی‌رویه منابع طبیعی بستر مناسبی را به منظور تبدیل خطر به یک بحران محیطی ممکن پذیر نماید، که نیازمند اتخاذ تصمیمات مدیریتی بر اساس اهداف توسعه پایدار و توجه به اصول و قواعد آمایش سرزمین می‌باشد. https://www.jess.ir/article_162961_4e881799bcfaeb2369668860ea09068d.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Analyzing the spatial distribution of development in the cities of Kurdistan province واکاوی توزیع فضایی توسعه در شهرستان‌های استان کردستان 6164 6173 163248 10.22034/jess.2022.365202.1892 FA اسماعیل جهانی دولت‌آباد دانشیار تاریخ و جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل 0000-0001-8983-448X چنور محمدی دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی 0000-0003-4953-4241 Journal Article 2022 10 20 Introduction<br />Spatial inequality can be seen as the unequal distribution of opportunities and social positions in space. The obvious form of which is regional inequality, it has different manifestations in every society. Its visible forms in developing countries are: inequality between cities and villages, inequality between big and small cities, geographical inequality within big cities, inequality between disadvantaged and privileged areas, etc. Various forms of spatial inequality, the inequality between the city and the countryside in developing countries has a special prominence (Chalbi, 2012: 201(.Usually, stratification and social inequality are seen more in urban areas than in rural areas ( ‌‌Chen & Sun, 2006 : 521) If imbalance and inequality at the regional level reflect discrimination or injustice, then regional differences can be considered a threat (Stewart, 2002: 10). Spatial heterogeneity in the form of lack and poverty in the way of living, health care, suitable school, job opportunities, food, transportation, education, suitable housing, security, information and indicators of having piped water services. , gas, electricity, etc( Hall & Ulrich, 2000: 14). The existence of inequality and its various dimensions are important signs of underdevelopment; Because in fact, developed countries are known that in addition to having high economic and social indicators, the distribution of income and facilities in those societies is almost fair, but in underdeveloped countries, both the values of these indicators are low and the distribution It is very unfair (Moslinejad, 2005: 56). The major parts of the pillars of development are services related to the population, communication access, health and hygiene, education, housing and urban parks and green spaces, and the concept of living with these materials is fulfilled; Therefore, the distribution of facilities and services is clarified by comparing different planning indicators in different regions (Shivaei and Zarrabi, 2018: 121). It is very important to pay attention to the development and spatial inequality in Kurdistan province and to prepare appropriate planning and policies in this field in this province; Kurdistan province with abundant natural resources, climate diversity, abundant labor force, the ability to produce various agricultural products specific to the climatic conditions of this province (Amanolapour, 2016: 5), as one of the developing provinces. Niafeth has many differences and contrasts in terms of having different development indicators (Bahrami, 2015: 40). The purpose of the current research is to analyze the spatial distribution of development in the cities of Kurdistan province. In order to achieve the goals of the research, the following questions and assumptions are raised:<br />- Is there a difference between the cities of Kurdistan province in terms of development?<br />- Is there a correlation between the distance from the provincial capital and the rate of urbanization with the status of the cities?<br /><br />Methodology <br />The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the research is ten cities of Kurdistan province, which was used to collect information from the descriptive part of documents and library studies related to the subject and to collect data from the statistical yearbook of Kurdistan province. In order to achieve the desired goals, 60 variables have been selected in five health, educational, cultural-social, infrastructure and educational sectors. The Shannon entropy technique was used to determine the importance coefficient of the indicators and the WASPAS model was used to determine the extent of the Kurdistan province's cities, to check The relationship between the distance from the center of the province and the urbanization rate with the status of the cities has been analyzed using Pearson's correlation test in SPSS and Arc GIS software for drawing maps. 5 indicators and 60 variables have been used for analysis and investigation in this research.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />It is very important to pay attention to the development and spatial inequality in Kurdistan province and to prepare appropriate planning and policies in this field in this province; Nevertheless, Kurdistan province with abundant natural resources, climate diversity, abundant labor force, the ability to produce various agricultural products specific to the climatic conditions of this province, as one of the undeveloped provinces in terms of having various indicators. Development has many differences and explanations. The aim of the current research is to analyze the spatial distribution of development in the cities of Kurdistan province. In order to achieve the desired goals, 60 variables have been selected in the health, educational, cultural-social, infrastructure and educational sectors. In order to achieve the desired goals, 60 variables in the health, educational, cultural-social, infrastructure and educational sectors were selected from Shannon's entropy technique in order to determine the importance coefficient of the indicators and in order to determine the extent to which the cities of Kurdistan province have the model. Shannon's entropy technique has been used to determine the coefficient of importance of the indicators, in order to determine the extent to which the cities of Kurdistan province have the WASPAS model, and to examine the relationship between the distance from the center and the urbanization rate and the status of the cities, Pearson's correlation test has been used. Determining the degree of relative importance of each of the research variables using the Shannon entropy method indicates that the number of employees of active agricultural cooperatives covered by the General Administration of Labor and Social Welfare has the highest weight and the variables of the number of government printing houses and the number of urban post offices have had the least weight among the selected variables. In response to a question, is there a difference between the cities of Kurdistan province in terms of development?<br />‌According to the results of the WASPAS model, the cities of Bijar, Sarvabad, Sanandaj, Kamiyaran, Divandre, Qorveh, Saqez are in the first to seventh and semi-rich ranks respectively, and the three cities of Dehgolan, Marivan, Bane are in the eighth to tenth ranks. And they are deprived.<br />Also, in response to the question, is there a correlation between the distance from the center of the province and the rate of urbanization with the status of the cities?<br />According to the results, it was found that there is no significant correlation between the urbanization rate and the distance from the center with the status of the cities. This results show that there are no rich and relatively rich cities, 0.70% of the cities are semi-rich and 0.30% of the cities are deprived. Other research also shows that inequality is a phenomenon that other provinces and cities are involved with, so that the findings of Zarrabi and Mousavi Noor 2015 Spatial analysis and evaluation of the development indicators of the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces using factor analysis system and cluster technique. Savari et al 2016 measuring and evaluating the levels of spatial deprivation of development infrastructures in Khuzestan, Sadeghi and Zanjariyah provinces 2017 Spatial pattern of development inequality in the 22 regions of Tehran and Karimzadeh and Karimzadeh 2021 Measuring the degree of development and educational deprivation of the cities The provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan are aligned, which show that there is disparity between different regions in terms of indicators. At the end, some solutions are presented to improve the situation of the cities:In the first stage, disadvantaged cities (Bane, Marivan and Dehgolan) should be prioritized for spatial development, paying attention to more important variables in the direction of depriving the regions, fair distribution of services and development opportunities in the cities, expansion of facilities. Proportionate to population density, increasing access to healthcare services. توجه به توسعه‌یافتگی و نابرابری فضایی در استان کردستان و تمهید برنامه‌ریزی و سیاست‌گذاری مناسب در این زمینه در این استان، دارای اهمیت فراوان است. هدف پژوهش حاضر واکاوی توزیع فضایی توسعه در شهرستان‌های استان کردستان می‌باشد. در راستای دستیابی به هدف مورد نظر60 ‌متغیر در بخش‌های بهداشتی، آموزشی، فرهنگی- اجتماعی، زیربنایی و آموزشی انتخاب شده از تکنیک آنتروپی شانون جهت تعیین ضریب اهمیت شاخص‌ها و به منظور میزان برخورداری شهرستان‌های استان کردستان از مدل واسپاس استفاده شده است، برای بررسی رابطه بین فاصله از مرکز استان و نرخ شهرنشینی با وضعیت برخورداری شهرستان‌ها‌ از آزمون همبستگی پیرسون و از نرم‌افزار Arc‌GIS‌ برای ترسیم نقشه‌ها ‌بهره‌گرفته ‌شده است. با توجه به نتایج مدل واسپاس شهرستان‌های بیجار، سروآباد، سنندج، کامیاران، دیواندره، قروه، سقز به ترتیب در رتبه‌های اول تا هفتم و نیمه ‌برخوردار و سه شهرستان دهگلان، مریوان‌، بانه در رتبه‌های هشتم تا دهم و محروم می‌باشند (70 ‌درصد شهرستان‌ها‌ نیمه‌‌برخوردار، 30 درصد شهرستان‌ها محروم می‌باشند و شهرستان برخوردار و نسبتاً اصلاً وجود ندارد)، بین وضعیت‌ برخورداری شهرستان‌ها با فاصله آن‌ها از مرکز استان و نرخ شهرنشینی همبستگی معناداری وجود ندارد. https://www.jess.ir/article_163248_a04bff58e441518a32c6713b2c769033.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Designing a hotel in Lavasan with (environmental preservation approach) طراحی هتل در لواسان با (رویکرد حفظ محیط زیست ) 6174 6182 163249 10.22034/jess.2022.365394.1886 FA افشین قربانی پارام استادیار گروه معماری، واحد دماوند، دماوند، ایران Journal Article 2022 10 12 In the world we live in, the tourism industry has undoubtedly become one of the strong foundations of the global system. The rapid and continuous growth of the tourism industry has influenced Iran as well, which can pave the way for the development and expansion of this industry due to the tourist attractions in our country. On the other hand, in the whole world, due to the existence of basic problems such as excessive consumption of energy and its high economic costs, the use of renewable energy from the sun in order to reduce energy consumption has become very important. In this regard, using methods such as photovoltaic panels can greatly help in reducing energy consumption and reducing the harmful environmental effects of buildings. The importance of the number of suitable accommodation centers in the country made the design of a five-star hotel with an environmental protection approach by using solar energy to be considered. In this regard, it has been tried to use quantitative and qualitative method in the software, analytical and descriptive part in collecting information and case examples and by using modeling in software as well as choosing a suitable site in Lavasan with the aim of providing a part of the building needs that It has reached 42% of its electricity production.<br />Keywords: solar energy, photovoltaic, renewable energy<br /><br /><br /><br />Introduction and statement of the problem<br />Today, due to the advancement of technology and the vast facilities for traveling from one point to another, the number of travelers and travelers around the world has increased. And depending on their goals, the duration of their trips becomes shorter or longer, such as business and administrative trips which are mainly short-term and religious, touristic and recreational trips are long-term, and one of the factors that create satisfaction in travel is the accommodation of tourists. Therefore, hotels and accommodation have a direct relationship with tourism Designing a hotel or a suitable complex with standard and international facilities and facilities in various fields such as accommodation, recreation, tourism, sports, etc. can become a factor for more tourists to come, in addition to the attractions of the region. Creating a suitable environment for travelers of different ages and different needs can motivate travelers to travel to that area. Travelers coming to the hotel and using the facilities of the complex and seeing the tourist attractions of the region will cause tourists to invest in the region and economic prosperity, and as a result, improve the living conditions of the natives. Iran has many sunny days due to its special geographical location and has a high potential for receiving and benefiting from solar energy. But unfortunately, the exploitation and construction of the technology required to receive and use this clean, God-given and free energy has not yet reached international standards in Iran, and Iran's share of the proper use of this energy is only one percent of the world's total. Scientific records of the subject<br />Doan, Hulusi et al., 2013 in a research titled Is architectural innovation a competitive advantage for hotels in the tourism industry? What do customers, managers and employees think about it? which was presented at the 9th International Conference on Strategic Management, investigated the role of architecture in attracting tourists and benefited from the opinions, clients, employees and managers.<br />Dargahi, Solmaz et al., 2014, in a research entitled the role of hotel architecture in the development of tourist attraction, to investigate important factors in hotel design in order to attract tourists, in other words, to know the effective factors in hotel architecture design that influence the choice of tourists. Paid.<br />Research questions<br />How to design a modern and practical five-star hotel?<br />How can 5-star hotels be equipped with solar energy absorption?<br />How can you design using the potentials of Lavasan region to reduce energy consumption?<br /><br />research method<br />Based on the purpose, the present research is applied, and in terms of the nature and type of study, it is among the descriptive-analytical researches (simulation energy modeling). In order to collect information, both library and field methods were used, as well as Rhino, Grass Hopper, Galapagos, Karamba Concept and plan and volume design software.<br /><br /><br />Comparison of the total amount of energy required by the building in 3 modes (source: author)<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />As it is known, the amount of energy consumption in the initial state is 19.69 Kwh, if we use the second shell per M2, we have energy consumption of 13.48 Kwh, in other words, we have 6.21 Kwh energy saving or 31.53%, and if we use PV For each M2, we consume 11.42 Kwh of energy, in other words, we have 8.27 Kwh of energy savings, or 42%.<br /><br />Conclusion According to the investigated systems as well as the needs of the hotel, the use of systems that consume less energy is a more important priority, in general, many factors play a role in choosing the type of installation systems of a complex, which should be based on environmental conditions, initial price, available resources and The needs of each project are reviewed by expert engineers and the most suitable ones are selected. Therefore, according to the investigated factors and needs, considering the multi-functionality of different installation needs for each part, the best solution is to use a combined system. For example, in some areas such as the pool, a central engine room is used to generate heat, as well as a floor heating system in the pool area or in some other areas of the complex, and a chiller is used for cooling. In the heat and cold distribution and exchange systems, systems that have a lower frequency and also have a good condition in terms of energy efficiency are used as the desired system. Therefore, the best option for heat transfer is the floor heating system as well as the ceiling cooling systems, which according to the explanations presented in this chapter are known as low-cost systems that can be more useful than other installation systems and have better efficiency. On the other hand, the addition of the clean energy system and the use of the photovoltaic system and the use of emerging gallium arsenide panels that have high efficiency can provide a significant amount of the required energy, which is very promising and reduces the costs of such buildings. در دنیایی که ما در آن زندگی می‌کنیم، بی‌تردید صنعت گردشگری به صورت یکی از پایه‌های استوار سیستم جهانی در آمده است. رشد سریع و بی‌وقفه صنعت توریسم، ایران را نیز تحت تاثیر خود قرار داده است که با توجه به جاذبه‌های توریستی در کشورمان می‌توان راه توسعه و گسترش این صنعت را هموار ساخت. از طرفی در تمام جهان، به دلیل وجود مشکلات اساسی چون مصرف بی‌رویه انرژی و هزینه‌های اقتصادی بالای آن، بهره‌گیری از انرژی تجدیدپذیر خورشید در جهت کاهش مصرف انرژی، اهمیت زیادی پیدا کرده است. در این راستا، استفاده از شیوه‌هایی چون صفحات فتوولتاییک می‌تواند درجهت کاهش مصرف انرژی و کاهش تاثیرات مخرب زیست‌ محیطی ساختمان‌ها کمک زیادی نماید. اهمیت تعداد مراکز اقامتی مناسب در کشور موجب شد تا طراحی هتل پنج ستاره با رویکردحفظ محیط زیست با استفاده از انرژی خورشید مورد توجه قرار گیرد. در این امر سعی بر آن شده است تا با روش کمی و کیفی در بخش نرم‌افزاری و تحلیلی و توصیفی در گردآوری اطلاعات و نمونه موردی‌ها و با استفاده از مدل‌سازی در نرم‌افزارها و نیز انتخاب سایت مناسب در لواسان با هدف تامین بخشی از نیاز ساختمان که به میزان 42 درصد از تولید نیاز برق آن رسیده است. https://www.jess.ir/article_163249_cb71cd6b5012b61b368e2deafc7097de.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Study of heavy metal in sediment and wastewater adjacent to Tembi River in Masjed Soleiman, Khuzestan مطالعه غلظت فلزات سنگین در رسوب و پساب اطراف رودخانه تمبی در مسجدسلیمان، خوزستان 6183 6190 163250 10.22034/jess.2022.366621.1894 FA مرضیه نوروزی دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، بخش زمین شناسی دریا، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم و فنون دریایی خرمشهر صدیقه بطالبلوئی استادیار، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم و فنون دریایی خرمشهر حکیمه امانی پور دانشیار، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم و فنون دریایی خرمشهر Journal Article 2022 10 21 Abstract<br />This study was carried out to investigate the concentration of heavy metals of Ni, Cd, Pb, As, Fe, Cr in municipal sewage discharge, urban wastewater and industrial effluent are pumped to the Tembi River. Sampling carried from 10 water and wastewater and 10 sediments. The results of ICP-MMS analysis showed the mean concentration (in ppm) for water sample for As 1/23, Zn 17/71, Cr 0/8, Ni 1.11, Cd 0.09, Pb 6/35, Fe 132/50 and mean concentration of heavy metals in sediment sample for As 0.91, Zn 23/96, Cr 91/50, Ni 56/10, Cd 0/16, Pb 10/40, Fe 14950. Based on the results obtained from the index of enrichment factor, Ni and Cr concentration showed the medium to high pollution level. Based on the molar accumulation land index, Ni and Zn concentration were in the range of moderate to high levels of pollution, and is highly contaminated in all areas with high Fe concentrations. Based on the pollution load factor sediment, It is contaminated with Ni, Cd, Fe and Cr. Based on contamination coefficient at point SA-02 the concentration of Pb and Zn in the sediment is high and As is also contaminated in site C and Ni, Cd, Fe and Cr concentration is high and the sediment is contaminated but there is no heavy metal contamination elsewhere. Tembi River receives untreated municipal and industrial wastewater. According to the results obtained, the Tembi River is in a danger and unsafe area for fishing and swimming purposes.<br /><br />Introduction<br />Rivers are one of the most important fresh water resources for daily and irrigation purposes. The pollution of these valuable resources has caused great concern. One of the pollutants that can endanger the environment of each river is metals and metalloid.<br />Tembi River is one of the main rivers in masjed soleiman city , located in the east of khuzestan province, passing through the southwest of masjed soleiman city sewage system , is the waste of traditional slaughterhouse in city and surrounding villages and industrial effluents from the river course that without treatment to the river. In this research, the water and sediments were geochemically studied in terms of heavy metal pollution in water and sediments. <br /><br />Methodology<br />Twenty samples including 10 water samples and 10 sediments samples were taken for investigation of heavy metal pollution. The sampling points were first registered using Global Positioning System (GPS) and are reported in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates. One sample was collected per sampling location and placed in high density polypropylene bottles previously washed with nitric acid and distilled water and washed twice with the water to be sampled at the sampling site. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), were measured on site using a calibrated, portable thermometer, pH meter, and EC meter, respectively. The sediments samples, dried, ground and sieved through a 2.0 mm sieve. Sediment pH was determined in a suspension prepared by mixing sediments with deionized water in a 1:2.5 (g:ml) ratio and shaking for 15 min. <br />Total metal content of the water and sediment samples was determined by ICP-MS. A Computer Program, SPSS, was used for calculating statistical analysis.<br /><br />There is a positive correlation between cd and Zn ( r = 0.787 ) , lead and arsenic ( r = 0.825 ) and with other metals , this correlation is weakly negative. Positive correlation between Cd and Zn could be a sign of the relationship between these metals and their common input source, considering that these metals are in use in industries and also in the urban environment. Strongly positive correlation between lead and arsenic can be due to common probable sources municipal wastewater .<br /><br />The relationship between heavy metals in sediment samples is shown in table 2. As it shown, there is a strong positive correlation between nickel and iron (r = 0.952) indicating, correlation between nickel and iron could be an indication of the same source.<br /><br />Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using normal data. The results are shown in fig. 1. The elements were placed in four clusters. Cluster1 contains Ni , pH , EC, which have a close relationship with pH and EC . Cluster no. 4 contains Cd, Zn, Pb, as the relationship between them is high and can be stated that the source of the input or control factors is common which is usually associated with industrial applications and discharge of urban wastewater .<br />The results of hierarchical cluster analysis for heavy metals of sediment sample are shown in fig. 2. Cluster 1 contains As , EC , pH , Ni , Fe , Pb , Zn , Cd , through which Ni and Fe have a strong relationship, possibly geogonically originating. The results are in good agreement with the spearman correlation coefficient.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />In this research, the reliability of river for recreational and recreational uses is of great importance. The order of most polluted metals are Ni , Cd , Zn , Cr and Fe they are affected by anthropogenic as well as geogenic activity. is affected by human activities and the relationship between nickel, iron and origin of the earth. Presence of oil sources originating from Asmari formation and untreated wastewater of urban and industrial effluents of masjed soleiman city is the main cause of Tembi river pollution. Although heavy metals enter the human body from different ways, it seems that masjed soleiman city is entering the river and that the Tembi river is a place for swimming and even public fishing , so in long term entry of these metals into the body can cause some complications such as poisoning and dermal diseases.<br /><br />In this research, the reliability of river for recreational and recreational uses is of great importance. The order of most polluted metals are Ni , Cd , Zn , Cr and Fe they are affected by anthropogenic as well as geogenic activity. is affected by human activities and the relationship between nickel, iron and origin of the earth. Presence of oil sources originating from Asmari formation and untreated wastewater of urban and industrial effluents of masjed soleiman city is the main cause of Tembi river pollution. Although heavy metals enter the human body from different ways, it seems that masjed soleiman city is entering the river and that the Tembi river is a place for swimming and even public fishing , so in long term entry of these metals into the body can cause some complications such as poisoning and dermal diseases. این مطالعه به منظور بررسی غلظت فلزات سنگین نیکل، کادمیوم، سرب، ارسنیک، روی ،آهن، کروم در اثر تخلیه فاضلاب شهری، پساب کشتارگاه و پساب صنایع به رودخانه تمبی انجام می شود که 10 نمونه آب و پساب و 10 نمونه رسوب نمونه برداری شد. نتایج آنالیز ICP-MS میانگین غلظت فلزات سنگین در نمونه آب برای ارسنیک 23/1، روی 71/17، کروم 8/0، نیکل11/1، کادمیوم 09/0، سرب 35/6، آهن 50/132 و میانگین غلظت فلزات سنگین در نمونه رسوب برای ارسنیک 91/0، روی 96/23، کروم 50/91، نیکل 10/56، کادمیوم16/0، سرب 40/10، آهن 14950 نشان داد. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده از شاخص های ضریب غنی شدگی غلظت نیکل و کروم در محدوده آلودگی متوسط تا زیاد است. <br />بر اساس شاخص زمین انباشت مولر غلظت نیکل، روی و کروم در محدوده ی آلودگی متوسط تا زیاد است و در تمام مناطق غلظت آهن زیاد و منطقه به شدت آلوده است. بر اساس ضریب بار آلودگی رسوب نیکل، کادمیوم ، آهن و کروم آلوده است.بر اساس ضریب آلودگی در نقطه 02-SA غلظت سرب و روی در رسوب بالا است و از این نظر رسوب آلوده است و همچنین آرسنیک در منطقه c آلوده است و غلظت نیکل، کادمیوم ، آهن و کروم بالا است و رسوب آلوده است ولی در سایر نقاط آلودگی رسوب به عناصر سنگین وجود ندارد. رودخانه تمبی در مسیر خود پذیرنده ی فاضلاب تصفیه نشده شهری و صنعتی است. با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده رودخانه تمبی جهت مصارف ماهیگیری و شنا کردن در محدوده نگران کننده و غیر ایمن قرار دارد. https://www.jess.ir/article_163250_a2ac9e542ad6df4f8cfbf9674607a2a6.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Using the new approach of ecosystem management to develop the ecological management plan of Kaji Namakzar Wetland of Nehbandan سنجش استفاده از رویکرد نوین مدیریت زیست بومی جهت تدوین برنامه مدیریت اکولوژیکی تالاب کجی نمکزار نهبندان 6191 6209 163251 10.22034/jess.2022.366919.1896 FA الهام یوسفی گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران محمدحسین صیادی دانشیار گروه مهندسی محیط زیست دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست دانشگاه بیرجند بیرجند خراسان جنوبی 0000-0002-7128-9919 الهام چمانه پور گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه بیرجند فاطمه قسامی آموزش محیط زیست، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران ژاله امینی رئیس گروه برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت تالاب‌ها، دفتر حفاظت و احیاء تالاب‌ها، سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست، تهران Journal Article 2022 10 23 Introduction <br />Wetlands are unique aquatic ecosystems that have rich biodiversity and provide valuable ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, water filtering, and sediment trapping. They are also considered as shelters for a wide range of animal species, especially migratory birds. Today, human interventions, including excessive exploitation of underground water in order to supply drinking, agricultural and industrial water and the introduction of human pollution (such as sewage and urban and industrial waste) along with natural processes such as drought, these ecosystems threatens.which has led to changing the hydrology of the wetland, reducing the quality of soil and water, changing the vegetation, animal and microbial communities of the bottom of the bed, and disrupting the function and ecosystem services of the wetlands. On the other hand, the focus on the management and protection of dry wetlands is less than that of temperate wetlands mainly due to their ecological, edaphic and hydrogeological characteristics. The complex characteristics of these wetlands have caused small changes in their hydrological regime to lead to major changes in groundwater, soil characteristics, vegetation, etc. <br />The Ramsar Convention is the most important international initiative for the protection of wetlands. According to the classification of the Ramsar Convention, the Keji Namakzar Wetland of Nehbandan is included in the Mandabi wetlands. Successful protection of wetlands relies on the investment of local and regional governments as well as international cooperation. The lack of awareness of the values of wetlands and the subsequent low priority in the decision-making process has led to destruction and unknown social costs. Kaji Namakzar Nahbandan wetland is a water spot in the heart of the desert with an area of more than 20 square kilometers, located in the Kaji Namakzar Nahbandan Wildlife Sanctuary in South Khorasan province and Nehbandan city. This wetland area is the only national wetland of the province, and in fact, it is a vast salt marsh, which, due to its low elevation compared to the surrounding areas, collects surface water like a flowing sponge, and due to the high salinity of its soil, it becomes a lake covered with salt and turned white. The purpose of this study is to develop a multi-scenario framework for integrated ecological management of Kaji wetland and provide guidelines and policies related to wetland protection, controlling and reducing harmful effects and responding to the needs of local communities, which are mostly 1. Knowing of wetland ecosystem, 2. Analysis of stakeholders, 3. Knowing the values and services of the wetland ecosystem, 4. Recognizing threats and problems, 5. Formulating vision and strategic goals, 6. Presentation of management measures (executive), and finally 7. The monitoring program is presented in three sections: biodiversity, hydrological and stabilization of wetland lands.<br />Methodology <br />Considering that the ecological management approach is a collaborative project, this research consists of different parts of field surveys, collaborative workshops, library studies and specialized analyses. First, the wetland ecosystem was fully identified with field surveys and existing studies. The method used in order to manage the ecosystem of Kaji Namakzar Nahbandan wetland is the cascade system of strategic planning. This approach seeks to create a completely logical connection from whole to component and hierarchy between the main components of strategic planning and operational and executive planning. The waterfall approach is a linear model, which starts with the identification of the beneficiaries of a project and their needs, and at each stage, it uses the output of the previous stage as an input for the new stage and falls like a waterfall.<br />This management plan has been prepared based on the results of educational and advisory workshops and with the participation of representatives of major relevant local and provincial groups. After carrying out the basic biological studies of the region and mutual recognition of the collaborative part of the study, three working groups for biodiversity, hydrological and land stabilization management were determined as working groups based on the type of activities. 4 evaluation meetings were organized in the future stages and the activities of all working groups were reviewed and revised. Finally, the management plan for the Kaji wetland ecosystem in two short-term and long-term periods is formulated based on the hierarchical cascade approach, and finally, executive measures to deal with serious threats and urgent needs in the short-term and operational plans in the long-term are put on the agenda of the stakeholders.<br />Conclusion <br />According to the mentioned cases, it should be noted that wetlands should be managed according to ecosystems and communities that are closely related to each other. First, all the beneficiaries of the wetland should be identified and detailed operational plans should be selected according to these beneficiaries and the ecosystems around the wetland. There are mainly residential and agricultural areas near the Kaji Namakzar wetland of Nehbandan. Therefore, management plans should be developed based on this relationship, and executive measures should be implemented in an integrated manner, taking into account all the wetland's stakeholders. The integrated management plan of Nahbandan's Kaji Namakzar wetland is important not only for the region but also for South Khorasan province and is a pioneer in the field of ecological management. On the other hand, Kaji wetland is a very important ecosystem due to its regional and local use and global advantages such as the wintering place of migratory birds and feeding of some endangered species. Therefore, it is very important to protect it. In this research, the integrated management plan of Kaji Wetland was investigated in the two axes of biodiversity and water and soil. The most important goals investigated in this research are: protection of wetland water resources and their optimal and sustainable use, compromise with the dry climate including increasing water infiltration and reducing evaporation in the wetland area, protecting and preventing soil erosion and maintaining its fertility, determining and improving land use in the region, reducing dust production, improving the water quality of the wetland, reducing water and soil pollution, protecting and restoring biodiversity and habitat, and physical protection of the wetland. The results showed that an integrated bio-ecological approach to protect the Kaji wetland and the interests of all stakeholders is inevitable and should be implemented as soon as possible. ادامه روند توسعه ناپایدار به ویژه در کشورهای در حال توسعه مانند ایران، منجر به تهدید و تخریب زیست‌بوم‌های تالابی شده است. مشکل اصلی در این رابطه تناقص بین ذینفعان و منافع اقتصادی آنها و اقدامات حفاظتی پیرامون تالاب است. در این پژوهش، طرح مدیریت یکپارچه اکولوژیکی تالاب کجی نمکزار نهبندان با استفاده از رویکرد مدیریت زیست‌بومی و به روش نظام آبشار برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی تهیه شد. در این مطالعه پس از شناسایی ذینفعان اولیه و ثانویه، خدمات اکوسیستم تالاب و مشکلات و تهدیدات آن شناسایی شد. مدیریت پایدار منابع آب و خاک تالاب و کاهش آلودگی‌های آن و حفاظت، احیا و ارتقاء شرایط بوم‌شناختی و تنوع زیستی تالاب با مشارکت جوامع محلی به عنوان اهداف راهبردی اصلی پیرامون مدیریت اکولوژیکی تالاب در دو محور تنوع زیستی و هیدرولوژیکی و خاک شناسایی شد. نهایتاً پروتکل‌های پایش در 10 محور تدوین گردید. نتایج نشان داد که این مطالعه می‌تواند به عنوان یک مطالعه جامع و پیشگام از سطح چشم انداز تا اقدامات اجرایی را در مدیریت اکولوژیکی تالاب‌های استان خراسان جنوبی قرار گیرد. لازم به ذکر است که مدیریت و تصمیم‌گیری برای تالاب‌ها نیاز به رویکردی یکپارچه دارد که در آن کلیه خدمات اکوسیستمی تالاب شناسایی شده، اهمیت آنها ارزیابی شود و اهداف راهبردی و اقدامات اجرائی پیرامون حفظ این خدمات تدوین شود. که رویکرد مدیریت زیست‌بومی با در نظر گرفتن تمامی این ابعاد می‌تواند راه حل مصالحه‌آمیزی جهت حفاظت بلندمدت تالاب نیز ارائه دهد که ضمن در نظر گرفتن منافع تالاب، معیشت جوامع محلی را نیز در نظر بگیرد و در واقع به استفاده خردمندانه از تالاب برسد. https://www.jess.ir/article_163251_0d243f979114894476c3e05298012ec5.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Measuring the livability and sustainable tourism of Ardabil city and the relationship between them سنجش وضعیت زیست‌پذیری و گردشگری پایدار شهر اردبیل و رابطه بین آنها 6210 6219 163252 10.22034/jess.2022.366824.1895 FA حبیب ابراهیم پور عضو هایت علمی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی منصور رحمتی دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری و روستایی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، ایران. 0000-0002-8797-0186 اصغر پاشازاده دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، ایران. Journal Article 2022 10 22 Abstract <br />‌‌Today, livability has been proposed as one of the appropriate solutions to achieve urban development and ultimately a basis for achieving sustainability. One of the topics that urban livability can affect is urban tourism. Ardabil, as a study sample of this research, is one of the cities with high tourism potential. For this reason, the main goal of this research is to measure the livability and sustainable tourism of Ardabil city and the relationship between them. In this regard, this research is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The required data was collected by means of a researcher's questionnaire tool and through 385 citizens and 100 tourists. For data analysis, one-sample T, independent T, and Pearson correlation tests were used in SPSS software. The findings of the research have shown that the livability of Ardabil city and its tourism are average. In terms of dimensions, the economic dimension is in a worse condition than the social, physical and environmental dimensions, and that there is a meaningful, consistent and strong relationship between livability and sustainable tourism, that is, with the development and improvement of the condition of the component. With sustainable tourism, the city of Ardabil will become more sustainable and vice versa.<br /><br />Introduction <br />Today, due to industrialization, urbanization and demographic changes; Dealing with new urban theories, each of which has been proposed with the aim of solving urban problems, improving the quality and quantity of citizens' lives in cities, improving the quality of the city environment, city management, advancing the city towards becoming more desirable, etc. It is already important. In this regard, urban livability is one of the core concepts of urban planning and knowledge. Livability is a multi-dimensional concept that sometimes overlaps with the concepts of quality of life, well-being and satisfaction with living conditions, and includes various aspects such as material and non-material issues.<br />One of the topics that urban livability can influence is urban tourism. The development of tourism in a way that is compatible with the environment is considered to be the main factor in achieving sustainable development.<br />In this regard, the city of Ardabil receives a large number of domestic and foreign tourists and travelers every year due to its high tourism potential, which undoubtedly has affected the livability of this city and the quality of life of its residents. In this regard, examining the livability and sustainable tourism situation of Ardabil city and the relationship between them is an inevitable necessity. Therefore, this research will be an attempt to deal with the issue of what is the state of the livability and sustainable tourism of Ardabil and what is the relationship between them?<br />Methodology <br />The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method, and practical in terms of its purpose. The data needed for this research were collected through documents and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of the research was the citizens and tourists of Ardabil city, the number of 385 citizens was determined using Cochran's mathematical formula and data was collected from them by a simple random method. Also, the number of 100 tourists was investigated as another statistical sample of the research and by a simple random method due to the uncertainty of their number. The measuring tool of the research was a researcher-made questionnaire, which was used to determine its validity from the expert opinions of professors and specialists related to this issue, and also for the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test (and a sample of 30 citizens) was used. The result of the test was 0.792, which indicates the acceptable reliability of the research questionnaire. It should be noted that in order to examine the status of indicators of livability and sustainable tourism from the one-sample T-test, to compare the opinions of tourists and citizens from the independent T-test, and to investigate the relationship between livability and sustainable tourism from correlation Pearson was used in the form of SPSS software.<br />Results<br />The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for urban livability components are 0.527 (with a statistical value of 0.928) and for sustainable tourism components are 0.443 (with a statistical value of 0.892), which indicates normal is the distribution of their data.<br />The results of the independent t-test show that there is no significant difference between the average opinions of citizens and tourists regarding the livability and sustainable tourism of Ardabil city.<br />The results of the one-sample t-test regarding the state of the livability dimensions of Ardabil city indicate that there is no significant difference between the obtained average (3.01) and the theoretical average of the research, i.e. the average of 3 or the test value (average being averages).<br />Also, the single-sample t results regarding the state of sustainable tourism in Ardabil indicate that there is no significant difference between the obtained average (2.91) and the theoretical average of the research, i.e. the average of 3 or the same test value (close to the average averages).<br />Finally, the results of the Pearson correlation test regarding the relationship between livability and sustainable tourism indicate that there is a significant relationship between them at the 99% level. A relationship that is strong in terms of intensity and in the same direction or direct in terms of direction.<br />Conclusion <br />Tourism and livability are among the topics of the day in the world that can affect the society. In this regard, this research investigated the status of livability and tourism components of Aderbil city and the relationship between them, and the following results were obtained:<br />The results of the research show that according to citizens and tourists, Ardabil city is in an average livable state. In this regard, its social, physical, technological and environmental aspects are far better than its economic and institutional aspects. Also, the state of tourism in Ardabil city has been evaluated as moderately low. In this regard, the social, physical and environmental aspects are far better than the economic aspects of sustainable tourism.<br />The result is that the livability of Ardabil city and its tourism are evaluated as average, and in terms of dimensions, the economic dimension is in a worse condition than the social, physical and environmental dimensions, and that there is a relationship between livability and sustainable tourism. There is meaningful, consistent and strong, that is, with the development and improvement of the state of sustainable tourism components, the city of Ardabil will become more sustainable and vice versa. امروزه زیست‌پذیری به عنوان یکی از راه‌حل‌های مناسب برای رسیدن به توسعه شهری و نهایتاً زمینه‌ای برای رسیدن به پایداری مطرح شده است. یکی از مباحثی که می‌تواند زیست‌پذیری شهری بر آن تاثیرگذار باشد، گردشگری شهری است. اردبیل به عنوان نمونه مطالعاتی این تحقیق، یکی از شهرهای دارای پتانسیل بالای گردشگری است. از این جهت هدف اصلی این پژوهش سنجش وضعیت زیست‌پذیری و گردشگری پایدار شهر اردبیل و رابطه بین آنها می‌باشد. در همین رابطه، این تحقیق از لحاظ روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و از لحاظ هدف کاربردی می‌باشد. داده‌های مورد نیاز به وسیله ابزار پرسشنامه محقق ساخته و از طریق 385 شهروند و 100 گردشگر جمع‌آوری شده است. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها نیز از آزمون‌های آماری T تک‌نمونه‌ای، T مستقل و همبستگی پیرسون در قالب نرم افزار SPSS استفاده شده است. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان داده است که وضعیت زیست‌پذیری شهر اردبیل و گردشگری آن در حد متوسط است. از نظر ابعاد نیز، بعد اقتصادی در شرایط بدتری نسبت به ابعاد اجتماعی، کالبدی و زیست محیطی قرار دارد و اینکه بین زیست‌پذیری و گردشگری پایدار، رابطه‌ معنادار، هم‌جهت و قوی وجود دارد، یعنی با توسعه و بهبود وضعیت مولفه‌های گردشگری پایدار، شهر اردبیل زییست‌پذیرتر خواهد شد و بر عکس. https://www.jess.ir/article_163252_c3e1891bb936907e5dfea55899f35ded.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Measuring the livability of urban areas with an emphasis on the environmental dimension (case study of district 3 of Ardabil city) سنجش زیست پذیری محلات شهری با تاکید بر بّعد زیست محیطی (مطالعه موردی منطقه 3 شهراردبیل) 6220 6228 163325 10.22034/jess.2022.367177.1897 FA فاطمه صفاری دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی 0000-0003-2710-3707 حسین نظم فر دانشیار- دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی Journal Article 2022 10 25 Introduction <br />Following the increase in the population of cities and the development of urban life, cities have always faced all kinds of physical, social, economic, and environmental problems. In today's era, solving these problems has become the most important challenge for urban planners. In this regard, planning with the approach of urban livability can create the necessary capacities to deal with these problems. The necessity and importance of addressing urban livability in relation to the new tasks of planning in responding to the needs of society after industrialization. The search for facilities and the quality of urban life has become extremely important today. Therefore, creating a livable city is a big and complex undertaking, and urban planners must support urban residents in terms of livability indicators.<br />Methodology <br />The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose. To do it, first, exploratory studies were conducted in the form of a document library, and then, the major part of the research was a survey, which was done by completing a questionnaire. The statistical population of the research consists of the citizens of Region 3 of Ardabil city (100,504 people), of which 382 people were estimated as a sample based on Cochran's formula. Since the simple stratified random sampling method was used, 30 questionnaires were distributed and completed for each neighborhood and a total of 480. Calculating the reliability of the questions first with a pre-test, the questionnaire was implemented on a sample of 30 people, and then the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha method and the overall coefficient was 0.795, which shows the high level of reliability of the questionnaire. In order to determine the livability of the areas of Ardabil region 3 in terms of the environmental dimension, 4 indicators (visual quality, green space quality, pollution, cleaning and waste) and 30 items have been used. Finally, SAW multi-criteria decision making model was used for analysis and Shannon's entropy method was used to obtain the index weights.<br />Multi-criteria decision making model:The multi-criteria decision model is one of the multi-criteria evaluation methods that has many applications in various fields. Decision-making is one of the most important tasks of management, and one of the reasons for the success of some people and organizations is making appropriate decisions; Therefore, the need for scientific methods that help people in this is quite "realistic". This has led researchers to pay attention to "multi-criteria models" for complex decision-making in recent decades.Decision-making models Multi-criteria (MCDM), sometimes called multi-objective decision models and multi-criteria analysis models, is actually a set of methods that allow decision makers to consider a set of criteria. (which are often contradictory) are to select, rank, order or describe a set of alternatives in the decision making process.<br />SAW methodology:In this method, which is also known as the weighted linear combination method, after de-scaling the decision matrix, using the weight coefficients of the criteria, the de-scaled decision matrix is obtained and according to this matrix, the score of each option is calculated. will be Below are the calculation steps of the SAW model<br />First step: Forming the decision matrix<br /><br />Second step: Descale the decision matrix <br />In this step, criteria with different dimensions are tried to be converted into dimensionless criteria, and the matrix R is defined as follows:<br /><br />To descale the positive and negative criteria, the following relationships are used:<br /><br />The third step: determining the weight vector of the criteria<br />At this stage, according to the importance coefficients of different criteria in decision-making, the weight vector of the criteria is defined as follows:<br /><br />Fourth step: choosing the best option<br />At this stage, the best option is obtained from the following relationship:<br /><br />Conclusion <br />Following the increase in the population of cities and the development of urban life, cities have always faced all kinds of physical, social, economic, and environmental problems, and solving these problems is the most important challenge facing urban planners and managers. Considering that the atmosphere of a city is formed within the neighborhood and continues based on it, therefore the development of the neighborhood is considered as one of the most important factors to achieve sustainable development. Considering that urban livability can be considered as an effective step towards sustainable development and considering that it is not possible to manage and improve the condition of neighborhoods in a region at the same time. On this basis, a comparative comparison based on different models of decision-making among all localities can help the performance and better decision-making of urban planners to improve the quality of life and well-being of citizens in accordance with the priority of intervention at the level of these localities and in different planning periods. It's worth it. Therefore, in this research, the livability of the neighborhoods of the three cities of Ardabil was measured from the environmental perspective; And following this goal, which localities in Region 3 of Ardabil city are in a better condition than others; The surveyed localities were prioritized using the SAW model.<br />By ranking, you can find out the status of localities, which means that by comparative comparison, you can find out which category of localities are in good condition and which category is in unfavorable condition, so that the necessary measures can be taken in this case. Therefore, in this research, the aim is to measure and rank the livability of the areas of the 3rd district of Ardabil city in terms of the environmental dimension. Based on this, using the SAW model, the study areas have been prioritized. It is a favorable situation. Hafez town with a score of (0.727) has the best condition and the first place among the studied localities, followed by Rizvan towns with a score of (0.694), Azadi (0.681), Azadegan (0.678), In the second to fourth place, they are in a favorable situation, and Malabashi and Melayoussef neighborhoods are in the most unfavorable situation and in the last place, with scores of (0.275) and (0.265), respectively, and Imam Reza (a.s.) and Janbazan settlements with equal scores ( 0.682) have been placed in the same rank. In general, the opinions of the citizens are in accordance with the condition of the localities observed in the field survey and do not differ much from the existing conditions. It should be mentioned that Hafez, Rizvan, Azadi and Azadegan settlements are in a favorable situation based on the findings of the questionnaire, because they are part of the prosperous and well-off urban classes, while Melayoussef and Malabashi are informal settlement areas. They have an unfavorable situation in all the studied indicators and live in unfavorable conditions. According to the findings of the research, the total average livability of area 3 of Ardabil city is equal to 3.24 and more than the average of 3.<br />Keywords <br />"Livability", "Environment", "Urban Neighborhoods", "SAW", " " Ardabil city"" به دنبال افزایش جمعیت شهرها و توسعه زندگی شهرنشینی، شهرها همواره با انواع مشکلات کالبدی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، زیست محیطی مواجه بوده اند.امروزه رفع این معضلات به مهم ترین چالش های برنامه ریزان شهری تبدیل شده است. در این راستا برنامه ریزی با رویکرد زیست پذیری شهری می تواند ظرفیت های لازم را برای مقابله با این معضلات ایجاد نماید. بنابراین هدف این پژوهش، سنجش زیست پذیری محلات شهری با تاکید بر بّعد زیست محیطی می باشد که به صورت موردی در منطقه 3 شهراردبیل انجام شده است. به منظور تعیین میزان زیست پذیری محلات مورد مطالعه به لحاظ بعد زیست محیطی 4 شاخص (کیفیت بصری، کیفیت فضای سبز، آلودگی، نظافت و پسماند) و 30 گویه به کار گرفته شده است. در ادامه برای شاخص سازی و انجام محاسبات از نرم افزار Excel استفاده شده است. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از مدل تصمیم گیری چند معیاره SAW استفاده شده است. براساس نتایج حاصله از مدل SAW ، شهرک حافظ با امتیاز (727/0) بهترین وضعیت را در بین محلات مورد مطالعه داراست و بعد از آن شهرک های رضوان با امتیاز (694/0)، آزادی (681/0)، آزادگان (678/0)، در مرتبه دوم تا چهارم وضعیت مطلوب قراردارند و محلات ملاباشی و ملایوسف به ترتیب با کسب امتیازهای (275/0) (265/0) در نامطلوب ترین وضعیت، شهرک امام رضا (ع) و جانبازان نیز با کسب امتیاز برابر (682/0) در رتبه یکسان قرار گرفته اند. بر اساس یافته های پژوهش میانگین کل زیست پذیری منطقه 3 شهر اردبیل برابر با 24/3 و بالاتر از حد متوسط 3 می باشد. در این میان از آن جایی که شهرک حافظ، رضوان، آزادی و آزادگان جزء طبقات برخوردار شهری می باشند بیشترین تاثیر مثبت و محلات ملاباشی و ملایوسف به عنوان محلات فرودست و سکونتگاه های غیررسمی، بیشترین تاثیر منفی را بر سطح زیست پذیری کل منطقه داشته است. https://www.jess.ir/article_163325_c093601fef2e1ed4007cd64fff40e6e9.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Special techniques of traditional architecture in reducing the energy consumption of buildings and its use in contemporary architecture (case study: Houses in the city of Homs in Syria) تکنیک‌های خاص معماری سنتی در کاهش مصرف انرژی بناها و روش استفاده از آن در معماری معاصر (مطالعه موردی خانه های شهر حمص در سوریه) 6229 6237 163326 10.22034/jess.2022.367986.1898 FA بتول السلیمان گروه معماری - دانشکده هنر - دانشگاه تربیت مدرس - تهران - اران افسانه زرکش دانشکده هنر و معماری - دانشگاه تربیت مدرس - تهران - ایران منصور یگانه دانشکده هنر - دانشگاه تربیت مدرس - تهران -- ایران Journal Article 2022 10 31 The discussion of saving energy and rationalizing its use in buildings is one of the most important issues of the modern era. And with a little look at the ruling life in the past and traditional architectural techniques, we find that the foundations on which it is built depend on the good use of different natural energies by finding architectural solutions to save energy.<br />Today, Syria is going through a major energy crisis after a war that has lasted more than ten years, in which huge vital facilities have been destroyed and the ability to invest in oil and natural gas energy to generate the energy needed to sustain life from gone And due to the lack of electricity produced, it is considered necessary to find alternative solutions for energy supply. And assuming that architects are responsible for the consumption patterns in the design of their buildings, then it is necessary to rethink the designs that are created after the war to reduce energy consumption as much as possible.<br />It is estimated that residential and commercial buildings consume about 40% of the world's total energy. If construction consumption and construction processes are added to this ratio, the share of buildings in energy consumption increases to about 50%. And these buildings are responsible for 45% of the total carbon emissions. And because buildings are one of the biggest sources of energy loss; it is necessary to control and regulate the conditions of the living environment inside the building.<br />Therefore, the current research with the objective of traditional residential architecture and its vocabulary in the old city of Homs, which is built in such a way that it meets human needs and maintains the rationalization of energy consumption. Therefore, the question raised by the research is: How can the architectural vocabulary of historical residential buildings of the city be used in the reconstruction of contemporary architectural buildings?<br /><br />Methodology <br />This research has a theoretical approach based on the goal it pursues. The research method is descriptive-analytical; and the required information has been collected through document studies, library sources, written sources and maps. And the identification and analysis of the residential buildings of Homs city has been done through field visits and analytical observation of the buildings of the investigated city. In addition, in-depth interviews with the residents of the old neighborhoods to know the hidden dimensions of the local elements in the houses, and of course interviews with the knowledgeable and old-timers (the original residents of the neighborhood over 68 years old) who have historical memory and knowledge of the historical developments of the neighborhood. Then the data analysis was done based on the content analysis method.<br />The sample studied is the houses of the old city of Homs. The old city of Homs has historical and traditional buildings from the Mamluk and Ottoman eras and has remained with minimal changes. And contemporary buildings that have been built since the French colonial period and independence until today.<br /><br />Conclusion <br />After examining the characteristics of the native housing architecture of the city of Homs as an environmental architecture, in this part of the research, the positive and negative points of these elements are identified and alternative solutions for the negative ones are sought to reach the vocabulary that is used in residential buildings today. New ones are built to be usable in the city of Homs after the war to save energy.<br />As you can see in the picture above, unlike the new areas of Homs, the compact plan of the old city and the shape of the streets, in addition to the existence of some existing buildings that are still in good condition, is one of the architectural strengths of the old city. . And the important point that is brought up is that this situation should not be harmed in new construction works and new buildings should be adapted based on the general shape of the old city.<br />But regarding the features of residential buildings that can be used in new buildings today, a few points can be mentioned in this case:<br />The extension of contemporary buildings is towards east-west to reduce the amount of solar radiation and air penetration from the west, and the roof of the last floor of the building is built in the form of a gable.<br />And today, with the impossibility of building houses that have an internal courtyard, we can replace the courtyard with a balcony, provided that it has certain characteristics to provide the required shade. You can create cooling by using shadows.<br />As for the walls, and given that today it is difficult to build with stone in the traditional way, contemporary methods and modern building materials are likely to be used, taking into account that the outer layer of the wall is rubbed with stone to its overall proportions. The shape of the buildings and in order to reduce the heat transfer, it is recommended to use the air space inside the walls<br />Today, the city of Homs is suffering from a crisis of energy shortage due to the long war, and of course, this is due to the direct dependence on non-renewable energy sources, as well as the difficulty of supplying them due to the high cost of production. Therefore, as a solution to the problem of lack of energy, architects today see an opportunity through post-war reconstruction, creating buildings with low energy and relying on natural energy to create a suitable space and try to reduce heat loss.<br />The main goal of this research is to provide solutions for reusing the vocabulary of native architecture in accordance with the modern era, so that it can benefit the new buildings that are built in the city after the war. As you can see in the results, the most important elements that should be present in new buildings suitable for the climate of Homs city are: controlling air resistance and obtaining the maximum amount of air flow, in addition to providing less heat and creating shade as much as possible. . Also, the use of external walls made of materials with high thermal resistance should be considered, the higher the thermal resistance, the less heat transfer to the architectural space. مسئله تحقیق: بحث صرفه جویی در مصرف انرژی و منطقی سازی مصرف آن در ساختمان ها یکی از مهمترین مسائل عصر مدرن است. و با اندکی نگاهی به زندگی حاکم در گذشته و تکنیک های معماری سنتی، در میابیم که پایه هایی که بر آن بنا شده است به استفاده خوب از انرژی های مختلف طبیعی با یافتن راه حل های معماری برای صرفه جویی در انرژی بستگی دارد.<br />هدف تحقیق: بررسی درمان های مورد استفاده در معماری سنتی برای تأمین آسایش حرارتی و در نتیجه کاهش مصرف انرژی و نحوه استفاده از آن در ساختمان های معاصر ساخته شده پس از جنگ می باشد. <br />روش تحقیق: توصیفی و تحلیلی به علاوه مطالعه میدانی روی پروژه های مناطق مسکونی تاریخی و معاصر در شهر حمص می باشد.<br />نتایج تحقیق: در نتیجه این تحقیق می توان گفت که طراحی معماری به ویژه طراحی ساختمان های مسکونی ارتباط تنگاتنگی با اقلیم و محیط اطراف داشته است تا محیطی مسکونی راحت را برای ساکنین فراهم کند. و این از طریق شکل‌گیری معماری خاص هر منطقه و ماهیت مصالح ساختمانی مورد استفاده است. در پایان، این بررسی به مهم ترین نکات مثبتی که امروزه می توان در طراحی ساختمان های معاصر برای رسیدن به آسایش حرارتی مناسب استفاده کرد، نتیجه گیری کرد. https://www.jess.ir/article_163326_7cfba69a47b40a065000c42819ce7a53.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Climatic zoning of Ardabil province using multivariate methods پهنه‌بندی اقلیمی استان اردبیل با استفاده از روش‌های چند متغیره 6238 6247 163327 10.22034/jess.2022.369206.1903 FA مهدی فروتن محقق اردبیلی برومند صلاحی هیات علمی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی 0000-0003-4826-6185 Journal Article 2022 11 09 Abstract<br />Climatic zoning and knowledge of effective climatic factors and elements can be very effective in determining climatic potentials. The purpose of this research is to pay attention to this principle in order to know the environmental capabilities and limitations and to deal with natural disasters. In this regard, the climatic zoning of Ardabil province was discussed using modern methods. First, for 11 synoptic stations of this province, 22 important meteorological parameters for the 12-year statistical period (2009-2021) were received from the General Meteorological Department. In the next step, the annual average of these variables was obtained for each station, and since their measurement scale was different, they were standardized in the Spss software environment. Then, in the same software, factor analysis was performed on these data and the output results were 5 main factors, which are: the first thermal factor with 31.89% variance, the second pressure-steam factor with 21.08% variance, the third moisture factor with 18.61 variance, the fourth precipitation factor with 14.05 percent variance and the fifth wind-radiation factor with 7.48 percent variance, which in total explained 93.12 percent of the climatic behavior of the region. In the next step, according to the output of the 5 factors, three similar climatic regions were distinguished from each other using Ward's hierarchical cluster analysis method. Also, to show the scope of activity of each of these factors, climate zoning was done in Gis software environment and using Idw interpolation method. According to the final map obtained, most of these factors were concentrated in the cities of Parsabad, Beilesawar, Nemin, Serain and Givi. According to Dumarten's climate classification, it was also recognized that the climate of Ardabil province is part of the semi-arid climate.<br />1. Introduction<br />Climate is a complex condition and a summary of the atmospheric condition of a region that changes in relation to geographical factors. In the classification of different climates of the earth, there is no general method that is accepted by all scientists, and the classifications are based on different goals. To know the climate, a set of rules is used that places regions with similar climates in one group and it is referred to as climate classification (Yarmoradi and Abbasnejad, 2019: 47). In other words, a region of the earth's surface where the combined effects of climatic factors cause the establishment of homogeneous conditions is called a type of climate or a climatic region. To investigate the climate of an area, it is necessary to pay attention to climatic elements and factors (Vahdani, 2012: 405). Zoning phenomena according to place has a very long history in geography. The result of this study is the separation of geographical areas and the emergence of regional geography. Each geographical area is a part of the earth's surface that has a significant internal consistency in terms of the phenomena and processes in it; Therefore, the main goal of climate grouping is to discover the existing order in the weather conditions of the entire earth's surface and to know the main weather phenomena accurately and comprehensively (Kaviani and Alijani, 2013: 364).<br />Today's climatologists use various methods for classification, and in all these methods, two things are considered. The first is to determine the necessary criteria for classification, and the second is to determine the boundary between two groups or climate zones. Climate classification methods are mainly divided into two groups, which are: 1- Experimental methods 2- Genetic methods. The first classification is based on the actual observations of the effect of climate on changes in environmental phenomena and is based on two or three climatic variables. This classification has a very long history, and the terms used to name different climate zones in this type of system are derived from the names of regions and elements of the natural environment on the surface of the planet, such as savannah or steppe. Since in this type of classification system, all climate factors and elements are not taken into account and it is considered a weakness for it, other methods for climate classification were created, the basis and origin of which are the factors that create climate, such as solar radiation, characteristics of air masses, general circulation. atmosphere, etc., and this type of climate classification is called genetics (Jaafarpour, 2017: 8).<br /><br />Research Methods<br />In this research, the annual average of 22 meteorological parameters of 11 synoptic stations located in Ardabil province, for the twelve-year statistical period (2009-2021), was used to perform statistical analysis. Due to the difference in data measurement scale in SPSS software, these data were converted into standard Z score and factor analysis method was used to reduce the number of variables. This method was popularized by Lorenz in 1956 in climatology research and called the name of this method uncorrelated empirical function. The factor analysis method combines all dependent variables as a new factor. The product of this method is used in clustering or grouping based on distance. The factor analysis mechanism itself is based on the correlation between variables, and its most important feature is to be able to express the relationship between the primary variables and the created factors in a simple way, and the created factors from a scientific point of view. can be interpreted or justified (Alijani, 1381:180). Using the factor analysis method, the factor load of each studied station was obtained, and in order to show the scope of activity of each climatic factor in the Gis software environment, the IDW interpolation method was used. In the following, ward hierarchical cluster method was used to determine similar climatic regions. This method, which was presented in 1939, can be performed on quantitative data. Hierarchical analysis and average cluster analysis are the most widely used algorithms. The difference between these two algorithms is that in average cluster analysis, the number of groups or classes is determined in advance and each parameter is placed in these classes, but in the method of hierarchical analysis, the number of clusters or the groups are unclear and the method identifies these groups based on multiple techniques and shows them in the form of a tree branch diagram. In this method, two issues are of interest, one is the integration of parameters and the other is measuring the distance between variables. In the discussion of merging groups, Ward's method is more applicable and uses the analysis of variance approach to evaluate the distance between clusters, but in the second discussion, the most common method of calculating distances is the Euclidean distance, which measures the geometric distance in multidimensional space (Farajzadeh, 2014: 99). . In the last step, the Dumarten method was used to perform the classification in an experimental way. The relationship of this method is as follows:<br />Relationship 1: I=P/(T+10)<br />In the above formula, I is the dryness coefficient, P is the average annual rainfall of each station, and T is the average annual temperature of each station. پهنه‌بندی اقلیمی و شناخت عوامل و عناصر مؤثر اقلیمی در تعیین پتانسیل‌های اقلیمی می‌تواند بسیار مؤثر واقع شود. هدف از این پژوهش نیز توجه به این اصل بوده تا توان‌های محیطی و محدودیت‌ها شناخته شود و در مقابل حوادث طبیعی مقابله شود. در این راستا به پهنه‌بندی اقلیمی استان اردبیل با استفاده از روش‌های نوین پرداخته شد. ابتدا برای 11 ایستگاه سینوپتیکی این استان، 22 پارامتر‌ مهم هواشناسی برای دوره آماری 12 ساله (2009-2021) از اداره کل هواشناسی دریافت گردید. در مرحله بعد میانگین سالانه این متغیر‌ها برای هر ایستگاه به‌دست آمد و چون مقیاس اندازه‌گیری آن‌ها متفاوت بود اقدام به استانداردسازی آن‌ها در محیط نرم‌افزار Spss شد. سپس در همین نرم‌افزار تحلیل عاملی روی این داده‌ها انجام گرفت و نتایج خروجی آن 5 عامل اصلی بود که عبارت‌اند از: عامل اول حرارتی با درصد واریانس 89/31، عامل دوم فشار-بخار با درصد واریانس 08/21، عامل سوم نمناکی با درصد واریانس 61/18، عامل چهارم بارشی با درصد واریانس 05/14و عامل پنجم بادی-تابشی با درصد واریانس 48/7 که در مجموع 12/93 درصد رفتار اقلیمی منطقه را تبیین نمودند. در مرحله بعد با توجه به خروجی عوامل 5 گانه، از روش تحلیل خوشه‌ای سلسله مراتبی Ward، سه ناحیه اقلیمی مشابه از هم متمایز گشتند. همچنین برای نشان دادن قلمرو فعالیت هر کدام از این عوامل، در محیط نرم‌افزار Gis و با استفاده از روش درونیابی Idw اقدام به پهنه‌بندی اقلیمی شد. با توجه به نقشه نهایی به‌دست آمده بیشتر تمرکز این عوامل در شهرستان‌های پارس‌آباد، بیله‌سوار، نمین، سرعین و گیوی بوده است. مطابق طبقه‌بندی اقلیمی دومارتن نیز تشخیص داده شد اقلیم استان اردبیل جزء اقلیم نیمه‌خشک محسوب می‌شود. https://www.jess.ir/article_163327_7b9f7db18162ac118108f1fff5b1a8ad.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2022 12 24 Assessing agricultural security on the outskirts of hilly cities in the face of climate change and land use in the 2050 (Sanandaj study area) ارزیابی امنیت کشاورزی حاشیه شهرهای تپه ماهور در مواجهه با تغییرات اقلیمی و کاربری اراضی در سال 2050 6248 6261 163328 10.22034/jess.2022.363091.1875 FA حمیده سفیدی فارغ التحصیل کارشناسی ارشد بیابانزدایی دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرج دانشگاه تهران اسما جعفری فارق التحصیل کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی منابع طبیعی_ مدیریت مناطق بیابانی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز فرزام فاروقی دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت محیط زیست ، دانشکده محیط زیست ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، واحد علوم و تحقیقات ، تهران ، ایران میلاد رحیمی فارغ التحصیل کارشناسی ارشد، گروه محیط زیست و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس. نور. مازندران. ایران Journal Article 2022 12 24 Introduction<br />According to the United Nations definition in 1986, food security is defined as the access of all people to adequate food at all times to maintain a healthy body(FAO Stat 2014). According to this definition, food availability, access to food and sustainability in food intake are the three main pillars(Argent 2019). Food safety and food safety are now addressed in development documents and used by officials. Food security is the access of all members of a society to adequate and healthy food for a healthy and active life at all stages of life, and household income is an important factor in ensuring food security in a social system(HLPE 2013; Development 1995). In recent years, unsustainable agricultural system has led to instability in production and اهمیت امنیت غذایی یکی از مهمترین پارامترهای پایداری یک جامعه یا اکوسیستم است. سه رکن اساسی برای پایداری وجود دارد که امنیت و پایداری کشاورزی اولویت اصلی هر جامعه ای است. با تغییر اقلیم و استفاده کشاورزی، این امنیت در مناطق کوهستانی که زمین های کشاورزی محدود و توسعه نیافته است، حساس و مهم است. در مطالعه اخیر، به منظور شناسایی روند تغییر کاربری اراضی و تغییر اقلیم، امنیت غذایی افق 2050 را در مناطق کوهستانی که حساسیت و آسیب پذیری بالایی دارند، مورد مطالعه قرار دادم. بنابراین، برای مطالعه آنها، از تصاویر ماهواره ای sentenl2 برای استخراج داده های اقلیمی کاربر زمین و ماهانه برای پارامترهای اقلیمی از سال 2000 تا 2020 استفاده شد. برای دوره 2050، مدل سازی اقلیم RCP و تغییر کاربری زمین با روش تولید اثر اقلیم تولید شد. در کاربری اراضی و پوشش کشاورزی نتایج تغییر اقلیم حاکی از روند افزایشی بارندگی با فراوانی اوج زیاد و کاهش سطح برف و افزایش دما در مناطق کوهستانی بود. این پارامترها برای ورودی در مدل LCM نشان می دهد که کاهش سرانه جنگل ها از 818 متر مربع به 284 متر مربع و در بخش کشاورزی از 410 متر مربع سرانه کشاورزان دیم به 652 متر مربع برای هر نفر افزایش می یابد. در سال 2000 با وجود این افزایش؛ کشاورزی، نتایج مدل نشان می دهد که تولید محصولات کشاورزی در شیب های تندتر با نوسانات آب و هوایی شدیدتر باعث تولید کمتر و تخریب محیط زیست بیشتر می شود. آبزی پروری بزرگترین بازنده تغییرات آب و هوایی در طول سال 2050 خواهد بود. باغات نیز از جمله منابع و نوع فعالیت کشاورزی در دوره پیش بینی خواهد بود. با ورشکستگی منابع آبی و نوسانات اقلیمی، خشکسالی و سرمای ناگهانی کوه ها توجیه می شود، بنابراین سرانه در این شهرستان به 25 متر محدود می شود. https://www.jess.ir/article_163328_45f1fd9e095695f416d4a53465936464.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Investigation Of Airborne Particle Concentrations (Pm2.5) In The Longest Subway Line In Tehran In Winter Investigation Of Airborne Particle Concentrations (Pm2.5) In The Longest Subway Line In Tehran In Winter 6262 6269 163329 10.22034/jess.2022.351915.1826 FA زهراالسادات موسوی فرد دانشکده بهداشت ،دانشگاه تربیت مدرسکارشناس ارشد مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای Hossein Raeishektaee aDepartment of Enviromental Health Engineering Shahid Beheshti University of Medicine of Science Faculty of Health, Tehran, Iran, Farahnaz Khajehnasiri Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box 14155-6135, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 07 15 in many metropolitan cities of the world due to its high capacity of passenger transportation, speed and safetyHowever, the high density of particulate matter in the air of underground subway platforms and the negative impact of these particles on human health has attracted much attention If the indoor air quality in the metro system is not managed properly, metro passengers and employees will be exposed to air pollutants in this environmentParticle Materials have been selected by the US Environmental Protection Agency as one of the six major pollutant indicators. PM2.5 is a particulate matter (PM) less than 2.5 μg/m3, which through inhalation may penetrate the lungs, alveoli, and blood vessels, causing respiratory and cardiovascular disease and even premature death] In the short exposure term, increasing every 10 g / m3 with a PM2.5 concentration increases the mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases by 0.38% . Although it may seem that travelers spend little time in the subway system, however, exposure to high concentrations of PM can adversely affect their health]. Also, due to the large number of passengers, contact with air pollution in this place is of great health importance.In this cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study, the concentration of PM2.5 suspended particles on station platforms, inside ticket offices, outside stations and inside the Tehran Metro Line 1(one of the busiest metro lines in Tehran) In winter, it was measured for a month between 6 am and 2 pm (one shift). This line has 29 stations with a length of 39 km. And approximately 2 million passengers travel on the platforms of this line daily .Tehran metro ventilation system is cold ventilation, which is used only in spring and summer. In winter, the outside air is distributed in the stations without filtering and proper ventilation. In the warm seasons of the year (summer, spring), the wetting process by water ponds is used to filter the air, but in the cold seasons of the year (autumn, winter), the wetting ponds are deactivated. And only air conditioning is done.To measure the concentration of PM2.5 suspended particles, a portable direct reading suspended particle measuring device called HAZ DUST model 5000 EPMA was used and the particle measurement method was performed according to OSHA CIM instructions. <br />In this method, air is drawn by a vacuum pump through a membrane filter with a diameter of 47 mm and the concentration of dust particles per second is detected. Sampling flow was 4 liters per minute, working temperature (The temperature at which the device can measure correctly (was -10 to 50 ° C, humidity was 95% and storage temperature) The temperature at which the device must be maintained to remain calibrated (was 20 ° C to 60 ° CAccording to the results of this study, the mean and standard deviation of passenger population in stations was 1292.33 ±1072.64 ،, the average temperature of stations was 14.73± 2.73 ° C, the average temperature of wagons was 27.34 ±1.34 ° C, the average humidity of stations was 21.64 ±3.13 % and the average humidity of the station was 61.24 ±1. 5 %.<br />Among the studied stations, the highest average concentrations of PM2.5 particles in the platform and ticket office of Tajrish station were 0.034 ± 0.016 mg/m3 and 0.025 ± 0.024 mg/m3, respectively (Figure 1). The location of this station (the presence of the shrine of Imam Zadeh Saleh, and Tajrish Bazaar), increases the passenger density, as well as the increase in car traffic in the streets outside the station increases the entry of pollutants into the station. Tehran Metro ventilation system is a cold ventilation system. Ponds are used to trap pollutants and according to observations, there is no filter, so in winter, due to the decrease in temperature, the natural ventilation system is not used and due to the lack of proper ventilation system, it causes outside air to enter. Without filtration, it enters the station, which increases the concentration of particles in the subway environment, and this factor can increase the concentration of particles in Tajrish station.The highest average concentration of PM2.5 particles at the subway entrance is related to the south terminal station with 0.023 ±0.006 mg/m3. High density of vehicles (passenger buses and private cars) and high population density (due to the presence of the southern passenger terminal) are the factors affecting the increase of particle concentration outside this station (Table 2). According to Tukey post hoc test, the mean concentration of PM2.5 particles on the platform at Saadi station with Shahreri and the southern terminal, Tajrish with Shahreri and the southern terminal, was significantly different. (P <0.001) The mean concentration of PM2.5 particles in the ticket office of Tajrish station was significantly different from Shahreri, Khayyam and Saadi. (001/0> P). The mean concentration of PM2.5 particles at the entrance of the south terminal station was significantly different from other stations. (P <001/0).Also, the concentration of PM2.5 particles in both ground and underground states of stations in different measurement positions (on platforms, ticket halls and outside stations) are significantly different (P <0.001). And the total mean concentration of PM2.5 particles in different measured positions (on platforms, ticket hall, station entrances, inside passenger cars) were significantly different (P <0.001). In such a way that the concentration of particles on the platforms was significantly higher than the entrance area of the stations and the ticket office. And the lowest concentration of airborne particles was related to the air input the station with the amount (0.015+_0.012). Based on the results, there was a significant difference between the concentration of PM2.5 particles on the platforms, ticket halls and station entrances in the daily stations and the underground stations (P <0.018). The concentration of airborne particles on the platforms was the highestThe average PM2.5 particle concentration of underground stations was higher than that of surface stations . This finding is consistent with the results of previous studies According to Armando Cartenì's study in the Italian metro, the concentration of airborne particles on the platforms of underground stations was higher than the air outside the station, while the concentration of airborne particles on the ground stations was not significantly different from the air outside. On the other hand, leaving the windows open in the underground trains increases the concentration of airborne particles, but in the above-ground stations, the open windows of the train cause clean air to enter the train, which is a natural ventilation.<br /><br /><br />. Metro is considered the most popular method of passenger transportation in many metropolises of the world due to its high capacity of passenger transportation and good safety. So far, many studies have been conducted on particulate matter pollution in closed environments, but few studies have been conducted to measure air pollution in Tehran metro. In this study, the concentration of particulate matter less than 2.5 μg/m3 in diameter) PM2.5(was measured in the main metro line of Tehran in winter. For a sampling of suspended particles, a portable direct reading device for suspended particles (HAZDUST EPMA5000) was used. To analyze the data, the Analysis of variance) ANOVA (test was used to compare the particle concentrations in different locations of the station and a T-test was used to compare the PM2.5 particle concentrations in the ground level and underground Metro stations. the concentration of PM2.5 particles in the platforms, ticket halls, and outside the stations was significantly different (P <0.001). There was a significant difference between the concentration of PM2.5 particles in the stations and the daily ticket hall with the underground (P <0.018). the average concentration of airborne particles PM2.5 at the stations was 45 μg/m3 that more than the Standard limit and the average concentration of PM2.5 particles on platforms and ticket sales halls in underground stations is more than on the ground stations.According to the research results, the use of warm ventilation system in winter with a suitable filter is recommended. https://www.jess.ir/article_163329_ca1e891cfe29cfe422fa0791e8e54968.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Application of Multi-Layer Artificial Neural Networks for Forecasting Groundwater Level (Case study: Yolo County, California) Application of Multi-Layer Artificial Neural Networks for Forecasting Groundwater Level (Case study: Yolo County, California) 6270 6281 163330 10.22034/jess.2022.356792.1851 FA مرجان سالاری استادیار، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه صنعتی سیرجان مجید احتشامی Department of Civil Engineering Department, K N Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. اسماعیل سلامی شهید aDepartment of Civil Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Journal Article 2022 08 18 Introduction <br />Groundwater is one of the most critical sources of potable, agricultural and industrial water [1-3]. Improper exploitation of groundwater resources in recent years disturbs its natural balance and groundwater level has been negative in aquifers in parts of the world. To be aware of the status of these resources and their optimal management, it is necessary accurate prediction of groundwater level fluctuations. Evaluation and forecasting of groundwater levels through models with proof capabilities of intelligent models in time series, in particular, helps to predict groundwater resources modeling. In recent years, the application of these models in modeling groundwater has intensified [4]. Two critical characteristics of groundwater are the quality parameters and groundwater level (GWL). Therefore, scientists are challenged to search for approaches to investigate both quality and quantity of GW [4-8]. <br />In evaluating the groundwater system, using short-term and long-term groundwater data and the primary source of information on the potential of hydrological stress is important [9-11]. Most hydrological time series, such as groundwater level changes, always involve unfamiliar and complex processes that cannot be well described and modeled using conventional and classical linear models. Therefore, to model these hydrological phenomena, it is necessary to use nonlinear models [12]. In any simulation process, especially groundwater resource management strategy, a complex model can study the actions and reactions, and in many different aspects, choosing a good model is very important. The most common subject that all researchers are to investigate is to predicting and forecast the depth and quality of groundwater. Gao et al., 2020, researched the impact of shallow groundwater on crops [13]. The effect of groundwater discharge from adjacent aquifers is investigated by Mo et al., 2021 and Burnett et al., 2006 [6,14]. According to the presented experimental results, the observed GWL data show cycle patterns, including annual rotation [15]. Many factors such as global climate events, temperature, evaporations, precipitation, soil texture and permeability can affect GWL changes [16]. Furthermore, pumping rates, tidal fluctuations and GWL itself can affect its evaluations [17]. Yan et al., 2018 demonstrate that the influencing factors on the groundwater level can be in the order of 1- precipitation, 2- river stage and 3- evaporation [18]. <br />There are many studies try to find the relation between groundwater (level and quality) and effective parameters. In some studies, researchers propose model(s) or present equation(s) to show the relation(s) between parameters. Table 1 shows a summary of research that has investigated methods to find an optimal algorithm to forecast and simulate GWL. In some research articles author(s) have tried to predict and simulate the GW quality (Table 1).<br /><br />Table 1 Groundwater studies performed worldwide<br />Ref<br />Author(s)<br />Study Area Parameter(s) that are used as input data Target of the study Result(s)<br />[19] Kamińska et al. Sosnowica, West Polesie GWL data points as surface generation 2011 GWL(mm) Compares Radial Basis Functions (RBF) and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) for forecasting the GWL and shows that RBF method is more accurate<br />[20] Ahn Collier County, Florida daily GWL (m) 1985-1990 GWL(m) Showed that the second-order difference model in some cases produces lower interpolation error than that of the first-order difference model<br />[21] Nurul Islam et al. Godagari Upazill Bangladesh annual rainfall (in) 1986-2014 annual GW recharges (in) Using non-linear regression technique to estimate GW recharges<br />[22] Sun three states of US GRACE (3) satellite and withdrawal (in 106 g/d) data 2005 GWL changes Used input data to train a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network for estimating GWL changes<br />[23] Chang et al. As-contaminated area in Taiwan Alk, Ca2+, pH 1992-2005 As(mg/lit) Developed a systematical dynamic-neural model (SDM) to estimate the As concentration<br />[24] Abbasi Maedeh et al. Tehran,<br />Iran SO₄, Na, Cl, Th, Mg, Ca, K, SAR, HCo₃2002-2011 TDS (mg/lit) Training 5 ANN models, for each model assuming some of the input data as model input for estimate TDS and find best model between them<br />[25] Taormina et al. Venice,<br />Italy rainfall, evapotranspiration (mm) 2005-2008 hourly GWL(mm) Made an ANN model to forecast GWL due to rainfall and evaporation from GW<br />[26] Jalalkamali et al. Kerman,<br />Iran monthly air temperature, rainfall, GWL in neighboring wells 1988-2009 GWL(mm) Comparing between results of ANN model and neuro fuzzy model and find the NF method to has better performance<br />[27] Adamowski et al. two sites in Quebec, Canada monthly total precipitation (mm), average temperature (°C) 2002-2009 average monthly GWL (mm) Representing 3 models: ANN, ARIMA,WA-ANN, and comparing between the results showed that WA-ANN is the best model<br />[28] Shiri et al. Canada Temperature (C), precipitation (mm), GWL (mm) 1974-2005 Wavelet coherence charts between GWL and T, P, and large-scale<br />climatic patterns Analyzed the impacts of 4 large-scale climatic patterns such as El Niño on the T,P,GWL by applying the wavelet transform on data<br />[29] Seyam, and Mogheir Gaza, Palestine Initial chloride (mg/l), recharge rate (mm/m2/month), abstraction (m3/hour), life time (y) and aquifer thickness (m) 1997-2004 GW salinity (mg/l) Made a Multilayer Perceptron NN (MLP) with four layers for predicting the GW salinity<br />[30] Sethi et al. Orissa,<br />India monthly rainfall, potential evapotranspiration (PET), water table depth, influencing wells data 2005-2008 one month ahead water table depth (m) Tested 10 ANN models all with 3 hidden layer but different numbers of neurons in layers then compare their precisions<br />[31] Joorabchi et al. 5 coastal areas of Australia GWL, tide elevation, beach slope and hydraulic conductivity GW elevation(m) Trained a feed forward NN with two hidden layers and back propagation algorithm to predict GW elevation then illustrated by sensitivity analysis that variation in tide evaluations is the most important effective parameter.<br />[32] Yang et al. Jilin, China six antecedent values of GWL (mm) 1986-2000 GWL (mm) Produced two models, Integrated Time Series (ITS) and ANN and showed that ANN model works slightly better<br />[33] Affandi et al. Jakarta, Indonesia GWL fluctuation GWL fluctuation Used multi-layer back-propagation to predict GWL fluctuation<br />[34] Gundogdu et al. Marmara region,<br />Turkey monthly GWL (mm) 2002 monthly GWL (mm) Determined which of 10 empirical semi-variogram models (e.g. Gaussian, exponential, rational quadratic) will be best matched with GWL and resulted that the last one is the best.<br />[35] Giustol et al. Salento Peninsula in Apulia, Italy monthly rainfall (cm) and GWL (m) 1953-1996 GWL (m) Presented an initial multi-objective strategy for the optimal design of ANNs and found the selection of the best network structure<br /><br />There are various methods such as probability properties, time series methods, multiple regression, artificial data generation and artificial intelligence networks with different algorithms for analyzing groundwater level fluctuations [15]. GWL depends on several parameters; therefore, it is hard to estimate [36]. An artificial neural network (ANN) for developing a model to forecast GWL can solve this complexity. ANN algorithms can predict accurate results and are appropriate tools for monitoring and managing GWL fluctuations. This method can also perform as a means to solve engineering and environmental problems [37]. <br />In this study, it is assumed the oscillation factors that discussed above exist as a feature of GWL. Moreover, the probable presence of variables such as global climate events, temperature, precipitation, evaporations, soil texture and permeability, pumping and tidal fluctuations may affect GWL. However, as an assumption, it can’t be affected by an unpredicted event such as big earthquakes. To account for effects of pumping, we assume that the pumping from the aquifer can change GWL. In order to increase efficiency in verification and simulation results, ANN models can be adapted to drastic changes of variables through learning algorithm process. The current study shows that a reliable forecasting model can be developed without the need for any detailed analysis of each influential variable on GWL. The presented models use only one influential parameter such as seasonal variations in GWL fluctuations and simulation analyses. <br /><br />2. Method and materials <br /><br />Local GWL models are valuable tools for monitoring and assessment. The effective parameters such as geographical site location, spatial distribution of soil characteristics, and impact of probabilistic hydrogeological parameters have a natural of uncertainty. To develop GWL simulation models, there is an essential necessity to have GWL time series data. In this study two wells in Yolo County have been chosen to show how effectively and accurately local ANN models can simulate and predict the GWL. Information on the location of observation wells used in the groundwater model is shown in Table 2.<br /><br />Table 2 Information on the location of observation wells of the study sites in Yolo County <br /><br />Depth(ft) Station ID Latitude Longitude<br />well #1 80-90 09N03E08C001M 38-38-46.405 N 121-40-3.009 W<br />well #2 140-150 09N03E08C002M 38-38-46.405 N 121-40-3.009 W<br /><br /><br />Figure 1 shows the data sets which are used for the modeling. They have been recorded since 4/1/1992, by Department of Water Resources of California that are published and exhibited on their site at www.water.ca.gov/waterdatalibrary/docs/Hydstra/index.cfm. These data are the daily mean of GWL (Figure 1). In first step, daily data transformed to monthly data sets (Figure 2). For well #1 and #2 we have a negligible number of missed data (27 and 28 days respectively). Groundwater resources are one of the primary sources of water supply. In recent years, the natural balance between fresh, and saline water due to over-exploitation has deteriorated and groundwater levels (GWLs) in parts of the world aquifers have turned negative. Today, mathematical and unique models used to predict and evaluate groundwater levels. In this study, two separate artificial feed-forward neural networks (ANN) employing backpropagation algorithms have been developed using two sets of groundwater level (GWL) data, to simulate groundwater level fluctuations. The recorded daily GWL data from 1992 to 2014, to be fed as training input to the ANN models. The model inputs are the number of months and the number of years (a logarithmic expression), and monthly GWLs are the model's outputs. Two of the selected models were trained with data from 4/1992 to 12/2012, and then data from 1/2013 to 9/2014 were used for the verification process. The model’s mean absolute errors were calculated as 0.51 and 0.66 (ft.), respectively and the prediction rate R for both models was calculated as 0.95. A significant advantage of the current study is its capability to predict the GWL, independent of parameters such as temperature or precipitation rate.<br />Keywords<br />Groundwater Level; Modeling; Artificial Neural Network; Yolo County; Simulation https://www.jess.ir/article_163330_8bd1a368e7cfae2137aef487dd9b70c6.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 8 1 2023 03 21 Study and analysis of facilitation approach and participation in empowerment of informal settlements Study and analysis of facilitation approach and participation in empowerment of informal settlements 6282 6292 163331 10.22034/jess.2022.346255.1805 FA لطف اله ملکی دکتری، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری و روستایی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران Ayyoub Mahmoudi Ph.D. student, Department of Sociology of Development, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. بهنام آریک Ph.D. student, Department of Sociology of Development, Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal Branch, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2022 06 08 In Ardabil, unplanned migration from villages, urban development, and the uncontrolled growth of informal and unconventional settlements in or near the city have become the most critical issues.<br />Informal settlements, which have emerged as thirteen neighborhoods in the city, occupy a large part of the population and area of the town, and this justifies the need to pay attention to the organization of informal settlements in Ardabil. In particular, the relative correlation of this social phenomenon with social harms such as (divorce, addiction, unemployment of out-of-school children, and working children) has made it necessary to identify and plan purposefully to overcome these bottlenecks. Empowerment of these neighborhoods requires the participatory action of all neighborhood citizens to achieve control and influence on the factors that determine the quality of life in that neighborhood, which is one of the essential goals in the sustainable development of communities. Therefore, according to the objectives of the research, the following hypotheses are raised:<br />1- Is there a significant relationship between local community capital (formal and informal communication networks of neighborhoods, cooperation, trust, participation) and empowerment of informal settlements in Ardabil?<br />2- Is there a significant relationship between local community capital and physical empowerment of informal settlements in Ardabil?<br />3- Is there a significant relationship between the dimensions of local community capital and social empowerment of informal settlements in Ardabil?<br />4- Is there a significant relationship between local community capital and economic empowerment of informal settlements in Ardabil?<br />5- Is there a significant relationship between local community capital and environmental empowerment of informal settlements in Ardabil?<br />Marginalities and informal settlements The Achilles heel of new urban management, especially in, is one of the main challenges of sustainable urbanization (Naqdi, 1392: 35). Provide marginalization. In this regard, liberal theorists believe that these places should be left alone so that invisible market groups can find a solution for them. This view does not address the origins and formation of these settlements. It considers the phenomenon of marginalization as one of the requirements of industrial society (Soltani, 1382: 42), and its supporters, until the early 1923s, believed that informal settlements are a transitional phenomenon that could be overcome by economic development.<br />UN Informal Settlements, The radical view of the strategic planning approach was to empower marginalized neighborhoods. And the analysis of the growth of informal communities is not possible outside the study of the processes of the capitalist system (Irandoost and Sarrafi, 1300: 66). In the late 1903s, an empowerment strategy was introduced, emphasizing the core content of these settlements, which is a man and his activities. The drafting of the empowerment strategy and its adoption at the UN General Assembly was a significant revolution in studying marginalization and the paradigms of urban studies (Kritzman, 1992: 321). Empowerment strategy is the most appropriate solution to organizing marginalization (Exchange, 1302: 221), Which seeks to improve the living conditions of poor communities and gives people the opportunity to enhance their place of residence according to their needs (Gharkhloo and Mireh, 1306: 112). Thus, the empowerment strategy and physical-environmental improvement pay special attention to the human aspects of informal settlements. With more emphasis on eliminating the incapacities and disabilities of individuals in mental and physical dimensions, it seeks to expand the poor's abilities to "participate, negotiate, influence and take responsibility for the institutions that affect their lives."<br />Comparing the approach and principles of empowerment with previous approaches related to the issue of marginalization indicates that the empowerment approach offers different paradigmatic foundations in terms of epistemology, ontology and methodology in dealing with the issue of marginalization because of the specific orientation, specific perspective and ideology. Using a systemic approach involving physical-environmental, socio-cultural, economic, and urban management indicators in establishing social justice, emphasizing the participation of neighborhood residents in neighborhood decisions, formulating policies based on reducing inequality in access to urban services, adopting an approach Humanism in solving the problems of marginalized neighborhoods has led to the above approach as a reaction against one-dimensional systems and paradigms in marginalized studies.<br />The empowerment strategy emphasizes the mobilization of all potential facilities and resources and all factors to create housing and improve the living conditions of poor communities and gives people the opportunity to enhance their homes and living conditions according to their priorities and needs. Upgrading and empowering local communities is a new approach to solving the urban poverty problem in which building engineering is no longer the only solution. However, it can be a subset of social engineering with the support and facilitation of the public sector, local NGOs, and active participation (Hadizadeh Bazaz, 2003: 37). Empowerment policies are based on the principles of delegation of decision-making and based on the fact that decisions related to investment in domestic economic, social and material development resources should be at the lowest level of efficiency and the lowest level of efficiency for most promotion activities. And the effectiveness of the social level is local and neighborhood (Irandoost: 1388: 135). Concerning the concept of empowerment, many recent texts, especially those related to the World Bank, refer to the idea of empowerment, which generally refers to the expansion of freedom in the field of choice and action. This freedom is severely restricted for the poor society by their lack of power and weakness (politically-civilly), especially in their relationship with the government and the market. Empowerment means increasing the opportunities and assets of the poor to participate in negotiations, express opinions, control, and maintain ties with the responsible institutions that are influential in their lives. The World Bank defines key elements in empowerment, access to information, participation and engagement, accountability, and local organizational capacity. From this perspective, given that poverty is multidimensional, the poor need a level of assets and facilities at the individual level (health, education, housing) and at the general level (ability to organize) to launch "collective work" to solve their problems. (Potter and Evans, 231: 1384).<br />In empowerment, the participation of poor individuals and groups in politics and decision-making in urban society is organic. A partnership is formed based on a bilateral dialogue, and the citizen, by gaining identity through this dialogue, also identifies their habitat and causes it to enter the public sphere.<br />The present study is a descriptive survey. To formulate the theoretical framework of the research, additional techniques such as library and documentary studies have been used. The statistical population of the present study is all citizens aged 16-65 years old living in the thirteen neighborhoods of Ardabil, which includes districts 3 and 4 of the municipality. A selected sample of a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information.<br />In this study, a researcher-made questionnaire and a constructive interview have been used to assess and analyze the identity of urban neighborhoods by emphasizing the sense of belonging to the place in the thirteen neighborhoods of Ardabil.<br />The research hypotheses show a significant relationship between the dimensions of local community capital (formal and informal communication networks of neighborhoods, cooperation, trust, participation) and empowerment of informal settlements socially, economically, physically, and environmentally. There is. Also, a regression study of research variables showed that 64% of changes in local community capital in empowering informal settlements in Ardabil could be explained and predicted. Therefore, the following practical suggestions in social strategies, economic strategies, physical strategies, environmental strategies, and management strategies can be a way out of the problem and facilitate and participate in the study of real-world empowerment. To be. Therefore, according to the results, the following suggestions are presented.<br />1- Construction of educational-health space (lack of kindergarten, high school, and vocational school in the suburbs)<br />2- Strengthening non-governmental institutions, in addition to helping to create newer institutions to promote welfare programs and services (social empowerment)<br />3- The movement of government institutions to build trust, increase the willingness to participate and, as a result, promote social capital.<br />4- Strengthening the security of housing by issuing a formal ownership document without going through the usual administrative processes along with financial facilities for the owners of these neighborhoods<br />5- Granting financial facilities in case of inefficiency of the policy of legalizing property rights and issuing an official ownership document;<br />6- Removing legal barriers and helping to benefit from financial facilities, of course, by emphasizing the return of these resources, not gratuitous and continuous aid that leads to continued dependence;<br />7- Preventing the continuation of the process of illegal and unlicensed constructions by urban management organizations and municipalities<br />8- Creating the ground for benefiting from low-interest loans and a chain guarantee for the renovation of worn-out structures and the construction of housing according to standard urban planning regulations.<br />9- Institutionalizing a policy based on interaction and action-oriented cooperation with informal non-governmental organizations such as religious delegations and the neighborhood level to preserve the environment. Empowerment of neighborhoods requires the participation of all neighborhood citizens to achieve control and influence on the factors that determine the quality of life in that neighborhood, which is one of the essential goals in the sustainable development of communities. The present study investigates and analyzes the facilitation and participation approach in empowering informal settlements in Ardabil using survey and questionnaire techniques. The statistical population of the present study consists of all residents of the thirteen neighborhoods of Ardabil. This population includes districts 3 and 4 of the municipality, and according to the 2016 population and housing census, the neighborhood population is 84,732. Based on Cochran sampling, 384 people were selected as a statistical sample, and with a combination of multi-stage and quota cluster sampling, samples were determined. Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression tests were used to test the research hypotheses. The results show a significant relationship between the dimensions of local community capital (formal and informal communication networks of neighborhoods, cooperation, trust, participation) and the empowerment of informal settlements socially, economically, physically, and environmentally. Regression analysis showed that 64% of changes in local community capital in empowering informal settlements in Ardabil could be explained and predicted. Finally, the regression analysis showed that the beta variable of local community capital is 0.34, and the beta value of formal and informal communication networks is 0.26. Also, the beta value of cooperation is 0.29, which shows that the variable of local community capital is that Its dimensions of cooperation have the most significant share in the changes of empowerment of informal settlements in Ardabil. https://www.jess.ir/article_163331_894f275be88fa0a3ad738f7219842409.pdf