انتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Application of Intelligent Neural Models in Determining the Water Quality Parameters of Dams Reservoirs (Case study: Ekbatan dam of Hamadan)کاربرد مدلهای هوشمند عصبی در پیشبینی پارامترهای کیفی آب مخازن سدها (مطالعه موردی: سد اکباتان همدان)6300630921505610.22034/jess.2022.352332.1827FAرضاخلیلیکارشناس ارشد مهندسی عمران،گرایش مهندسی و مدیریت منابع آب0000-0001-5068-869Xمحمدرستمیدانشجو کارشناس ارشد، مهندسی عمران گرایش مهندسی و مدیریت منابع آب، دانشگاه یاسوجحسینمنتصریاستادیار گروه مهندسی عمران،مهندسی و مدیریت منابع آب، دانشگاه یاسوج0000-0001-5117-0462محمدپروین نیااستادیار گروه مهندسی عمران،مهندسی و مدیریت منابع آب، دانشگاه یاسوجمریمبیات ورکشیستادیار مهندسی منابع آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ملایرJournal Article20220718Abstract <br />Introduction:<br />Identifying the quantitative and qualitative problems in water resources monitoring systems is one of the most important steps in formulating the structure of water resources systems management plans and implementing pollution reduction environmental plans. It is considered to use some indirect methods to simulate qualitative parameters in high volume in order to reduce cost, time and high accuracy. In the field of simulating water quality models, many models have been developed that require a lot of input parameters such as hydrological, meteorological data, etc., which require spending time and money to access them. The increasing expansion of computers and the use of artificial intelligence and the use of artificial neural network methods have been widely used in the estimation of qualitative parameters.<br /><br />Methodology:<br />In the present study, based on the ability of intelligent neural models of four models such as artificial neural network, neuro-fuzzy, neural-wavelet, and neuro-fuzzy-wavelet were used to predict the water quality parameters of the Hamadan Ekbatan dam. For this purpose, BOD5, DO, pH, temperature, total solids and water turbidity were measured during 1388and 1389 to estimate phosphate, nitrate, fecal coliform and total chlorophyll a. in order to evaluation of the environmental conditions on the accuracy of the results , predictions were made in the last two warm and cold periods of the year .<br /><br />Conclusion: <br />Based on the results, the combined model of neural network with wavelet theory was introduced as the optimal structure for estimating all four qualitative parameters in both periods. Among the parameters studied during the warm period, the lowest normal root mean square error (NRMSE) and the highest correlation coefficient were 0.990 and 0.999, Furthermore, in the cold period, the least amount of NRMSE and the most correlation coefficient was 2.75 and 0,905 have seen for the nitrate quality parameter <br /><br />In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than in cold period.<br />In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than in cold period.In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than in cold period.In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than in cold period.In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than in cold period.In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than<br /><br />Keywords:<br />"Neural Intelligence", "Wave Theory", "Cold and Hot Period", "Ekbatan Dam"چکیده <br />بررسی کیفیت آب مخازن سدها بهمنظور تامین تقاضا منابع آب جهت کاربریهای مختلف مانند: تامین آب شرب شهر و حقآبه کشاورزی در مدیریت منایع آب ضروری میباشد. هدف از این پژوهش پیشبینی پارامترهای کیفی سد کباتان همدان به تفکیک دوره گرم و سرد میباشد.در این مطالعه با تکیه بر توانمندی مدلهای هوشمند عصبی از 4 مدل شبکه عصبی مصنوعی، عصبی-فازی، عصبی- موجک و عصبی-فازی- موجک برای پیشبینی پارامترهای کیفیت آب سد اکباتان همدان استفاده شده است. بدین منظور از داده های پارامترهای BOD5، DO، pH، دما، کل جامدات و کدورت آب طی سالهای 1388و 1389 جهت برآورد فسفات، نیترات، کلیفرم مدفوعی و کلیفرم a استفاده شد. جهت بررسی شرایط محیطی بر دقت نتایج، پیشبینیها در دو دوره گرم و سرد سال صورت گرفت. براساس نتایج بهدست آمده، مدل تلفیقی شبکه عصبی با نظریه موجک بهعنوان ساختار بهینه در برآورد هر چهار پارامتر کیفی در هر دو دوره معرفی شد. در بین پارامترهای مورد بررسی در دوره گرم، کمترین خطای جذور میانگین مربعات خطای نرمال (NRMSE) و بیشترین ضریب همبستگی بهترتیب 905/0 و 999/0و در دوره سرد کمترین مقدار NRMSE و بیشتربن ضریب همبستگی بهترتیب 75/2 و 905/0 برای پارامتر کیفی نیترات مشاهده گردید. در مجموع کاربرد نظریه موجک منجر به بهبود نتایج پیشبینی شده پارامترهای کیفی سد اکباتان گردیده است. همچنین پیشبینی پارامترهای کیفی در دوره گرم دقت بیشتری نسبت به دوره سرد داشت. این امر اهمیت کاربرد مدلهای هوشمند عصبی در برآورد پارامترهای کیفی آب در فصول گرم را نشان میدهد.https://www.jess.ir/article_215056_aa4463cb722395542270a941808e5e8e.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Identification and ranking of factors affecting the creation of dry port in Anzali portتحلیل عوامل سختافزاری، اقتصادی و محیط زیستی در ایجاد بندر خشک در شهرستان انزلی6310632521505710.22034/jess.2022.347835.1812FAهاتفحاضریگروه اقتصاد دانشکده علوم انسانی ، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی اردبیل ایرانعبدالرحیمهاشمی دیزجگروه اقتصاد.دانشکده علوم اجتماعی.دانشگاه محقق اردبیلیمهدیجعفریگروه اقتصاد دانشکده مدیریت ظلوع مهر قمسید جوادعمادیگروه اقتصاد دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری دانشگاه غیرانتفاعی راهبرد شمالJournal Article20220618Introduction:<br />The vast geographical area of Iran and the long distance that most cities in our country have with coastal ports, has created many problems for exporters, importers and transit of goods, and the high cost of road transport increases the cost of goods for domestic products. This has reduced the competitiveness of domestic producers over foreign competitors. In addition to this issue, we are witnessing heavy traffic in the port cities and highways of the country, especially in the northern ports such as Anzali and Nowshahr ports, which are caused by the movement of trucks. In addition, port cities have increased traffic problems at certain times of the year due to their tourist nature due to the heavy passenger load, and sometimes truck traffic is prohibited and goods leave the port with difficulty. Problems such as long loading and unloading time and lack of space may be possible. . Today, the position of Anzali port in supplying raw materials to various factories during the last ten years has become a strategic and special port on the Caspian Sea and has a special place among the ports on the Caspian Sea. The implementation of the comprehensive plan and commercial development of Anzali port in recent years and the construction of breakwaters and the creation of new infrastructure has increased the volume of economic exchanges.<br />Methodology<br />The research method is applied and Delphi method has been used for analysis, study and conclusion. In order to use the Delphi method, a team of experts in port and maritime affairs has been used. By reviewing the literature and research background, using the points of view of experts and experts and experts on port and maritime affairs and observing a comprehensive list of factors affecting the creation of dry ports was identified and this list was provided to experts and specialists separately. They were asked to identify the main and most important factors according to the research topic. After confirming its reliability and validity, the final questionnaire was designed. The Demitel method determines the relationships and how the factors affect each other, and finally the Demetel-based ANP network analysis process method, called the DANP method, will be used to prioritize the factors. MATLAB 2019 software was used. The steps of the DANP technique are as follows:<br />Step 1) Calculation of direct communication matrix: First, the views of experts are collected and presented with a range of 5 without impact, low impact, effective, high impact and very high impact. When the views of several experts are used, a simple arithmetic mean of the comments is used and a direct correlation matrix, or D, is formed. Step 2) Calculate the normal direct correlation matrix: In this step, the sum normalization of all rows and columns is calculated. Step 3) Calculating the complete communication matrix Criteria: To calculate the complete communication matrix, the same matrix (I) is formed first. Then we normalize the same matrix minus the normal matrix and invert the resulting matrix. Finally, we multiply the normal matrix by the inverse.The fourth step is to calculate the complete relationship matrix of the dimensions as well as the intensity of the effect of the criteria. Step 5) Normalize the full dimensional correlation matrix.Step 6) Normalize the complete correlation matrix of the criteria. Step 7)Form an unbalanced supermatrix.Step 8 - Formation of a rhythmic supermatrix.Step 9) Limit the rhythmic supermatrix.We limit the rhythmic supermatrix by being able to convey a consecutive odd number Z, until the supermatrix converges and stabilizes. The output of this step will be the effective DANP weights.<br />Research variables<br />Dimensions of research variables include hardware factors, economic and environmental factors, each of which has its own visa index. Indices of hardware factors (including, customs arehouses, suitable location for high-risk and perishable shipments,Warehousing facilities, suitable equipment for unloading and loading containers and cargoes, information and communication systems including electronic data exchange systems, scanners and fleet weighing equipment, container transport routes between different modes of transport including railways, roads and inland waterways as a multi-container terminal and services. Logistics indicators, economic factors (including improving the financial and economic situation of the dry port, land prices, finding cheap labor, the possibility of providing specialized manpower, creating sustainable employment, reducing the cost of goods of industrial units) and indicators of environmental factors (including , Protection of fertile lands around Anzali city, improvement of Anzali city ecosystem (environmental effects), improvement of sustainable development process).<br />results<br />Among the studied factors, the factors of protection of fertile lands have gained the first rank and then the improvement of ecosystem and the process of sustainable development have been ranked second and third, which means that environmental factors are in the first priority. It is considered that the lands around Bandar Anzali are fertile and will protect the environment by constructing a dry port and proper location. Accordingly, it has no destructive effects on the ecosystem of Anzali. Then, among the indicators of economic dimensions, the factor of improving the financial and economic situation of the dry port is ranked fourth, and among the indicators of hardware dimensions, the factor of customs warehouses is ranked fifth. According to the obtained results, the effect of economic factors was confirmed as the second influential factor on the establishment of the dry port and finally the hardware factors are in the third place according to the ranking of indicators of these dimensions.<br />The results obtained from the prioritization of the most important factors in setting up a dry port from the perspective of experts in the field of international transportation and trade in Anzali. Environmental factors of a dry port are the most important factor in the success of such a port. In this regard, one of the problems of Anzali city in setting up ports is that there are many fertile lands around Anzali city, which will protect the environment around Anzali city by constructing a dry port. Also, the lack of a rail network in the coming years and the need for a major overhaul and further development in this area has raised concerns about entering this mode of transportation. Therefore, one of the main requirements of Anzali city for the development of dry port projects in the country, while determining and defining in a place that does not harm the environment and ecosystem of Anzali city and rail and storage capacity, and creating and improving road development in necessary cases, Structural development and role of dry ports in Anzali city. This framework can be defined by designing a comprehensive document for the development of combined ports.<br />The fourth priority for the financial dimension, on the one hand, indicates the relatively high importance of funding for dry port projects, and on the other hand, reflects the correct view in the country, which has considered infrastructure and platform as the principle and financial resources as complementary. That is why the entry of domestic private companies, only with financial support, has not been very effective in this area in recent years. Obviously, overcapacity of the transportation network is one of the main goals in creating a dry port, and according to research, heavy investments in the capacity of container terminals and larger ships and more container flow, put a lot of pressure on coastal port operations.The very low importance of road factors and the great attention to the environment show that there is a lot of concern in this field in the city of Anzali. Perhaps this deep attention is due to the specificity and characteristics of Anzali city. Certainly, if these ports are properly located in the country, the shortcomings and problems of road routes will be better identified. Although access to land is important in competition with the sea, the commissioning of a dry port will always have an impact on energy consumption, accumulation in road networks, to some extent on the environment. Obviously, ignoring these cases will have many negative consequences in the future that will nullify the benefits of the dry port; Among other things, the increase in road and rail transport traffic increases air pollution and heat in the region and in the long run affects the vegetation of the region, and this progresses even to the increase of diseases for residents of nearby areas.هدف از تحقیق حاضر، شناسایی و اولویتبندی مجموعه عوامل مؤثر بر ایجاد بندر خشک در بندر انزلی است. امروزه شاهد افزایش مشکلات بنادر ساحلی به دلیل افزایش استفاده از شیوه حمل و نقل کانتینری کالا هستیم. برای حل این مشکلات، مفهومی به نام بندر خشک مطرح میگردد که نیاز به استقرار و توسعه علمی و صحیح آن در ایران و به ویژه بندر انزلی به منظور حفظ و تداوم افزایش میزان حمل و نقل کانتینری احساس میشود. این پژوهش از لحاظ هدف کاربردی و از روش دلفی برا ی تحلیل، بررسی و نتیجهگیری استفاده نموده است. با مرور ادبیات و پیشینه تحقیق، استفاده از نقطه نظرات خبرگان و کارشناسان و صاحب نظران امور بندری و دریایی و مشاهده فهرست جامعی از عوامل مؤثر بر ایجاد بنادر خشک شناسایی شد و این لیست در اختیار کارشناسان و متخصصان خبره به صورت جداگانه قرار گرفت و از آنها خواسته شد که با توجه به موضوع پژوهش، اصلیترین و مهم ترین عوامل را شناسایی کنند. پس از تأیید پایایی و روایی آن، پرسشنامه نهایی طراحی گردید. با روش دیمتل روابط و چگونگی تأثیرات عوامل بر یک دیگر مشخص می شوند و در نهایت از روش فرآیند تحلیل شبکهای ای ان پی(ANP) براساس دیمتل که روش دی ای ان پی(DANP) نامیده میشود برای اولویتبندی عوامل استفاده خواهد شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان میدهد، عوامل محیط زیست رتبه اول، عوامل اقتصادی رتبه دوم و زیرساختهای سخت افزاری رتبه سوم را بدست آوردند و عامل حفاظت از زمینهای حاصلخیز رتبه اول را بدست آورده است.https://www.jess.ir/article_215057_0eb54b191c6c5498340ae6ee23f69a23.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Landslide potential zoning in Qatourchai watershed of Khoy city using ANP methodپهنهبندی پتانسیل وقوع زمینلغزش در حوضه آبخیز قطورچای شهرستان خوی با استفاده از روش ANP6326633721505810.22034/jess.2022.351633.1824FAموسیعابدینیعضو هیات علمی گروه جغرافیای طبیعی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی0000-0002-4243-4670محمدقربانزاده موکوییکارشناسی ارشد گروه جغرافیای طبیعی(گرایش ژئومورفولوژی)، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلیJournal Article20220713Abstract <br />Introduction <br />Landslides are among the geomorphic processes affecting the landscape evolution of mountainous regions, which occur under the influence of various local geomorphological, hydrological and geological conditions (Roering et al, 2005). In a simple definition, the mass movement of earth constituents from a slope (slope) to the bottom of the earth is called landslide. This downward movement of surface materials occurs due to the effect of the earth's gravity and the mobility and displacement of these materials increases with the presence of water in the sediments (Pareta et al, 2012). Landslides cause heavy casualties and financial and life losses every year, which in some cases cannot be compensated or require a lot of time and money. Therefore, planning to prevent these damages is of particular importance. In this regard, landslide risk zoning maps make it possible for relevant executive bodies to identify sensitive and vulnerable areas to landslides and make decisions about the desired programs ). <br />Jafari et al. (2018) analyzed landslide risk zoning in Badranlu catchment area using Analytical Network Process (ANP) method. In this study, 69 landslides were identified in the first step for landslide risk zoning in the study area. In the next step, the factors involved in the occurrence of landslides, including lithology, land use, land slope, slope direction, average annual rainfall, distance from the river, distance from the fault, and distance from residential centers are evaluated spatially and as thematic layers in the environment. GIS were prepared. These factors were prioritized using expert opinion and ANP network analysis process and were combined accordingly. Finally, the study area was classified into three classes in terms of sensitivity to the risk of landslides. The results show that 21 landslides with an area of 75,600 square meters are in the medium-risk landslide class, 26 landslides with an area of 91,800 square meters are in the high-risk landslide class, and 22 landslides with an area of 76,500 square meters are in the very high-risk landslide class. According to this research, the most important factors affecting the occurrence of landslides in the Badranlo basin are slope, lithology, distance from the river and annual rainfall. Ayaliyo and Yamagishi (2005) used the logistic regression approach in the framework of geographic information system in order to assess and zonate the risk of landslide occurrence in Kakodayahiko mountains located in the center of Japan. In this research, the spatial distribution of landslides was considered as a dependent variable and a set of environmental and human variables such as slope, vegetation, communication networks, etc. were considered as independent variables. Due to the spatial nature of landslide hazard, statistical analysis was done in the framework of Geographical Information System (GIS). The results indicate the high efficiency of the multivariate statistical approach (logistic regression) for modeling landslide risk at the level of the study area. Also, the results show the great importance of variables of distance from roads and slope in the occurrence of landslides in the region. This shows the vulnerability of the domains in the study area to human interference.<br />Qaturchai Khoi watershed is one of the basins in the northwest of the country, where the instability of the range is considered one of the important processes in the evolution of the region's landscape. Such instabilities in some cases threaten the existing settlements and infrastructures in the region. In the current research, the risk of landslides in this basin is zoned. In order to zone the risk of landslides in the Qoturchai catchment area, 10 variables influencing the occurrence of landslides were used.These variables include: height, slope, slope direction, slope length, lithology, faults, precipitation, distance from waterways, vegetation and distance from the road were used, and their effects on the occurrence of landslides have been briefly discussed.<br /><br /><br />Methodology <br />In this research, in order to zone the risk of landslides in the Qoturchai catchment area, the technique of superimposing different variables affecting the occurrence of landslides was used. For this, it is necessary to combine the geographic information system (GIS) with other models. In this context, multi-criteria decision-making models are widely used. One of these efficient and common models is the Analytical Network Process (ANP) model. In the current research, the mentioned model was used to extract the weight or the influence factor of the effective criteria on the occurrence of landslides in the Qotourchai catchment area due to its high flexibility and the ability to establish internal and external communication. In the following, explanations about the ANP model and its implementation method are provided.<br />In order to assess and zonate the risk of landslides in the Qoturchai catchment area, ArcGIS and Super Decisions software were used as the most important processing and analytical tools of the research.ArcGIS software was used to prepare thematic layers affecting landslide occurrence and spatial analysis.Super Decisions software was also used to perform calculations related to the Analytical Network Process (ANP) model.<br /><br />Conclusion <br />In the present study, the Qoturchai catchment area was evaluated in terms of the risk of landslides. The study area is located in the southwest of Khoy city, affiliated to West Azarbaijan province. This basin is one of the basins of the country that has a high potential for landslides. Therefore, in the present study, the spatial assessment and zoning of the landslide risk of this basin were investigated. In order to zone the risk of landslides in Qatourchai catchment area, 10 variables influencing the occurrence of landslides were used. These variables are: height, slope, slope direction, slope length, lithology, faults, precipitation, distance from waterways, vegetation and distance from the road were usesd.The comparison of the effective criteria on the occurrence of landslides using the Analytical Network Process (ANP) model indicates that the three variables of slope, lithology and precipitation are respectively the most important and effective variables affecting the occurrence of landslides in the Qotourchai catchment area. These variables have a total effect of more than 60% on the occurrence of landslides in the study area. In fact, a significant part of the landslides in the region is the result of the separate or combined involvement of the aforementioned variables. On the opposite point, the variables of distance from the road, slope length, slope direction and vegetation have the least importance or influence in the occurrence of landslides in the region and their role is more local.e<br />Keywords: Landslide Qoturchai Basin; ANP model; Zoningپدیده زمینلغزش یکی از مهم ترین مخاطرات ژئومورفولوژیکی به شمار می رود که همه ساله خسارات جانی و مالی متعددی را به همراه دارد. یکی از گامهای اساسی برای کاهش اثرات این مخاطره در ارتباط با تهیه تقشههای خطر وقوع زمینلغزش میباشد. در پژوهش حاضر به ارزیابی مکانی و پهنهبندی خطر زمینلغزش در سطح حوضه آبریز قطورچای خوی پرداخته میشود. به منظور پهنهبندی خطر وقوع زمینلغزش حوضه آبریز قطورچای از 10 متغیر تاثیرگذار بر وقوع زمین مانند: عامل ارتفاع، شیب، جهت شیب، طول دامنه، لیتولوژی، گسلها، بارش، فاصله از آبراهه ها، پوششگیاهی و فاصله از جاده. در پژوهش حاضر از مدل فرایند تحلیل شبکهای (ANP) برای محاسبه وزن معیارهای موثر بر خطر زمینلغزش بهره گرفته شد. در مدل ANP ساختار مدل شبکه ای بوده و ارتباطات بین عناصر و مولفههای مدل میتواند متقابل و دوسویه باشد. نتایج پهنهبندی با کاربست مدل ANP در حوضه اوغان بیانگر این است که در حدود 29 درصد حوضه در طبقات چهارگانه در محدوده خطر زیاد و خیلی زیاد قرار دارد. از بین لایههای موضوعی مورد استفاده، عامل شیب با ضریب وزنی (215/0)، لیتولوژی با ضریب وزنی (182/0) و فاصله از جاده با ضریب وزنی (173/0) از بالاترین میزان اهمیت برخوردارند. نتایج حاصل از پهنهبندی نهایی خطر وقوع زمینلغزش بیانگر این است که حوضه آبریز قطورچای از پتانسیل بالایی در وقوع زمینلغزش برخوردار است. در حدود 8 و 19 درصد حوضه آبریز قطورچای در کلاس با خطر بسیار زیاد و زیاد قرار گرفته است.https://www.jess.ir/article_215058_bc797af01b79cf7024b9d81fc68f31c5.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723An analysis of the vulnerability of the city of Kermanshah against the risk of earthquakes with an emphasis onتحلیلی بر آسیبپذیری شهر کرمانشاه در برابر خطر زلزله با تأکید بر رویکرد تابآوری6338635021505910.22034/jess.2022.355794.1852FAچنورمحمدیدانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی0000-0003-4953-4241حسیننظم فراستاد گروه جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری و روستایی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، ایرانصیاداصغری سراسکانروداستاد گروه جغرافیا طبیعی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، ایرانJournal Article20220819Introduction<br />The increase in urban population due to their unsustainable development as well as the irregular growth of cities and their unsupervised expansion will increase the exposure to natural hazards (Atrachali, 2016: 2). Natural disasters, which are a part of human life and their number and variety are increasing day by day, pose a great challenge to the sustainable development of human societies (Adger and Hodbod, 2014: 91). Earthquake is a natural phenomenon and cannot be predicted (Kahandawa et al, 2018: 2) and is one of the most catastrophic and destructive types of natural hazards. It has been discussed for a long time, especially in developing countries (Dong &Shan, 2013: 85). Earthquakes have affected human life for a long time due to the existence of complex connections in cities (Falahi and Jalali, 2013: 6), the crisis risk index of the United Nations Development Program in 2004 shows that From Armenia, Iran has the highest level of earthquake vulnerability among countries in the world, and 31 out of every 40 types of natural disasters have occurred in Iran (Rezaei et al., 2015: 610). In most parts of Iran, seismic activity is directly related to the activity of faults, and most seismicity has occurred along active faults, and most of the known seismic faults in Iran are along their It is more than 40 km and all of them are accompanied by devastating earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 7 on the Richter scale (Azadikhah, 2009: 193). At the global level, there have been significant changes in the attitude towards risk (Ziyari, 2018: 98). Much emphasis has been placed on resilience instead of vulnerability (Mayunga, 2007: 4). Resilience has been studied around the world in various societies prone to traumatic events, including earthquakes ( Kara ırmak, 2010: 19). There is a possibility of an earthquake, especially when the conditions for its occurrence exist, including the existence of various faults, the presence of several faults in Kermanshah and its surroundings indicates the risk of an earthquake, the inadequate access to some areas of the city, the post-earthquake relief operation faces a problem that if no action is taken to manage the earthquake crisis, this can lead to a human disaster (Kamrizadeh, 2016: 4). Considering that it is not possible to prevent the occurrence of an earthquake or the time of its occurrence cannot be predicted, but it is possible to provide solutions to deal with or reduce its vulnerability, these solutions increase initiatives and ideas. will be done against the city's resilience and resilience against earthquakes, so achieving the resilience and resilience of cities and citizens against the risk of earthquakes is one of the main goals. which should be taken into account in urban management, urban development plans, etc. This research deals with an analysis of the vulnerability of Kermanshah city to the risk of earthquakes with emphasis on the resilience approach.<br /><br /><br />.<br /><br />Methodology <br />Based on the purpose, the current research is part of applied research and based on the working method and nature, it is placed in the framework of descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population is the residents of Kermanshah city over 15 years old, and Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size, and 385 people were selected as a statistical sample. The classification method has also been used to select the sample in the regions. Documentary methods and library studies were used to formulate the theoretical foundations of the research and to collect information from the questionnaire, which was used by Dr. Rezaei and Dr. Eshghi Chahar Borj). Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.80, which indicates the good reliability of the questionnaire. One-sample T-tests, Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyze the data.<br /><br /><br />Conclusion<br />Earthquake is a natural phenomenon and cannot be predicted and is one of the most catastrophic and destructive types of natural hazards. The existence of several faults in Kermanshah and its surroundings indicates the risk of earthquakes. Achieving the resilience and resilience of cities and citizens against the risk of earthquakes is one of the main goals. which should be considered in urban management, urban development plans, etc. This research deals with an analysis of the vulnerability of Kermanshah city against the risk of earthquakes with an emphasis on the resilience approach. 385 people were selected as a statistical sample. In order to collect information, a questionnaire (including three indicators of institutional background, institutional relations and institutional performance) was used. For data analysis, the collected data (Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman and TT sample tests) were used. To investigate the status of institutional indicators and ranking of the eight regions of Kermanshah city by components and whether there is a significant difference in the availability of components or not; Kruskal-Wallis test was used. The results show that there is a significant difference in thirteen components and there is no significant difference in five components. Friedman's test was used to rank the components of the institutional resilience index from the point of view of citizens. According to the results obtained from it; How much is the component index of your adherence to legal guidelines in order to prevent accidents caused by earthquakes during construction? How satisfied are you with the performance of the government and local institutions of the council and municipality in relation to the provision of educational services (brochures, brochures, etc.) regarding the safe use of household and workshop equipment? Also, in order to compare the average state of institutional resilience in Kermanshah city, a sample t-tech test was used, the results show. The two indicators of institutional base and institutional performance have an average higher than average and their significance level is less than 0.05. Also, the index of institutional relations is lower than the average level and its significance level is less than 0.05.<br />In the end, considering the not so good state of resilience in Kermanshah city, some suggestions are given to improve it:<br />- Informing people about compliance with laws and regulations during construction (earthquake-proof buildings)<br />- Financial and technical incentives for people to renovate or retrofit buildings<br />- Institutional planning for crisis management in case of possible earthquakes<br />- Holding crisis management courses and necessary trainings for proper and quick response in schools and other institutions to people<br />- Use of trained people in times of crisis<br />- Informing people about the existence of rescue groups.<br />Keywords <br />Vulnerability; Earthquake Risk; Resilience; Kermanshah Cityزلزله یک پدیده طبیعی است و قابل پیشبینی شده نیست و از فاجعهبارترین و مخربترین انواع خطرات طبیعی است. در سطح جهانی، تغییرات قابل توجهی در نگرش به خطر وجود داشته است. تأکید زیادی بر انعطافپذیری به جای آسیبپذیری شده است. پژوهش حاضر به تحلیلی بر آسیبپذیری شهر کرمانشاه در برابر خطر زلزله با تأکید بر رویکرد تابآوری میپردازد. بر اساس هدف جزء تحقیقات کاربردی بوده و بر اساس روش کار و ماهیت در چارچوب تحقیقات توصیفی- تحلیلی قرار میگیرد. جامعه آماری ساکنان بالای 15 سال شهر کرمانشاه میباشد و برای تعیین حجم نمونه از فرمول کوکران استفاده شده که 385 نفر به عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب شدند. جهت تحلیل دادهها از آزمونهای؛ کروسکال والیس، فریدمن و T تک نمونهای) استفاده شده است. نتایج آزمون کروسکال والیس نشان میدهد؛ در سیزده مؤلفه تفاوت معنیدار وجود دارد و در پنج مؤلفه تفاوت معنیدار وجود ندارد. برای رتبهبندی مؤلفههای شاخص تابآوری نهادی با استفاده آزمون فریدمن نشان میدهد؛ شاخص مؤلفه میزان پایبندی شما به دستورالعملهای قانونی در جهت پیشگیری از حوادث ناشی از زلزله در موقع ساخت و ساز چقدر بیشترین اولویت را در تابآوری نهادی در شهر کرمانشاه داشته و در رتبه اول قرار گرفته است و در رتبه آخر میزان رضایت شما از عملکرد نهادهای دولتی و محلی (شورا و شهرداری در ارتباط ارائه خدمات آموزشی (جزوه، بروشور و...) در رابطه با استفاده ایمن از وسایل منزل و کارگاهی، قرار دارد. همچنین نتایج آزمون تی تک نمونهای در مقایسه میانگین وضعیت شاخصها در شهر کرمانشاه نشان میدهد؛ دو شاخص بستر نهادی و عملکرد نهادی دارای میانگین بیشتر از حد متوسط دارا میباشند و شاخص روابط نهادی کمتر از حد متوسط میباشد.https://www.jess.ir/article_215059_dc2946229e3b343dd62b5db66596b1b8.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Investigation of the possibility of detecting peach fruit cultivars by electronic noseبررسی امکان تشخیص ارقام میوه هلو به وسیله بینی الکترونیک6351635721506010.22034/jess.2022.356357.1846FAامیرحسینافکاری سیاحعضو هیات علمی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلیعلیخرمی فردانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایرانحامدکرمیگروه مهندسی مکانیک بیوسیستم، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران0000-0002-0654-6149Journal Article20220816Introduction <br />Peach, as an edible fruit with an acceptable economic advantage, is mainly produced in the Mediterranean region and Central Asia and consumed all over the world. Flavor is one of the key factors in fruit quality, and it largely depends on the content of soluble sugars and organic acids. Sweetness, which is determined by the level of soluble sugars, is one of the main characteristics that affect consumer satisfaction. In the mature peach fruit, sucrose constitutes more than 54% of the total soluble sugars, which are mainly stored in the vacuole and occupy up to 90% of the total cell. However, the underlying mechanisms of sugar accumulation in peach fruit remain largely unknown.<br />The complexity of food odor makes it difficult to analyze them with conventional analytical techniques such as gas chromatography. However, sensory analysis by experts is a costly process and requires trained people who can only work for a relatively short period of time. Problems such as the human subjectivity of the response to smell and the variation between people should also be considered. Hence, there is a need for a tool such as an electronic nose with high sensitivity and correlation with human sensory panel data for specific applications in food control. Due to its easy construction, cheapness and the need for little time for analysis, the electronic nose is becoming an automatic non-destructive method to describe the smell of food.<br />An olfactory machine can recognize the fragrance composition by estimating its concentration or determining some of its intrinsic properties, which the human nose is hardly able to do. In general, the human olfactory system is a five-step process including smelling, receiving the scent, evaluating, detecting and erasing the effect of the scent. The olfactory phenomenon begins with inhaling the intended smell and ends with breathing fresh air to remove the effect of the scent. The human olfactory system, with all its unique capabilities, also has disadvantages that limit its use in quality control processes, including subjectivity, low reproducibility (for example, results depending on time, people's health, analysis before the presence of odor and fatigue is variable), time-consuming, high labor cost, adaptation of people (less sensitivity when exposed to odor for a long time). In addition, it cannot be used to evaluate dangerous odors.<br />The purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability and accuracy of the electronic nose using chemometrics methods to detect and differentiate peach cultivars using their volatile compounds.<br /><br />Methodology <br />First, 5 varieties of peaches were prepared. After preparing different varieties of peaches, first, the samples were placed in a closed container (sample compartment) for 1 day to saturate the space of the container with the aroma and smell of peach fruit, and then the sample compartments were used for data collection with an odor machine.<br />In this research, the electronic nose made in the Biosystems Engineering Department of Mohaghegh Ardabili University was used. In this device, 9 metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors with low power consumption are used, which are listed in Table1.<br />The sample chamber was connected to the electronic nose device and data collection was done. This data collection was done in such a way that first, clean air was passed through the sensor chamber for 100 seconds to clean the sensors from the presence of odors and other gases. Then the smell of the sample was sucked from the sample chamber by the pump for 100 seconds and directed to the sensors, and finally, clean air was injected into the sensor chamber for 100 seconds to prepare the device for repetition and subsequent tests. 30 repetitions were considered for each sample.<br />The chemometrics method in this research, started with principal component analysis (PCA) to discover the output response of the sensors and reduce the dimension of the data. In the next step, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to classify 5 peach cultivars.<br />Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the simplest multivariate methods and is known as an unsupervised technique for clustering data according to groups. It is usually used to reduce the dimensionality of the data and the best results are obtained when the data are highly correlated, positively or negatively.<br /><br /><br />Conclusion <br />The scores chart (Figure 2) showed that the total variance of the data is equal to PC-1 (89%) and PC-2 (7%), respectively, and the first two principal components account for 96% of the total variance of the normalized data. When the total variance is higher than 90%, it means that the first two PCs are sufficient to explain the total variance of the data set. So it can be concluded that the e-Nose has a good response to the smell of peaches and it is possible to distinguish peach cultivars, which shows the high accuracy of the electronic nose in identifying the smell of different products.<br />The LDA method was also used to identify and distinguish peach cultivars based on the output response of the sensors. Unlike the PCA method, the LDA method can extract multi-sensor information to optimize the resolution between classes. Therefore, this method was used to detect 5 varieties of peach based on the output response of the sensors. The results of the identification of cultivars were equal to 90% (Figure 3).<br />In this research, an olfactory machine with 9 metal oxide sensors was used to identify and differentiate peach cultivars using their scent. Chemometrics methods including PCA and LDA were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex data from the electronic sensor arrays. PCA was used for data reduction and with two principal components PC1 and PC2, it described 96% of the variance of the data set and provided an initial classification, while LDA was able to accurately identify and classify grape cultivars. It became 90%. The scent machine has the ability to be used and exploited as a quick and non-destructive method to identify peach cultivars based on their smell. The use of this method in identifying peach cultivars will be very useful for consumers, especially processing units and food industries, in order to choose suitable cultivars.هلو به عنوان یک میوه خوراکی با مزیت اقتصادی قابل قبول بطور عمده در منطقه مدیترانه و آسیای مرکزی تولید و در سراسر جهان مصرف می شود. طعم یکی از عوامل کلیدی در کیفیت میوه است و تا حد زیادی به محتوای قند محلول و اسید های آلی آن بستگی دارد. پیچیدگی بوی مواد غذایی تحلیل آنها را با تکنیکهای تجزیه و تحلیل معمولی مانند کروماتوگرافی گازی دشوار میسازد. با این حال، تحلیل حسی توسط کارشناسان یک فرایند پر هزینه است و نیاز به افراد آموزش دیده دارد که تنها برای مدت نسبتا کوتاهی می-توانند کار کنند. یک ماشین بویایی میتواند ترکیب بودار را با تخمینی از غلظت آن و یا تعیین برخی خواص ذاتی آن، کاری که بینی انسان به سختی قادر به انجام آن است، تشخیص دهد. این پژوهش با هدف به کارگیری یک سامانه ماشین بویایی با کمک روش های کمومتریکس شامل PCA و LDA برای تشخیص ارقام مختلف هلو انجام شد. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده از تحلیلPCA با دو مؤلفه اصلیPC1 و PC2، مشخص شد که 96% واریانس مجموعهی دادهها برای نمونههای مورد استفاده از این طریق قابل توصیف می باشند. همچنین دقت روش LDA برابر 90% به دست آمد.https://www.jess.ir/article_215060_afa2b2206c75a19eb7257dc9c45feba9.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220250212Feasibility study of manganese separation from industrial wastewater by surface absorption method with graphene adsorbent from industrial wastewaterامکانسجی جداسازی منگنز به روش جذب سطحی با جاذب گرافن از پساب صنعتی6358636521511810.22034/jess.2022.356890.1853FAعلیافروسگروه مهندسی آب، واحد دزفول، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دزفول، ایرانفوادمزرعهکارشناس ارشد مهندسی شیمیمحبوبهچراغیگروه مهندسی محیط زیست، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران0000-0003-3344-4233ساراعباسیدکتری محیط زیستJournal Article20220819Abstract<br />The issue of water supply is the most important side service of every industrial unit, which turns into industrial wastewater during various uses, it is important to obtain industrial wastewater recovery methods. In the present study, manganese removal experiments by graphene adsorbent were carried out continuously in different conditions. Then the effect of effective parameters on manganese absorption such as pH (from acidic environment 2 to basic environment 12), contact time (from 5 to 30 minutes), initial concentration 20ppm and amount of adsorbent used (0.02 gr, 0.04 gr, 0.06 gr, 0.08 gr and 0.1 gr) ) was investigated. An atomic absorption device was used to measure the amount of manganese in the solution. The results showed that the optimum playing medium for the adsorbent was equal to 10. In the study of the effect of adsorbent heat on the absorption percentage, it was observed that the nanographene used has an extremely high absorption power in removing pollutants. The results showed that the process of removing manganese from the aqueous solution follows the pseudo-quadratic equation with very high accuracy. The maximum removal of manganese from the aqueous solution was 2ppm by 0.08gr of nanographene in 10 alkaline environment and 30 minutes contact time, and the absorption percentage was 99.05%.Graphene has a very good performance in removing manganese metal from wastewater. In fact, the larger the size of the absorbent surface and pores, the higher the absorption rate.<br />Introduction<br />Today, according to the strict laws that have been developed to protect human health and the environment, as well as to compensate for the lack of water resources available to communities, it is necessary to take measures to remove pollutants from the mixture of sewage and polluted water. To be done with high efficiency. While the above methods have low efficiency in removing heavy metals (such as sedimentation methods) or show their best efficiency in concentrated wastewater containing heavy metals (such as ion exchange methods) and solvent extraction) and therefore it is not suitable for removing low concentrations of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters and bringing their quality up to the existing standards, and since heavy metals do not disappear in nature, it is necessary It is up to new technologies to remove them and separate them from the sewage. Considering the importance of applying and introducing up-to-date and efficient methods and the environmental importance of nickel element in industrial effluents, in the present study, the ability and feasibility of removing manganese from industrial effluents based on the adsorption-surface method using graphene is investigated. . Graphene has a high level of porosity, flexibility, stability and electrical conductivity, which are very suitable features for absorbing heavy metals on an industrial scale. In this study, while investigating the effectiveness of graphene in separating nickel from wastewater, the effect of variables such as temperature, pollutant concentration, adsorbent concentration, contact time, and pH on the amount of metal absorption by the adsorbent is investigated. <br />Methodology<br />Sampling was done in glass bottles that were previously washed with distilled water. The approximate amount of water collected was around 500 ml, and the date, time and exact place of sampling were noted on the bottles. In the beginning, the experiment was used to study the effect of initial pH, contact time and the amount of 0.1 g of graphene in 50 ml of solution with a concentration of 20 ppm of manganese. To investigate the effect of adsorbent weight of different amounts of graphene from 0.02 to 0.1 g and 50 mL of solution and to investigate the effect of concentration and determination of adsorption isotherms, manganese with concentrations of 0.5 toppm2 was placed in 50 ml Erlens in the shaker. The effect of pH between 2 and 12 was investigated. In order to adjust the pH of the manganese solution, sodium hydroxide and nitric acid - 0.1 mol L and a pH meter ECO10 model made by Hach Germany were used. Finally, the concentration of manganese in the filtered solutions was measured by a VGA device with an absorption spectrometer. Atomic was measured. In the present study, the effect of parameters affecting adsorption such as initial pH, contact time, initial concentration and weight of graphene was studied by conducting several experiments. The results showed that graphene has a very good performance in removing manganese metal from wastewater. In fact, the larger the size of the absorbent surface and pores, the higher the absorption rate.<br />Conclusion<br />The results showed that with the increase in pH, the amount of absorption also increases, and graphene has less tendency to absorb manganese in acidic pH, and as the pH increases towards the alkaline environment, the amount of absorption also increases. The pH of the environment is known as the most important effective factor in the absorption process. Because increasing or decreasing the pH of the environment changes the ionic state in metals. These pH changes cause ionization of the adsorbent surface, which affects the adsorption process .By increasing the initial concentration of manganese, its absorption percentage decreases, but the absorption capacity of manganese increases, which is due to the saturation of the absorbent surface. Investigating the effect of contact time on the amount of manganese absorption showed that if the mixing time is increased, they will not have a constant adsorbent efficiency and significant amount of absorption. The obtained results showed that most of the absorption takes place within 30 minutes. In the study of Chobdaran et al., 2015, the separation of manganese from industrial wastewater was investigated using the process of surface absorption by anthracite and its comparison with activated carbon, and the results showed showed that with increasing contact time, the absorption rate increased and absorption reached equilibrium in 70 minutes. With the increase in contact time, the amount of absorption increases due to the increase in the opportunity and chance of metal ions meeting with absorbent particles. <br />In the study of Saadati and Shoogardzadeh., 2019, which investigated the removal of nickel, the results showed that the equilibrium data of nickel adsorption on silica airgel/active carbon nanocomposite followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The results of the present study showed that with increasing metal concentration, the removal percentage decreases. This can be attributed to the increase in the ratio of cations in the solution to the absorbent surface. By increasing the amount of adsorbent, the number of available adsorption sites for metal ions increases; Therefore, the efficiency of the absorption process increases, but the absorption capacity decreases, which is because the sites are not saturated in the absorption reactions.<br />Studies of adsorption isotherms showed that the adsorption process of manganese by graphene is in good agreement with Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin equations, and Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation has a higher correlation coefficient compared to Freundlich and Temkin equations.<br />suggestions<br />1) Carrying out experiments on the absorption of manganese from the solution phase in the adsorbent column (continuous)<br />2) Investigating the absorption of manganese from the gas phase<br />3) Investigating the performance of graphene in real environments, by carrying out absorption from other polluted industrial wastes, and also for surface absorption of heavy metals.<br />4) Examining the experiments at higher concentrations and also studying the synthetic absorption for temperatures of 35 and 45 degrees.<br />Keywords: graphene, surface adsorption, adsorption isotherm, manganese, wastewaterمساله تأمین آب به عنوان مهمترین سرویس جانبی هر واحد صنعتی میباشد که طی مصارف مختلف تبدیل به فاضلاب صنعتی میگردد دستیابی به روش های بازیابی فاضلاب های صنعتی واجد اهمیت است. درمطالعه حاضر آزمایش های حذف منگنز توسط جاذب گرافن در شرایط مختلف بصورت ناپیوسته انجام شد . سپس اثر پارامتر های موثر بر جذب منگنز نظیر pH ( از محیط اسیدی 2 تا محیط بازی 12) ، زمان تماس(از 5 تا 30 دقیقه)، غلظت اولیهppm 20و میزان جاذب مورد استفاده (gr0.02 وgr 0.04 وgr 0.06 وgr 0.08وgr 0.1) بررسی شد. برای اندازه گیری میزان منگنز در محلول از دستگاه جذب اتمیک استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که محیط بازی بهینه برای جاذب برابر 10 بوده است.در بررسی اثر گرم جاذب بر درصد جذب مشاهده شد که نانو گرافن استفاده شده قدرت جذب فوق العاده بالایی در حذف آلاینده ها دارد. نتایج نشان داد که فرآیند حذف منگنز از محلول آبی از معادله شبه درجه دوم با دقت بسیار بالایی تبعیت دارد. ماکسیمم حذف منگنز از محلول آبیppm 2 توسطgr 0.08 نانوگرافن در محیط بازی 10 و در زمان تماس 30 دقیقه بوده است ، که درصد جذب 99.05% بدست آمد. گرافن عملکرد بسیار خوبی در حذف فلزمنگنز از پساب دارد. در واقع هرچه وسعت سطح و منافذ جاذب بیشتر باشد میزان جذب نیز افزایش می یابد .https://www.jess.ir/article_215118_a3078e326164188b1a9232973737b9be.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220250212Investigating the role of cultural traditions on the sustainable development of cities with the approach of the peaceful city movement
(Case study: Ardabil city)بررسی نقش سنتهای فرهنگی بر توسعه پایدار شهرها با رویکرد جنبش شهر آرام (مطالعه موردی: شهراردبیل)6366637221511910.22034/jess.2022.357246.1855FAمحمد حسنیزدانیگروه آموزشی جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران0000-0001-8088-6910مریمجامی اودولودانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلیژیلافرزانه سادات زارنجیدانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی0000-0002-2536-0702Journal Article20220821In the modern capitalist system, the city is considered as a suitable place and urbanism as a desirable way of living in it. The rise and influence of the capitalist culture in the third world, including Iran, followed the trend of industrialization, and the assembly and related industry, as a clear symbol of that irreparable damage and complications, was planted in the economic and social structure of the Iranian society. Among its consequences is the heterogeneous urban concentration and rapid growth of the urban population due to the extensive rural-urban migration. A process that actually causes the transfer of the mostly poor population to the cities. The expansion of urban life and urbanism and the concentration of capital in cities have caused neglect of rural areas. which causes population flow or in other words migration from villages to cities and vice versa<br />The excessive reliance of modern urbanism on the needs of vehicular movement and neglecting the maintenance and organization of pedestrian spaces has led to the decline of social, cultural and visual values, and as a result, the quality of life and urban livability decreases. The rapid growth of cities, the exponential increase of the urban population, and the subsequent inappropriate and disorganized physical growth, have the consequences of dissatisfaction with urban life and are associated with the loss of vitality. Our time is the time of speed; Travel, communication, production and exchange, weather changes, etc. are faster. With the renovation and construction of scattered and unprincipled, especially at the level of the metropolises of the developing countries, the principle of urban life and social life has gone into oblivion. In line with efforts to improve the quality of life; Providing vitality, liveliness and urban livability has become one of the main concerns of the urban management system and the goal of many urban programs. Several movements such as smart city, creative city, green city, electronic city, etc. have been proposed in order to respond to urban issues, each of which has characteristics, strengths and weaknesses. One of the newest and most successful movements is the "Quiet City" movement.<br />Cities as a suitable place and urbanization as a desirable way of life are considered the most important centers of development. Meanwhile, cultural traditions as an important category in sustainable urban development with the penetration and influence of capitalist culture in the third world, including Iran, have caused heterogeneous urban concentration and accelerated urban growth. In order to solve the upcoming challenges, several viewpoints have been formulated in order to achieve sustainability; One of the newest and most successful approaches is the Peaceful City movement, which was created as a cultural movement to increase the quality of life and reduce speed in cities. Irregular urban growth, urban sprawl, loss of agricultural land, lack of proper infrastructure, spread of pollution and environmental destruction, rapid growth of urban population, which has practically distanced cities from the concept of sustainable development. And as a result, it has caused today's cities to distance themselves from the indicators that a peaceful city has. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to investigate the role of cultural traditions on the sustainable development of Ardabil city with the approach of the peaceful city movement. As you can see, today the population of cities is increasing very rapidly and following that, city management is done to provide services and facilities to such a large number of people in such a way that people can achieve their goals and objectives faster.<br /><br />Methodology<br />The collection method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The data collection method was also based on library, field studies and questionnaire completion. The statistical population of the research consists of the citizens of Ardabil city (529,374 people), of which 383 people were estimated as the sample size based on Cochran's formula and were distributed and completed by simple random sampling method in Ardabil city. A five-point Likert scale (1=very low, 2=low, 3=moderate, 4=high, 5=very high) was used to value the questions. In this regard, 6 indicators (infrastructure, local products, culture, hospitality, urban context, environment) were used in the form of 41 items. The validity of the content of the questionnaire questions has been confirmed by professors and experts, and to calculate the reliability of the questions, first, the questionnaire was implemented with a pre-test on a sample of 30 people, and then the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using the Cronbach's alpha method, and the overall coefficient was 812. 0.0 was obtained, which shows the high level of reliability of the questionnaire. For data analysis, spss software and one-sample t test were used.<br />.<br />Conclusion <br />In order to investigate the role of cultural traditions on the sustainable development of cities with the approach of the peaceful city movement, a one-sample t-test has been used. In this test, a 5-point Likert scale was used and ranks 1 to 5 were assigned to the answers, 1 point indicates the lowest level of influence of the indicators and 5 points indicates the highest level of influence. In this way, the number 3 is considered as the theoretical average of the answers and the average obtained is compared with the number 3. Based on the results of the one-sample test, the average of the indicators except the hospitality index is below the average (3). This means that Ardabil city has an unfavorable situation in terms of Shahr Aram indicators. According to the value of t statistic which shows (99% significance level) in all indicators and that the error level in all indicators is less than 1%, it can be said that the claims made are significant at 99% level and approved. Placed. The findings of the research indicate that the average of the indicators was below the average level, so that except for the hospitality index, all the indicators were less than 3. Among the indicators studied, the lowest value is related to the environment and the highest value is related to the hospitality index. It should be noted that the environmental index had the most negative impact on the realization of Peaceful city.شهرها بهعنوان مکان مناسب و شهرنشینی بهعنوان شیوه مطلوب زیست در آن مهمترین کانونهای توسعه بهشمار میروند. در این میان سنتهای فرهنگی بهعنوان مقوله مهم در توسعه پایدار شهری با رسوخ و نفوذ فرهنگ سرمایهداری در جهان سوم از جمله ایران موجب تمرکز شهری ناهمگون و رشد شتابان شهری شده است. برای برطرف کردن چالشهای پیشرو دیدگاههای متعددی در راستای دستیابی به پایداری تدوین شده است؛ یکی از جدیدترین و موفقترین رویکردها، جنبش شهر آرام است که به منزلة جنبشی فرهنگی به منظور افزایش کیفیت زندگی و کاهش سرعت در شهرها ایجاد شد. بر همین اساس پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش سنتهای فرهنگی بر توسعه پایدار شهر اردبیل با رویکرد شهر آرام، جهت برنامهریزی آتی انجام شد. این پژوهش از لحاظ هدف کاربردی و از لحاظ ماهیت توصیفی و تحلیلی است. داده های مورد نیاز از طریق روش های میدانی گردآوری شده اند. جامعهی آماری تحقیق را شهروندان شهر اردبیل تشکیل میدهند که 383 نفر بر اساس فرمول کوکران به عنوان حجم نمونه برآورد گردید. که به روش نمونهگیری تصادفی ساده در سطح شهر اردبیل توزیع و تکمیل گردید. داده های به دست آمده از پرسش نامه با استفاده از نرم افزارspss و آزمون،T تک نمونه ای مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج به دست آمده از پژوهش براساس آزمون T نشان می دهد در تمامی شاخص های مورد مطالعه میانگین شاخص ها به جز شاخص مهمان نوازی کمتر از حد متوسط (3) می باشد. این بدان معناست که شهراردبیل به لحاظ شاخص های شهرآرام دارای وضعیت نامطلوبی می باشد. شاخص زیست محیطی بیشترین تاثیر منفی را بر تحقق پذیری شهرآرام داشته استhttps://www.jess.ir/article_215119_6fca0a1bb7df30924337f674e82eb6a2.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Surface and Crown Fuels and Wildfire Behavior in Natural and Planted Forests Ecosystem of the Watershed of 25 (Shenroud, Siahkal)موادسوختنی سطحی و تاجی و رفتار آتش در بومسازگان جنگلهای طبیعی و دست-کاشت حوضه آبخیز 25 شنرود سیاهکل6373638721516310.22034/jess.2022.355966.1844FAرقیهجهدیگروه علوم مهندسی جنگل، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی0000-0002-9461-9511مهدیعربیدانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجایی تهرانJournal Article20220813Abstract<br />Siahkal forests in northern Iran experienced extended and devastating fire seasons in recent decades, in most cases, driven by dry, warm/hot, windy weather. Identifying forest fuel and wildfire risk dynamics is important for an integrated fire-forest management strategy. To understand how forest structure controls these dynamics, we quantified forest fuels and fire behaviour across different forest types in the study area. In this work, we present the results of an analysis of wildfire behaviour from historical fire records, vegetation type, weather, and fuel moisture. We used a modelling approach to estimate the physical parameters of surface fire behaviour: flame length and fire size; as well as the potential crown fire occurrence. We selected a large forest watershed area in Siahkal County of north Iran, under temperate broadleaf forests and mixed plantations with variable compositions. To run the model, we gathered data on forest structure and composition, and physical information. We detected moderate to high levels of fire size and flame length, ascribed to the high availability of very dry fine biomass. The crown fire potential varied greatly throughout the landscape. Low stands were more prone to crowning. The results show that crown fire potential in plantation stands especially conifers are higher compared to natural stands. In addition, the early stages of planted stands are more likely to experience crown fire due to their low mean height and low CBH. The findings can assist in the identification of priority areas where forest structure needs to be managed.<br /><br />Introduction<br />Agricultural land development, large-scale land acquisitions, past logging practices, excessive grazing by livestock, and silvicultural treatments have altered forest structure and changed the fire regime from low to mixed-severity to a high severity wildfire in the old-growth Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran in the past 3 decades. Furthermore, fast-growing tree species such as poplars, maples, Alnus, and Pinus in large-scale plantations were used under short-rotation forestry in the area. In this work, we described the fuel complexes created by the variable forest structure and used a fire simulation system to test for differences in surface and crown fire behaviour among the forest types. Surface and crown fires are modeled using FlamMap MTT simulation (Finney, 2006) and based on local fuel models and historical fire information in the study area. The simulation output maps in this study include estimates of the main characteristics of surface fire, i.e., flame length and fire size, as well as the crown fire probability, which is used to inform land managers about suitable places for silvicultural treatments to remove and reduce combustible fuels, and finally, it is used to design strategies for fire risk management.<br /><br />Methodology <br />Study area <br />The study was conducted in the watershed of 25 (Shenroud), which is located in the lowland and sub-mountain zones of the Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran. This forest watershed compromised 190 km2 and extends from the Shenrud River in the north to the Dorfak Peak in the south. <br />Field Sampling<br />Field data were obtained from the forest inventory carried out in the framework of forestry plans in the study area. To measure surface and crown fuel characteristics, square samples with dimensions of 30 x 30 meters (130 samples in total) were used by stratified random sampling method in the summer and fall of 2020. All trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 7.5 cm were measured in each plot. Tree height, the height of the live crown base (CBH), and crown width (in two directions at right angles to each other) were measured in a subsample of three trees per plot (the northernmost, southernmost, and one dominant tree). The individual tree measurements were used to estimate the following canopy fuel variables in each plot: canopy height (CH, m), canopy basal height (CBH, m), and canopy bulk density (CBD, 100kg m-3). In order to estimate the percentage of grass cover and litter on the forest floor in the center of each sample plot, a microplot with dimensions of 1 x 1 meter was taken. In addition, in these microplots, the diameter of dead and fallen wood pieces was measured.<br />Fire simulation<br />For the study area, using FlamMap MTT (Finnet, 2006) 10,000 random fires were simulated based on ignition points of historical fires in the studied period. Fire history data for the study area showed 176 recorded fires during the period 2000-2020, almost entirely caused by human-caused fires. The total burned area for these fires is approximately 1524 ha.<br />Fire growth calculations were performed with outputs with a resolution of 30 meters. According to the historical information about the fire and the prevailing wind conditions in the study area, the duration of the fire was simulated for 6 hours with the direction of the west wind and the wind speed of 10 km/h. Finally, the analysis of the fire model outputs including flame length, fire size, and the crown fire probability was done on the scale of the landscape and also the main fuel types in the study area.<br /><br />Results<br />The results obtained in Table 1 show that conifer plantation has more fuel load in both live and dead biomass. In this model, the average load of live and dead fuel was estimated at 7.3 and 4 tons per hectare, respectively. In general, the fuel load of live biomass in the broadleaf forest is small, which plays an insignificant role in crown fires. While the amount of dead biomass fuel load is important in the case of surface fires in both conifer and broadleaf forests (Velizarova et al., 2014).<br />Regarding the characteristics of the forest canopy, Figure 1 presents the spatial distribution of the canopy cover, canopy height, canopy base height, and canopy bulk density for the study area. General statistics are also presented in Table 1. Among the woody fuel models, the natural beech forest has a relatively closed canopy with an average canopy cover of 80%, and after that, the mixed broadleaf forest has the highest canopy cover of 60%. According to the canopy cover, the highest canopy height (18 m) was recorded in the natural beech forest. The variability observed in the average values of the crown base height was lower compared to other crown fuel variables among the available fuel models. The average values of crown base height ranged from 2 m in the shrub fuel to 3.4 m in the natural beech forest. The average crown bulk density in the study area is equal to 15 (100 kg/m2). High crown bulk density values (>20 100 kg/m2) were obtained in the northern areas of the study area and in plantation fuel types. The highest average crown bulk density in the available fuel models was equal to 18 (100 kg/m2) in conifer plantation. The small and dense branches of the Loblolly pine and the Norway spruce have led to a higher density of crown fuel per unit area in conifer plantation. This result is in accordance with the result of the study by Fernández-Alonso et al. (2013).<br />The results of the spatial distribution of the flame length, fire size, and the crown fire probability in the landscape are presented in Figure 1. Regarding surface fire characteristics (flame length and fire size), medium to high levels of these components was detected, which was due to the high availability of very dry fine biomass in the study area. The size of the fires after a 6-hour simulation ranged from 0.1 ha to 2,300 ha, with an average of 430 ha. The flame length also varied from 0 m to 5 m, with an average of about 1 m. Regarding the crown fire potential, which is a function of the quantity and order of combustible fuels, the low level of this component was simulated in the study area. Based on the model results, the crown fire probability varied from 0 to 15% in the study area, with an average of 2%. Also, in Table 2, the differences in the average of these simulated fire behavior characteristics in different fuel models are presented.<br />In the study area, with the increase in tree density from the grass-fuel model to the wood-fuel model, a significant decrease in fire spread rate and fire intensity and as a result, the simulated fire size is observed. By creating a colder and wetter microclimate, tree cover increases the moisture content of fuel and reduces flammability (Newberry et al., 2020). This case has led to less flammability of wood-fuel models, especially in natural forests in the studied area. This result is in accordance with the studies of Ray et al. (2010) and Dodonov et al. (2013).<br />Based on the results of the probability of crown fire occurrence, short forest stands are more prone to crown fire, so fuel models with a higher height of the crown base (3 meters and more in natural forests) have lower fire intensity which is in accordance with the result of Jain and Graham (2007).جنگلهای سیاهکل در شمال ایران در دهههای اخیر فصول آتشسوزی طولانی و شدیدی را تجربه کردهاند که در بیشتر موارد ناشی از هوای خشک، گرم و بادی بوده است. شناسایی مادهسوختنی جنگل و پویاییهای خطر آتش برای استراتژی یکپارچه مدیریت آتش جنگل مهم است. برای درک اینکه چگونه ساختار جنگل بر این پویاییها اثر میگذارد، موادسوختنی جنگل و رفتار آتش در تیپهای مختلف جنگل در منطقه مورد مطالعه کمیسازی شد. در این کار، نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل رفتار آتش از سوابق تاریخی آتش، مدل مادهسوختنی، آب و هوا و رطوبت مادهسوختنی ارائه شد. از یک رویکرد مدلسازی برای تخمین پارامترهای فیزیکی رفتار آتش سطحی شامل طول شعله و اندازه آتش و همچنین احتمال وقوع آتش تاجی استفاده شد. حوزه آبخیز جنگلی وسیع در شهرستان سیاهکل در شمال ایران، با جنگلهای پهنبرگ معتدله و جنگلکاریهای آمیخته با ترکیب متغیر انتخاب شد. برای اجرای مدل، داده ساختار و ترکیب جنگل و اطلاعات فیزیکی جمعآوری شد. بر اساس نتایج، سطوح متوسط تا زیاد اندازه آتش و طول شعله شناسایی شد که ناشی از در دسترس بودن زیاد زیتوده ریز بسیار خشک بود. پتانسیل آتش تاجی در کل سیمایسرزمین مورد مطالعه بسیار متفاوت بود. تودههای کوتاه بیشتر مستعد آتش تاجی بودند. نتایج نشان میدهد که پتانسیل آتش تاجی در تودههای دستکاشت بهویژه سوزنیبرگ در مقایسه با تودههای طبیعی بیشتر است. بعلاوه، مراحل اولیه تودههای دستکاشت به دلیل ارتفاع متوسط کم و ارتفاع پایه تاج کم، بیشتر در مواجه با آتش تاجی هستند. این یافته-ها میتواند در شناسایی مناطق اولویتدار که در آن ساختار جنگل نیاز به مدیریت دارد کمک کند.https://www.jess.ir/article_215163_9a7bd53ecb300f06df62a8525ab617db.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Effectiveness of Infographics on the Learning of Thrifting of Drinking Water Consumption using
5E framework,, Approaching Sustainability of Environment Biologyاثربخشی اینفوگرافیک بر یادگیری صرفهجویی در مصرف آب شرب بنا بر الگوی 5E با رویکرد پایداری محیط زیست6388639821516410.22034/jess.2023.369127.1902FAسید نجم الدینامیر شاهکرمیگروه انیمیشن و سینما، دانشکده هنر و معماری، تهران، ایرانحشمت الهنظریتکنولوژی آموزشی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسصدفعلیزادهتکنولوژی آموزشی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسمحسنبیاتتکنولوژی آموزشی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسJournal Article20221109Effectiveness of Infographics on the Learning of <br />Thrifting of Drinking Water Consumption using5E framework,<br />Approaching Sustainability of Environment Biology<br /><br />Abstract<br />From the viewpoint of behaviorism, incorrect culture of consuming environmental resources exists in Iranian society at the time. No doubt, ignoring such a serious issue more or less affects all parts of the society’s biological life and health. Whiles, this wrong culture can be prevented and changed by an organised education program. In line with this, such a well-planned education system breeds the future generations finely. The system also prevents many plausible occurrence of environmental and human crises. But it seems that, the planners and policy makers of the formal education system have not adequately attention to such important aspects. One is the culture of correct consumption of resources in various fields. The necessity of teaching how to conserve drinking water to the younger people as future citizens in the formal education system, is an undeniable requirement and strategic investments in this field. <br />It is expected that education accelerates social progress through four different but interconnected goals: humanistic goals (through individual and collective quality developments); Civic goals (through strengthening public life and active citizen participation); Economic goals (by promoting people based on creating intellectual and practical skills that are productive and strengthen their living conditions and society, and goals related to improving social rights and justice (Spiel et al., 2018). <br />In terms of behavior change, the traditional education approaches need to be revised as it is mostly based on information transfer and pure speech. Rooted in the positivist epistemological approach and the behaviorist school of psychology, this education method has a passive attitude towards the learner and assigns him a small role in learning (Anderson, 1995). Therefore, there is serious doubt in the efficiency and effectiveness of traditional approaches to create behaviors and change; Because such an approach emphasizes on presenting the information only that is in contradiction with Piaget's (1970) conditions and stages of children's cognitive development. <br />According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children in elementary school only think and learn based on tangible facts around them, and their learning model is learning by doing, not listening to the teacher's lecture! Thus, it is necessary to transform abstract education into objective and concrete education. In this context, David Merrill (2007) believes that every educational presentation should include two elements of expressing information and displaying them, and it is better to present both these elements in the context of a real problem. Problem-oriented teaching or learning is rooted in constructivist psychology. From the perspective of epistemology, it is opposed to the approach of positivism and behavioral psychology (Shank, 2000). In this approach, the student is the center of learning and the agent of knowledge production (Santrak, 2004) and the teacher's role is to guide and facilitate the learning process (Fetsko McClure, 2005).<br />Now the question arises whether the current approaches of the education system have been successful in changing the culture of consuming environmental resources? In response, it can be concluded that owing to the reduction or exhaustion of natural resources such as water resources, forests and other natural reserves during the past years, the current education system has not worked as it should in teaching the right culture of using these resources. As a result, children are indifferent to important issues such as saving drinking water. This is despite the fact that early childhood education can lead to the formation of a correct behavioral culture; It is also possible to draw the attention of children and teenagers to the importance of the optimal use of environmental resources by using artistic methods in presenting educational materials in schools and kindergartens. It should be from the beginning and institutionalize acceptable behavior in them so that in the future they will have to spend huge costs. Not to encourage people to do them.<br />Research Method<br />The current research is a quasi-experimental applied research in which a pre-test-post-test design with a control group is used. The statistical population of the present study was the groups of female students of the fourth grade of elementary school in Tehran in the academic year of 2017-2018. Considering such a statistical power, significance level (0.05) and the strength of the relationship between different independent and dependent variables and based on Coles' opinion, which states that 15 participants are suggested for each school level and considering that In this experimental experiment, it has 3 levels (two experiments and 1 control), and to increase the power of the statistical test and the external validity of 45 of the exceptional female students (15 of the above group), the static infographic; 15 people from dynamic infographic group; and 15 people in the control group) were selected as samples using the cluster sampling method. After selection, the clusters were randomly divided into 3 experimental and control groups.<br />Findings<br />There is no significant difference between the static infographic group and the dynamic infographic group with a significance level of 0.32 (P>0.05). The adjusted average of the static infographic display group was (11.81) and the adjusted average of the dynamic infographic group was (11.03), according to the results of the analysis of covariance and the adjusted averages and considering the limitations of the research, it can be said that there is a difference between the effect of static and dynamic infographics on There is no significant difference in learning to save drinking water.<br />Discussion and conclusion<br />This research aims to determine the effectiveness of static and dynamic infographics for drinking water consumption by children, and the results of covariance analysis show that the use of infographics for consumerism has a significant effect on the consumption of drinking water by children. Therefore, the research hypothesis is confirmed (p<0.001). The research’s finding is aligned with the findings of Chifci (2016) and Ozdamli et al. (2016).<br />It can be said that since infographics are useful in changing the class atmosphere and attracting students' attention (Smiciklas, 2012), they become more effective and faster to communicate with each other (Matrix and Hodson, 2014), infographics change student behaviors. Therefore, this medium can be considered as a potential tool in social and moral development of students. Such educational materials can be used in character education or personal training and help students to internalize values and provide for their growth by clarifying students' mental states and attitudes (Islamoglu et al., 2015). Accordingly, infographics are audio - visual aids that advantageous in addition to actualization, the academic progress and attitude of students (Chifci, 2016). Learners have opportunities to transform their ideas into infographic forms. In other words, visualization is a method that makes the information to be understood and engraved in the student's mind. Therefore, students can shape, organize, and edit information in this process (Smeciklas, 2011). Infographics also are useable effectively and stimulatingly in different courses, educational levels and learning fields, when visual and informational materials need to be presented together. Therefore, various methods are in use when reducing academic achievement, limited attitude and low motivation of students (Chifci, 2016). Visualization is a powerful tool to use (Medina, 2008). Many design theories and message theories support this idea. For example, the "super image theory" explains how tools are learned faster by seeing an image than reading text, because the human brain is primarily designed for visualization. (Clark and Mayer, 2018). Pavio's (1971) dual code theory posits that when people see an image, multiple neural pathways are activated to support memory. As a result, people's perception and attitude increase after using infographics.<br />From an educational perspective, infographics attract attention, create connections, convey concepts, reduce cognitive complexity, create beautiful artifacts, and create or activate a schema through which to represent familiar topics and information for the learner. (Clark and Lyons, 1389). An effective infographic in an educational setting can serve as a job aid, pre-organizer, mind map, content summary, and study and attitude change tool. It conveys also the gist or gist of a message without one having to read the relevant text in its entirety (Ware, 2012); By viewing, the reader can understand an infographic at a glance. Use infographics when tables, charts, and text cannot convey a concept clearly and completely (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012).<br />The combination and dynamic image with sound will teach people the text more efficiently and lastingly than the text alone. Infographics support cognitive processing, recognition, recognition and retrieval, and attitude change. The power of infographics lies in the fact that while accurately and clearly conveying the content, it is a way to present a large amount of content in a limited time and space. Because visual presentation, compared to text or oral expression, shows a story and the relationships within it much faster (Dunlap and Lowenthal, 2016). Infographics convey complex information with visual brevity and analysis and educate students.بهرهبرداری پایدار از منابع محیط زیست همچون آب شرب از مهمترین مسائل جوامع انسانی است، از اینرو، نهادهای تعلیم و تربیت در تلاشند توجه نوباوگان را به مصرف بهینهی این منبع حیاتی جلب کرده تا روشهای مصرف درست را فراگیرند. در این راستا، پژوهش حاضر به اثربخشی اینفوگرافیک ایستا و پویا بر یادگیری کودکان در صرفهجویی مصرف آب شرب برمبنای الگوی طراحی آموزشی سازندهگرایی 5E میپردازد. روش پژوهش، شبهآزمایشی از نوع طرحهای پیشآزمون-پسآزمون با گروه کنترل بود. جامعهی آماری، دانشآموزان دختر پایه چهارم ابتدایی شهر تهران سال تحصیلی 98-1397 انتخاب شد. برای نمونهگیری خوشهای، بطور تصادفی سه گروه 15 نفره از سه کلاس در گروههای آزمایش و کنترل گمارده شدند. همچنین با استفاده از پرسشنامه محققساخته گویههای لازم از صاحب نظران با مصاحبه گردآوری شد. گروههای آزمایش در 21 جلسه یک و نیم ساعته با اینفوگرافیکهای ایستا و پویا برمبنای الگوی 5E آموزش دیدند. فرضیههای پژوهش با تحلیلکواریانس تکمتغیری آزمون شد. بر اساس یافتهها کاربرد جداگانهی اینفوگرافیک ایستا و پویا بر پایهی الگوی 5E بر یادگیری صرفهجویی در مصرف آب شرب تاثیر معنیداری دارد (P>0.01). همچنین بین اینفوگرافیک ایستا و پویا از نظر تاثیر بر یادگیری صرفهجویی در مصرف آب شرب تفاوت معنیداری وجود ندارد (P>0.05). برای موضوعاتی که قرار است اطلاعات دقیقی را در اختیار یادگیرندگان قرار دهیم بهتر است از اینفوگرافیک استفاده شود، زیرا سبب تلخیص اطلاعات، سادهسازی، و ارائه سریع آنها برای یادگیرندگان میشود. این روش ارتباطی همچنین، رسانه قدرتمندی برای جلب توجه و ایجاد نگرش و فرهنگسازی است.https://www.jess.ir/article_215164_14e6f3570bc616813ed90c55fe467e74.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Effects of heavy metal emitted by important industries of Shazand city on the surrounding environmentارزیابی اثرات آلودگی فلزات سنگین صنایع مهم شهرستان شازند بر محیطزیست اطراف6399641121516510.22034/jess.2022.369541.1904FAسعیدشرفیگروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده کشاورزی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه اراک، اراک، استان مرکزی، ایرانمهدیمزرعه فراهانیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد محیط زیست دانشگاه اراکعلیکاظمیاستادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشگاه اراکJournal Article20221112Abstract<br />Introduction<br />With the increase in population and the expansion of cities and their transformation into the heterogeneous population and social centers, various types of environmental pollution have been created, causing damage to the city and the excessive growth of cities. Therefore, with the increase in human activities along with the rapid expansion of urbanization in the past few decades, scientific monitoring of important industries is highly needed. When there are several pollutants in the air together, they stimulate each other's effect and have a more aggravating effect and finally multiply the damage caused to living beings, especially plants. In general, one pollutant may create the conditions for the impact of another pollutant, and in this situation, the organisms or the plant as a defenseless organism will be stressed, but which pollutant has the most significant impact on the organisms cannot be easily determined. Pollution in each of the water and soil sources is one of the serious problems that is inseparable from daily and modern civilization. According to international standards, heavy metals are known as the most dangerous group of contaminants created by humans due to their high toxicity and lethality, as well as their high persistence in the environment. Based on this, industries have a high pollution load, especially the release of suspended particles and heavy metals into the surrounding environment, which should be considered with special care in terms of their establishment and exploitation in order to avoid any risks and adverse effects on humans and other organisms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the environmental effects of the important industries of Shazand city on the surrounding environment.<br />Methodology<br />Shazand city is very important due to the presence of major industries such as gasoline refinery, petrochemical, and thermal power plant, being located on the west and south transit routes, and the national north-south railway line of the country. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of creating environmental concerns in the field of pollution caused by metals (including Cu, Zn, Mg, Fe, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Co) in the soil and plants within a five-kilometer radius of important industries in Shazand city. For this purpose, soil samples from a depth of 0-30 cm and plant samples from green areas (pine trees), fruit orchards (leaves and fruits of walnuts and almonds), wheat fields (including samples of roots, stems, leaves, and seeds), pastures (mountain rye (Secale montanum. L) and Euphorbia (Euphorbia helioscopia. L)) were prepared. From each of the tested ranges, 10 samples were selected and tested. A sampling of plants, soil, and water was done based on a random systematic method and the study area was divided into 5×5 km square grids. By examining the area, the areas where the intensity of land use was high or low, grid spacing of 2.5×2.5 square kilometers was selected for sampling. Extraction to determine the concentration of heavy metals in the soil was also done by HCl and HNO2 digestion methods. The concentration of heavy elements was measured using an atomic absorption device and a graphite furnace.<br />Results <br />The test results showed that the concentration of Cd, Pb, Co, and Cr in all the studied soils was higher than the permissible limit. Also, the concentration of Fe, Cu and Cr, Cd, and Co in all plant samples of green spaces, gardens, and pastures was beyond the allowed concentration. Although the concentration of Cr and Co in wheat grain exceeded the permissible limit, they were not in the critical range. From the analysis of the concentration of elements in the soil of each vegetation cover, it was found that the highest values of the transfer coefficient were observed in the soil of wheat fields, pastures, orchards, and green spaces, respectively. The concentration of elements in the soil of each vegetation cover was determined, and the highest ecological risk index was obtained in the soil of pastures, orchards, wheat fields, and green spaces, respectively. However, in all the sampled soils, the index value was calculated to be less than 150, which indicates the low ecological risk of the measured elements in the sampled soil. Based on the results, the transfer factor of manganese and cadmium was measured more than once, and these results indicate the bioaccumulation of these metals from soil to plants, and for the rest of the measured metals, this amount was calculated to be less than one. Based on this, it was reported that the transfer factor in gardens and pasture plants was higher than in wheat in the investigated area. The reason for this was the permanent presence of these plants in the region. Another noteworthy point was the accumulation of these elements in the seeds or fruits of plants, which was observed more than in other plant organs.<br />Conclusion<br />Due to the increasing importance of food, in recent years, the attention of the public and regulatory organizations in the food sector, especially the World Trade Organization, has been seriously focused on food safety and quality assurance. Based on the results obtained:<br />In pine leaves, the concentration of Cu, Co, Cd, Mg, and Cr elements exceeded the permissible limit, and only the concentration of Cu, Mg, and Cr elements was in the critical concentration range.<br />- In walnut leaves, the concentration of Cu and Cr elements exceeded the permissible limit and was in the critical concentration range, but the concentration of Cd and Co exceeded the normal limit. In almond leaves, the concentration of Cr and Co was higher than normal.<br />- In almond fruit, the concentration of Cr, Co and Cd elements was higher than normal, but it was not in the critical concentration range.<br />- In the investigation of the concentration of elements in wheat grain, it was found that the concentration of Cr and Co elements exceeded the permissible limit, but it was not in the critical range.<br />- The concentration of Cu, Co, Cd, and Cr elements in mountain rye and Euphorbia plants exceeded the permissible limits and were in the critical range. However, in mountain rye, the concentration of Cr element was higher than its normal level in plants and was in the critical range.<br />- The values of transfer factor were observed in the soil of wheat fields and pastures respectively higher than garden soil and green space. Also, the risk assessment index was obtained in the soil of pastures and orchards higher than wheat lands and green spaces, respectively.آلودگی در هر یک از منابع هوا، آب و خاک به فلزات سنگین و همچنین بالا بودن غلظت این ترکیبات علاوه بر تاثیر بر آب و خاک در هر منطقه میتواند تهدیدی برای سلامت انسان و زیستبوم باشد. این پژوهش با هدف ایجاد دغدغههای محیط زیستی در زمینه آلودگی ناشی از فلزات (شامل؛ مس، روی، منگنز، آهن، کادمیوم، سرب، کروم و کبالت) در خاک و گیاهان در شعاع پنج کیلومتری صنایع مهم شهرستان شازند انجام گردید. به همین منظور نمونههای خاک از عمق صفر تا 30 سانتیمتر و نمونههای گیاهی از فضای سبز (درختان کاج)، باغات میوه (برگ و میوهی گردو و بادام)، مزارع گندم (شامل نمونههای؛ ریشه، ساقه، برگ و دانه)، مراتع (چاودارکوهی و شیرسگ) تهیه گردید. از هر یک از محدودههای مورد آزمایش تعداد 10 نمونه انتخاب، و مورد آزمایش قرار گرفت. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که غلظت کادمیوم، سرب، کبالت و کروم در کلیه خاکهای مورد بررسی بالاتر از حد مجاز گزارش گردید. همچنین غلظت آهن، مس و کروم، کادمیوم و کبالت در کلیه نمونههای گیاهی فضای سبز، باغات و مراتع فراتر از غلظت مجاز بود. هرچند در دانه گندم غلظت کروم و کبالت از حد مجاز آن فراتر بود، اما در دامنه بحرانی قرار نداشتند. از بررسی غلظت عناصر در خاک هر یک از پوششهای گیاهی مشخص شد که بالاترین مقادیر ضریب انتقال بهترتیب در خاک مزارع گندم، خاک مراتع، باغات و خاک فضاهای سبز مشاهده گردید. غلظت عناصر در خاک هر یک از پوششهای گیاهی مشخص شد که بالاترین شاخص ریسک اکولوژیک بهترتیب در خاک مراتع، باغات، اراضی گندم و فضای سبز بهدست آمد.https://www.jess.ir/article_215165_9af982532db057030ad056b6496df815.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723The effect of green supply chain on environmental and economic performance from the perspective of food retailers in Sari cityتاثیر زنجیره تامین سبز بر عملکرد محیطزیستی و اقتصادی از نگاه خردهفروشان مواد غذایی شهر ساری6412642021516610.22034/jess.2022.370358.1905FAمریماسدپور گلوگاهیگروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایرانسید مجتبیمجاوریانگروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری ایران0000-0003-4821-1539فوادعشقیگروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایرانJournal Article20221115Introduction<br />Despite the increasing well-being of economic growth in the contemporary era, serious environmental problems are facing the future of humanity, threatening human life. Economic activities such as industrial, agricultural, and service activities use natural resources and dependent on them, on the other hand the nature of their process potentially pollute the environment; Therefore, if not paying attention to these activities' consequences and environmental issues, enormous costs must be spent to remove the damage and waste from a lack of attention to this issue. Research in organizational sustainability and sustainable utilization of resources have generally been conducted within the scope of large companies. At the same time, the main share of industrial and commercial activities is available to small and medium-sized businesses and they actually have a significant contribution to environmental performance; Therefore, methods such as green supply chain management are useful for small and medium-sized organizations to expand green activities to improve environmental performance. Green supply chain management is with environmental requirements in all stages of product design, selection and supply of raw materials, production and manufacturing, delivery and transfer processes, and reuse management to maximize the resources and productivity of energy consumption along with improvement of supply chain performance. According to studies today, the consumer wants to protect himself and the environment, and this has formed a kind of social responsibility and has led to the formation of targeted consumer choices, and as a result, companies have faced increasing pressure to be responsible and greener. The distribution sector is one of the important sectors of the economy. This sector, as the interface between consumer and producer to create a market economy, is essential and plays an essential role in price bidding. The distribution sector is one of the important sectors of the economy. This sector, as the interface between consumer and producer to create a market economy, is essential and plays an essential role in Price formation. Retailers play the most important role in changing people's consumption patterns and are also the most important part of the supply chain of any company. The growth in stores, along with the pursuit of a competitive strategy, has led to a high level of concentration in food retailing. Considering the importance of food and its waste, the development of retail sales, as well as the existence of environmental problems in this region, the existence of research that is comprehensive and complete in a way that shows the effect of green supply chain management in the aspect of food retail It seems necessary to examine and evaluate.<br />Methodology <br />This study examines the relationship between the green supply chain with environmental performance and economic performance among food retailers in Sari city. The statistical population of this research is all food retailers in Sari city. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula with an unknown statistical population of 96, and 130 questionnaires were distributed to be sure, and 119 questionnaires were confirmed by removing ambiguous questionnaires. The data required for this research was collected using a five-point Likert questionnaire in the spring of 2022 and the model was analyzed using the structural equation model through Smart-PLS software. <br />A structural equation model (SEM) is a specific causal structure between a set of latent variables and observed variables. Through the structural equation model, latent variables (factor or structure) can be measured indirectly by using obvious variables (questionnaire items or questions). To check the relationship between green supply chain factors in stores and supply chain management processes on environmental and economic performance; Factor load, reliability, and validity of each of the observed variables are evaluated. To check the validity of each of the observed items or variables, the factor load of each observed variable is calculated, which shows whether the variance between the constructs and its indicators is greater than the variance of the measurement error of that construct or not. Average Variance Extracted (AVE) is used to establish validity. Also, the index used to measure reliability is the composite reliability index (CR), which calculates the reliability of structures not in absolute terms, but according to the correlation of their structures with each other, and it is superior from this point of view.<br />Conclusion<br />The primary purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between the green supply chain and economic and environmental performance in food retail in Sari. In this research, data analysis was performed in two parts: descriptive and inferential. According to the diversity of the structure of the stores, 14% were grocery, 79% were grocery and protein items, and 7% were grocery, protein items and vegetables. The minimum and maximum ages for store managers were 24 and 74, respectively. In terms of area, the smallest store was about 15 square meters, and the largest store was about 2000 square meters. Based on the results obtained, among the influencing factors for green activities in stores, we can mention the negative effect of water and energy management and waste management on cooperation with supplier. Additionally, the influencing factors in SCM processes can be described as the impact of 0.430 units of green purchasing on environmental performance, the impact of 0.270 and 0.216 units of green logistics on environmental performance and economic performance, respectively, and the impact of 0.432 units of cooperation with suppliers on economic performance. In addition, based on the results of the influencing factor in the performance results, it can be seen that the effect of 0.329 units and significant environmental performance on economic performance. Based on the results of this research, it can be suggested to the retail stores and food stores of the studied area that it is better to replace the traditional supply chain of their businesses with the green supply chain to maintain the environmental performance and improve their economic performance. Also, the importance of this issue requires that the green supply chain management model be considered at different levels of society, which this research was also formed in this regard, and it can help the competitiveness of organizations and the environmental performance of the food industry.با وجود افزایش رفاه ناشی از رشد اقتصادی در دوران معاصر، مشکلات جدی محیطزیستی فرا روی آینده بشریت قرار دارد، که زندگی بشر را تهدید میکند. زنجیره تامین سبز یک ایده مدیریتی مدرن برای به حداقل رساندن اثرات محیطزیستی و به حداکثر رساندن بهره-وری منابع در تولید، فرآوری، بستهبندی، ذخیرهسازی و حمل و نقل و در نهایت ضایعات کمتر است. هدف از این مطالعه شناسایی رابطه بین زنجیره تامین سبز بر عملکرد اقتصادی و محیطزیستی در خردهفروشیهای موادغذایی شهر ساری میباشد. دادههای مورد نیاز این پژوهش، با استفاده از 119پرسشنامه لیکرت پنج امتیازی از فروشگاهها و خردهفروشیهای مواد غذایی منطقه مورد مطالعه، در بهار سال 1401، جمعآوری شد. الگوی مورد استفاده معادلات ساختاری بوده که از طریق نرمافزار Smart-PLS برآورد گردید. بر اساس نتایج، عوامل اثرگذار در بخش فرآیندهای مدیریت زنجیره تامین را میتوان به اثر 430/0 واحدی خرید سبز بر عملکرد محیطزیستی، بترتیب اثر 270/0 و 216/0 واحدی لجستیک سبز بر عملکرد محیطزیستی و عملکرد اقتصادی و اثر 432/0 واحدی همکاری با تامینکنندگان بر عملکرد اقتصادی انطباق داد. علاوهبر این؛ بر اساس نتایج، عامل اثرگذار در بخش نتایج عملکرد را میتوان به اثر 329/0 واحدی و معنی-دار عملکرد محیطزیستی بر عملکرد اقتصادی مشاهده کرد. براساس نتایج این تحقیق، میتوان به خردهفروشیها و فروشگاههای موادغذایی منطقه مورد مطالعه پیشنهاد نمود؛ در صورت بکارگیری زنجیره تامین سبز به جای سنتی، عملکرد محیطزیستی حفظ و عملکرد اقتصادی کسب و کارهایشان بهبود مییابد.https://www.jess.ir/article_215166_bcc53060e3df35ade47a50ef25bc5bb8.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Competitiveness analysis of Ardabil province using Paolova model and dynamic model (Case study: Garmi, Parsabad, Meshginshahr)تحلیل توان رقابت پذیری استان اردبیل با استفاده از مدل پائوولوا و مدل دینامیکی (مطالعه موردی: گرمی، پارس آباد، مشگین شهر)6421643421516710.22034/jess.2022.341960.1782FAموسیعابدینیعضو هیات علمی گروه جغرافیای طبیعی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی0000-0002-4243-4670امیرحسامپاسبانگروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایرانبهروزنظافت تکلهدانشگاه محقق اردبیلی0000-0003-3171-1772زهراشهبازی شرفهمحقق اردبیلیJournal Article20220511Abstract <br /><br />Introduction<br />Attention Due to the increasing attention to tourism and becoming competitive in the tourism market around the world, tourism destinations are increasingly competing with attracting tourists. Geotourism is a new, dynamic and evolving form of tourism that is mainly influenced by the inherent contexts and attractions of disciplines such as geomorphology, geology, mineralogy, fossilology, caving and other related sciences. It is also influenced by the technical exploration of cultural and historical sites associated with mining activities, the discovery of specific museums in a region, or historical monuments. This study evaluates the geotourism potential and analyzes the competitiveness of the geotouristic areas of the case study (Germi, Parsabad, Meshgin shahr). There are various factors involved in the development of tourism, the absence of some of which poses many challenges to the development of tourism. Accordingly, identifying the factors affecting tourism development is a basic precondition for national planning and development and will play an important role in tourism development in the study areas. The reason for choosing these areas is due to having all three areas with almost similar characteristics of geotouristic attractions and on the other hand having the variables of the models of this research in these areas. According to the fields related to geotourism, it is necessary to define and identify indicators and factors assessing the competitiveness of geotourism in each region so that based on these indicators, the attractiveness and competitiveness of the region can not only be determined but can be compared with other regions and low value. To take on. . Therefore, the first task in this field will be to identify the indicators and determinants of competitiveness of the evaluated areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the geotourism potential and analyze the competitiveness of geotouristic regions of Ardabil province (Case study: Hir, Khalkhal, Sarein). <br />Methodology<br />The study areas are located in Ardabil province. Ardabil province in the northwest of the Iranian plateau, with more than 18 thousand and 50 square kilometers, constitutes about 1% of the country's area. This province is bordered by Aras River, Moghan Plain and Balharud from the north to the Republic of Azerbaijan, from the east to Talesh and Baghro mountains in Gilan province, from the south to interconnected mountains, valleys and plains of Zanjan province and from the west to East Azerbaijan province. it's limited. In this research, 1: 50,000 topographic maps, 1: 100,000 geological maps, as well as GIS software have been used to identify the study areas. Field study This research was conducted as a field and a questionnaire was completed in the spring of 1401. During the field study, in addition to providing images of the geotourist attractions of the study areas, questionnaires were also completed from travelers and tourism experts based on the model items used. The selection of the study areas is due to the fact that, firstly, the selected areas have geotouristic features and are also among the key areas in Ardabil province. The study method is descriptive, analytical, comparative and the model for assessing the geotourism potential of the regions is Hudzik model and Pavolova model for analyzing the competitiveness of geotouristic regions. In the Hadzik model, both the opinion of travelers visiting the area and the opinion of experts in evaluating the geotourism potential are taken into account. Data collection tools are also based on a questionnaire and the number of experts and tourists has been determined using a simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula. The statistical population in this study is travelers and experts who have traveled to the study areas of geotourism, which for each study area was collected using a questionnaire of 70 tourists and 25 experts. A total of 285 questionnaires were completed for the three study areas. Also, to estimate the normality of the data, the data distribution fit was tested using the Smirnov-Nekouei Kolmograph test and was confirmed with a significance (sig) of 0.05. In this research, first, the analysis of the geotourism potential of the mentioned areas is evaluated using the Hadzic model, and in the next stage, the competitiveness of the studied areas is evaluated using the model of Pavolova et al.<br />Discussion<br />A: The results of evaluating the scientific value of geotourism in the regions according to experts show that among the sub-indicators of warm scientific value in terms of, the indicator index of geomorphological processes with a value of 4.75 has the highest score. And in terms of index, rarity at the national level with a value of 1.35 has the lowest score. In terms of visitors, Garmi region has the highest score in terms of diversity index in geomorphological forms with a value of 0.80 compared to other indicators and also in terms of educational benefits with a score of 0.39 with the lowest score. The results of experts' evaluation of Pars Abad scientific sub-indices show that diversity in geomorphological forms with a value of 4.60 and sub-indices of rarity at the national level with a value of 1.44 has the lowest score. According to Pars Abad visitors, in terms of diversity of geomorphological forms with a score of 0.70, it has the highest score compared to other indicators and also in terms of scientific index for educational conditions with a score of 0.21 has the lowest value. The results of the evaluation of scientific geotourist values by the experts of Meshkinshahr region show that it has obtained the highest score in terms of integrity with a value of 4.85 and has obtained the lowest score with the sub-indicators of educational benefits with a value of 2.11. Visitors' opinion in Meshkinshahr region has the highest score in terms of Gonaconi sub-index of geomorphological processes with a value of 0.90 and the lowest rank in terms of scientific knowledge sub-index with a value of 0.26. The results of experts' evaluation of the Garmi area surplus value sub-indices show that the access sub-index with the value of 4.95 has the highest score. And interpretive value sub-indices with a value of 1.32 are in low grades. According to the visitors of this region, the index has the possibility of organizing with a rate of 0.90 has the highest score compared to other indicators and in terms of interpretive value with a value of 0.27 has obtained the lowest score. Abad shows that the sub-index of natural elements and cultural heritage with a value of 3.72 has the highest score and the interpretive value with a value of 1.29 has the lowest score. According to the visitors in Pars Abad region, being below the destination index with the value of 0.95 has the highest rank and the degree of relationship with development with the value of 0.13 has the lowest score. The results of experts' evaluation of Meshkinshahr geotourism scientific indicators show that the surplus scientific sub-index has the highest score in terms of access with a value of 4.96 compared to other indicators. And interpretive value sub-indices with the value of 2.63 has the lowest score. Also, in terms of visitors, the access index with a score of 0.97 has the highest rank compared to other indicators and the sub-index has the lowest score with some value of some works of art with a value of 0.46 (Table 5).<br />B: According to the results obtained from field studies and completing the questionnaire, one of the positive factors of competitiveness of geotouristic areas can be the existence of hot springs and medical facilities in the Garmi region with a value of 7.44 and also in Meshkinshahr region with a natural value of 7.44. They have gained competitiveness compared to other factors. In the next ranks of Parsabad geotouristic region, it has the highest level of competitiveness in terms of the existence of several caves with a value of 6.97. Also, Parsabad and Meshkinshahr areas with (0) have the lowest level of competitiveness in terms of spa factor and medical facilities, which indicates the lack of spa in these geotourist areas. The warm region in terms of the factor of fossil sites with a value of 0.46 indicates that this region is not in a good condition in terms of fossils. The highest heat potential in competition with other geotourist areas is in spa factors and medical facilities and natural value, which has provided the best conditions in this geotouristic area to compete with other tourist areas. Parsabad region in terms of positive competitiveness factors such as the existence of numerous caves and pristine and untouched nature has more points to compete with other geotourist areas in Ardabil province. The results show the competitiveness of Meshkinshahr geotouristic region in general in terms of natural value and hydrological sites has the highest score for competitiveness with Garmi and Parsabad geotourist regions, which indicates a tourist and natural region in Ardabil province (Table 6) Conclusion: In this research, the geotourism potential and competitiveness of the studied areas (Garmi,رقابتپذیری یکی از مؤلفههای اساسی توسعۀ گردشگری شهرهاست که میتواند به توسعۀ عمومی گردشگری کشور نیز منجر شود. محدودههای مورد مطالعه این تحقیق مناطق ژئوتوریستی مشکین شهر، پارس آباد و گرمی میباشند. هدف از این پژوهش ارزیابی توان ژئوتوریستی و تحلیل رقابتپذیری مناطق گردشگری مورد مطالعه میباشد. روش این تحقیق از نوع کاربردی، تحلیلی و مقایسهای میباشد که در این تحقیق از مدل دینامیکی جهت ارزیابی توان گردشگری و از مدل پاوولوا جهت ارزیابی توان رقابتپذیری مناطق ژئوتوریستی استفاده شده است. ارزش و اهمیت مناطق ژئوتوریستی در مدل هادزیک به وسیله سه شاخص ارزش علمی، ارزشهای مازاد و میزان آسیبپذیری مناطق برآورد میشود و در مدل پاوولوا از نظر عوامل مثبت و منفی، توان رقابتپذیری مناطق برآورد میشود. در مدل دینامیکی با استفاده فرمول حجم نمونه کوکران تعداد کارشناس و گردشگر مشخص شده است که از پرسشنامه از 45 بازدیدکننده و 17 کارشناس جهت ارزیابی توان ژئوتوریستی منطقه مورد مطالعه استفاده گردید. نتایج حاصل نشان میدهد که توان ژئوتوریستی مناطق گرمی برابر 4/30، پارس اباد برابر 44/37، و مشکین شهر 55/57 میباشد که توان ژئوتوریستی گرمی و پارس اباد متوسط و تفاوت زیادی با همدیگر ندارند ولی منطقه مشکین شهر دارای توان ژئوتوریستی خوبی است. همچنین برای ارزیابی رقابتپذیری مناطق مورد مطالعه نتایج بهدست آمده از تجزیه و تحلیل عوامل مثبت و منفی نشاندهنده این است که نتایج نهایی ارزش عددی مناطق گرمی برابر 14/1، پارس اباد برابر 18/1 میباشند که دارای رقابتپذیری رضایتبخش و منطقه ژئوتوریستی مشکین با مقدار 41/1 دارای رقابتپذیری خوب و مناسبی میباشد. بنابراین نتیجهگیری میشود که منطقه گردشگری مشکین شهر از نظر رقابتپذیری نسبت به سایر مناطق گردشگری مورد مطالعه پتاسیلهای مناسبی برای جذب گردشگر را به خود اختصاص داده است.https://www.jess.ir/article_215167_6b5c2de103bd6cff61cd008208470d98.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Investigating of Agricultural Water Rebound Effect in environmental conditions According to the provinces of Iranسنجش اثر بازگشتی آب کشاورزی در شرایط محیطی به تفکیک استانهای کشور ایران6435644621516810.22034/jess.2022.351470.1823FAافشینآباریاندانشکده اقتصاد دانشگاه تبریزرضارنج پورگروه علوم اقتصادی دانشگده اقتصاد و مدیریت دانشگاه تبریز، شهر تبریز، ایرانعبدالرحیمهاشمی دیزجگروه اقتصاد.دانشکده علوم اجتماعی.دانشگاه محقق اردبیلیداودبهبودیدانشگاه تبریزJournal Article20220712Abstract<br /><br />Introduction<br />The current situation of water resources in Iran, the trend and trends governing it, as well as considering the inappropriate spatial and temporal distribution of water per capita and its excessive consumption, show the necessity of demand management. In this regard, improving the efficiency of water consumption, especially in the agricultural sector, is considered as an opportunity to save more water. Optimum water management requires a great change and to ensure the sustainability of these resources, integrated and systematic management should be applied in line with optimal processing and exploitation with the application of new technology for maximum utilization of these resources in planning. Improving the efficiency of water consumption has been introduced as one of the most important ways to reduce water consumption, but it can be seen that the aforementioned improvement does not necessarily reduce water consumption to the saved amount and sometimes leads to no change or even an increase in water consumption. only the use of new and efficient irrigation methods cannot be effective in adjusting the consumption and balancing the supply and demand of water. In explaining why water consumption has not decreased despite the large investment in the field of modern irrigation technology, the concept previously expressed in the field of energy consumption, i.e. the rebound effect, can be useful. The rebound effect, which is more prominent in the literature of energy economy, in the field of water, can be considered a mechanism that causes a part of the water saved due to the improvement of water efficiency to be reused and, as a result, leads to a reduction in the amount of water saved. In simpler terms, the return effect can be defined as a percentage of the potential water savings resulting from water efficiency improvement, which reflects the difference between the potential and actual savings in water consumption. The return effect is usually defined in relation to different forms of energy, such as fuel or electricity, but in this research, an attempt is made to investigate the return effect for agricultural water.<br /><br /><br />Methodology<br />the price of agricultural water is determined by the government in most countries according to the nature of agricultural goods and its importance for the society and is kept almost constant. Therefore, the price elasticity method is not a suitable method to estimate the return effect of agricultural water. According to these materials, in this research, the direct comparison method has been used to estimate the effect of agricultural water return at the macroeconomic level. In equation 1, the estimation of the return effect requires the estimation of the expected water storage (EWS) resulting from the increase in efficiency and the estimation of the return water used (RWU) resulting from the reduction of water cost. The relationship between water consumption and partial water productivity can be considered as follows: W="Y" /"WP" <br />In which, W represents total agricultural water consumption, Y represents total agricultural production, and WP represents agricultural water productivity at the macroeconomic level. If it is assumed that agricultural water consumption, agricultural production and water productivity in year t are W_t, Y_t and WPt, respectively. According to the equation, the change in agricultural water consumption from year t-1 to year t is represented by (∆w_t), which can be decomposed as follows <br />∆wt = Wt- W (t-1) = Yt/(WPt ) - Y (t-1)/(WP (t-1) ) = (Yt ∆WPt)/(WPt WP (t-1) ) + (∆Yt)/( WPt-1)<br />According to this equation, the change in agricultural water consumption (∆wt) can be divided into two parts: the change in agricultural water consumption due to the change in water productivity ((Yt ∆WPt)/(WPt WP (t-1) )) and the change to The reason for the growth of agricultural production ((∆Yt)/(WP (t-1) )). Changes in agricultural water use in addition to growth in agricultural production can be due to technological progress. ρ is assumed to be the rate of change due to technological advances. Therefore, return water use (RWU), which represents the return (or surplus) of water as a result of increasing water productivity, is equal to (ρ∆Yt)/(WP (t-1)) and EWS, which represents the expected water savings ( calculated or predicted) after increasing irrigation efficiency is equal to (Yt ∆WPt)/(WPt WP (t-1)). It can be concluded that the formula for the return effects of water in year t is:<br />WRE=(∑ (ρ∆Yt)/(WP (t-1) ) )⁄(∑ (Yt ∆WPt)/(WPt WP (t-1) ) )×100 <br />According to the above equation, the return effect of water is the increase in the ratio of water consumption due to the growth of agricultural production to the reduction of the expected water reserve through the improvement of water efficiency. Here, both the improvement of water productivity and the growth of agricultural production are created by methods of improving irrigation efficiency. Based on equation 6, another important factor in estimating the return effect is to estimate the exact contribution of technological progress (ρ). For this purpose, according to the production function of Cobb Douglas Hicks-Neutral, which is as follows :<br />"Y" _"it" "=" "A" _"it" 〖" W" 〗_"it" ^"α " "X" _"1it" ^"β" " " "X" _"2it " ^"γ" … X_nit^ω=A_i e^rt 〖 W〗_it^(α ) X_1it^β " " "X" _"2it " ^"γ" … "X" _"nit" ^"ω" <br />By taking the logarithm from the above equation, we can reach equation:<br />Ln"Y" _"it" =ln A_i+rt+ α ln"W" _"it" +β lnX_1it+γ lnX_2it+…+ ωlnX_nit<br />In this way, by using the estimation of this equation based on the provincial data during the studied period, the r coefficient can be extracted.<br />Now the participation rate of technological progress (ρ) can be calculated as follows:<br />"ρ= r/gy<br />r: represents the growth rate of technology and (gy) represents the growth rate of agricultural production. Finally, by using equation, the effects of agricultural water return can be calculated at the macroeconomic level and in the agricultural sector.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />The return effect of agricultural water in Kurdistan province was 106.25%, which has the highest return effect during the studied period. And the second rank belongs to Bushehr province with a rate of 91.19%, the lowest rate of return effect is for East Azarbaijan, Golestan and Tehran provinces (1.45), (2.63) and (3.50) respectively. The return effect is greater than 100% only in Kurdistan Province by 106.25%, these results show that measures to improve water efficiency in Kurdistan Province can increase agricultural water consumption in this province, which is the phenomenon of "Jones' Paradox".<br />In some cases, the amount of return effect is negative, in other words, the measures taken to improve the efficiency of the new irrigation system have caused the predicted water savings to exceed the actual amount of water savings. It should be noted that, theoretically, this phenomenon is only It occurs in the case of a decrease in the production of agricultural products. Therefore, in the provinces where the return effect is negative, according to the data used, the amount of agricultural production in the desired year was less than the previous year, or the water productivity in year t was less than year t-1, this situation can be due to the change in water conditions and The country's weather, such as drought or extreme cold, and the decrease in agricultural production compared to the previous year, or due to the country's structural changes from agriculture to industrial mode.<br />The results show that a partial rebound effect is evident in Iran in the studied years. Water savings have not fully met expectations and some of the expected water savings have been reused. It can be seen that the highest return effect is in 2018 and also in 2013 it has experienced a negative return effect, the negative return effect indicates the existence of savings in this period, but as it was said, this result can be affected by the reduction of agricultural production due to changes in the use of agricultural water, so the negative return effect alone is not a reason that the water efficiency improvement system is affected, in addition, the lowest return effect is in 2013, which is 11%, which shows that 89% of the stored water and only 11% of it is used again. So, in fact, the annual return effect is sensitive to changes in agricultural water use and depends to some extent on natural factors, such as rainfall. In general, the findings indicate that the agricultural water savings due to the improvement of irrigation system efficiency has been reduced by 15.29% due to the increase in demand for irrigation. In fact, this largely shows the success of the policy of increasing water efficiency in order to reduce water consumption.<br />The results of the findings showed that during the studied period, the return effect for Iran was on average 15%, which indicates that about 15% of the water saved due to the increase in agricultural water efficiency was reused in this sector. In other words, about 85% of water has been saved, which somehow shows that the policy of increasing agricultural irrigation efficiency can have positive effects on Iran's water reserves in the long run.یکی از مهمترین سیاستهایی که میتواند برای کنترل مصرف آب کشاورزی در ایران مورد استفاده قرار گیرد ارتقاء کارایی مصرف آب است. ارتقاء کارایی مصرف آب کشاورزی در کنار خود مسئلهای به نام اثرات بازگشتی را به همرا دارد. اثرات بازگشتی در اصطلاح به حالتی گفته میشود که با یک تغییر در سیستم به دلایل گوناگون اثر آن تغییر از بین رفته و دوباره وضعیت قبلی برقرار گردد، با ورود تکنولوژی جدید به بازار و بهبود راندمان آبیاری ابتدا تقاضا برای آبیاری کاهش مییابد، اما همین بهبود راندمان و صرفه جویی در آب خود میتواند عکس العملهایی اقتصادی ایجاد کند و منجر به این واقعیت شود که بخشی از صرفهجویی ها از بین برود. یعنی هر دارندهی زمین کشاورزی میتواند با بودجهای قبلی زمین بیشتری را زیر کشت ببرد که قبلا زیر کشت نبود، در این صورت آن مقدار از صرفهجویی که محو میشود را در اصطلاح اثر بازگشتی میگویند. در این مطالعه تلاش شده با استفاده از روش حداقل مربعات تعمیم یافته نرخ ضریب تکنولوژی تخمین زده شود و با استفاده از دادههای پانل دیتای استانی ایران میزان اثرات بازگشتی آب کشاورزی ناشی از بهبود کارایی سیستم آبیاری در بخش کشاورزی در بازه زمانی 95-89 محاسبه گردد. نتایج یافته ها نشان میدهد که در طول دوره مورد مطالعه به طور متوسط میزان اثر بازگشتی برای ایران حدود 15 درصد بوده است، که این یافته نشان می دهد در حدود 15 درصد از آب صرفه جویی شده در اثر افزایش بازدهی آب کشاورزی دوباره در این بخش استفاده شده است. در واقع این امر نشان میدهد سیاست افزایش کارایی آب در جهت کاهش مصرف آب در بخش کشاورزی موفق بوده است.https://www.jess.ir/article_215168_61d0c7665f941cb8df5a67c4410052e6.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723The Effect of Different Hormonal Treatments on Callus Formation and Bulblet Regeneration from Endosperm Tissue of Persian Shallot Plantتاثیر تیمارهای مختلف هورمونی بر کالوسزایی و باززایی پیازچه از بافت آندوسپرم گیاه موسیر6447645521516910.22034/jess.2022.370420.1906FAامینجهانیانگروه علوم باغبانی- دانشکده کشاورزی- دانشگاه تبریز- تبریز- ایرانعلیرضامطلبی آذرUniversity of Tabriz, 29 Bahman St., Tabriz
University of Tabriz, 29 Bahman St., Tabriz
University of Tabriz, 29 Bahman St., Tabriz0000-0002-4384-3716جابرپناهندهگروه علوم باغبانی- دانشکده کشاورزی- دانشگاه تبریز- تبریز- ایرانمحمدرضادادپورUniversity of Tabriz, 29 Bahman St., TabrizJournal Article20221115Plant breeding to created ploidy level is one of the most important parts of plant research in every country, where the breeding of native plants is a priority in every country. Spending a long time on breeding plants with traditional methods has made plant breeding research using in vitro techniques to become more important. In this study, to investigate the callus formation from the endosperm tissue of mature shallot seeds in MS culture medium containing growth regulators with the combination of different concentrations of 2-4, D (1.5 and 2 mg/L) and NAA (0.5 and 1 mg/L) L) of auxins and BAP (0.5 and 1 mg/L) and Kin (0.5 and 1 mg/L) of cytokinins were used. The results showed that using the treatment of 1 mg/liter of NAA and 1 mg/liter of BAP was the best treatment for callus formation. In this research, the concentration of sucrose and different concentrations of BAP hormone were effective for onion production. The results of onion diameter showed that the high concentration of sucrose (50 g/L) and the concentration of 3 mg/L of BAP hormone were suitable for the production of larger onions. By chromosomal analysis of the rooted chives, triploid plantlets were obtained at the end of the experiment. Due to the shortness of triploid plant breeding in this method compared to traditional crossing methods, therefore, this method and the best hormonal compounds are recommended for the production of chives in shallots.<br /><br />Introduction:<br />Iranian plateau is known as specific habitat for Persian Shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss.) for which some evidences in terms of its domestication are available. It is distributed from North West to central and South West of Iran and grows as a wild plant in the Zagross Mountains. Traditionally, the powder of Persian Shallot is also utilized as highly demanded additive and spice for food relishing by local people. Persian shallot has recently attained arising consideration with respect to its potential in biosynthesizing the valuable secondary metabolites such as allicin, phenolic antioxidants, and ascorbic acid. In diploid plants, the endosperm is a triploid (i.e., having 3 sets of chromosomes) tissue as a result of double fertilization, which is a unique process in higher plants. Undoubtedly, the main source of triploid cells in the plants is endosperm, which has remained as storage tissue in most of monocots up to the final stage of seed formation. From this point of view, endosperm culture technique is known as direct and efficient procedure for micro-propagation of triploid plants which is also categorized as the easy, rapid and low cost way for this purpose. In diploid plants, the endosperm is a triploid (i.e., having 3 sets of chromosomes) tissue as a result of double fertilization, which is a unique process in higher plants (Hoshino et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2016). Triploid plants express the common form of polyploidy at which three complete sets of chromosomes could be distinguished and are traditionally produced through crossing a diploid with an induced tetraploid plant. However, the rate of induction of tetraploids had generally been low and doubling of the diploid chromosome number by the use of spindle inhibitors is lengthy and laborious. <br /><br />Methodology:<br />Harvesting of seeds from shallot plants in Khalat Pushan Research Center of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz was done during the end of June. In this study, for indirect regeneration for callus production, mature endosperm tissue of shallot in MS solid culture medium (Morashik and Skoog, 1962) containing plant growth regulators with the combination of different concentrations of 2-4, D (1.5 and 2 mg/ L) and NAA (0.5 and 1 mg/L) of auxins and BAP (0.5 and 1 mg/L) and Kin (0.5 and 1 mg/L) of cytokinins for a period of 3 months in dark conditions with temperature They were cultivated at 24°C daily and 18°C night temperature. After the production of callus during this period, calluses were divided into smaller pieces in the same previous treatments for one month. After this stage, callus pieces containing primary shoots were transferred to MS culture medium without growth regulators for about 40 days. After producing enough shoots, the shoots were transferred to MS culture medium containing BAP (0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mg/L) and NAA (0.5 mg/L) in two concentrations of 30 and 50 g/L of sucrose.<br />Ploidy level of the plantlets derived from endosperm cultures was determined by chromosome counting. For this purpose, root tips were excised and pretreated with cooled alpha-bromo-naphthalene (4 °C) for 8 h and fixed in a acetic acid and ethyl alcohol solution (1:3 v/v) overnight. Afterward, the prepared root tips were hydrolyzed in 1 N hydrochloric acid at 60 °C for 8 min and were immediately stained with orcein 2%. The stained samples were squashed in 45% (v/v) acetic acid using traditional method (Panahandeh and Mahna 2011). All samples were inspected and the best ones with clear metaphase plates were selected for photomicrography. Image acquisition was done utilizing a Nikon E400 upright research microscope equipped with a high resolution Nikon DXM 1200 digital camera (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). <br /><br />Conclusion:<br />According to the purpose of this experiment, the feasibility of producing callus from endosperm tissue in different hormonal combinations and the modification of Persian shallot plant in the ploidy level was investigated. and in the next step, by examining the effect of sucrose concentration and hormone treatment, it was observed that using a concentration of 50 g/l of sucrose compared to the usual concentration of 30 g/l of MS culture medium for increasing the diameter and length of the bulb is suitable and for similar research. Breeding of plants with using of endosperm culture technique under in vitro condition compared to the traditional method which is done by crossing between diploid and tetraploid plants, and this method has disadvantages such as time-consuming and difficulty in the crossing process. To produce the endosperm of triploid Persian shallot plant under tissue culture conditions and in the next stages after adaptation and cultivation under natural conditions, a comparative process with diploid plants will be done so that by examining important traits including the yield and medicinal properties of this plant we can get positive results to present an important point in this field.اصلاح گیاهان برای ایجاد سطح پلوئیدی یکی از مهمترین بخشهای مربوط به تحقیقات گیاهی در هر کشور میباشد که اصلاح گیاهان بومی هر کشور در اولویت قرار دارند. صرف مدت زمان طولانی اصلاح گیاهان با روشهای سنتی باعث گردیده تا تحقیقات اصلاحی گیاهان با استفاده از تکنیکهای درون شیشهای از اهمیت بیشتری برخوردار گردند. در این مطالعه برای بررسی کالوسزایی از بافت آندوسپرم بذر بالغ موسیر در محیط کشت MS حاوی تنظیم کنندههای رشد با ترکیب غلظت های مختلف 2-4,D (5/1 و 2 میلیگرم در لیتر) و NAA (5/0 و 1 میلیگرم در لیتر) از اکسینها و BAP ( 5/0 و 1 میلیگرم در لیتر) وKin (5/0 و 1 میلیگرم در لیتر) از سایتوکینینها استفاده گردید. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از تیمار یک میلیگرم در لیتر NAA و یک میلیگرم در لیتر BAP بهترین تیمار کالوسزایی بود. در این تحقیق، غلظت ساکارز و غلظتهای مختلف هورمونBAP برای تولید پیازچه تاثیرگذار بود. نتایج قطر پیازچه نشان داد که غلظت بالای ساکارز (50 گرم در لیتر) و غلظت 3 میلیگرم در لیتر هورمون BAP برای تولید پیازچههای بزرگتر مناسب بود. با بررسیهای کروموزومی پیازچههای ریشهزایی شده، گیاهچههای با سطح پلوئیدی تریپلوئید در پایان آین آزمایش به دست آمد. با توجه به کوتاه بودن اصلاح گیاهان تریپلوئید با استفاده از کشت آندوسپرم نسبت به روشهای سنتی تلاقی، لذا این روش و همراه با ترکیبات هورمونی موثر برای تولید پیازچه در گیاه موسیر توصیه میگردد.https://www.jess.ir/article_215169_ae7b58195a25772d79748877d01407e0.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Evaluation of hydrochemical parameters in coastal waters of Chabahar: seasonal variations and diurnal fluctuationsارزیابی پارامترهای هیدروشیمی در آب های ساحلی چابهار: تغییرات فصلی و نوسانات روزانه6456646821517010.22034/jess.2023.370462.1907FAحمیدارشادی فرپژوهشگاه ملی اقیانوسشناسی و علوم جوی ایران، تهران، ایرانکمال الدینکرپژوهشگاه ملی اقیانوسشناسی و علوم جوی ایران، تهران، ایرانامیرقاضی لوپژوهشگاه ملی اقیانوسشناسی و علوم جوی ایران، تهران، ایران0000-0002-9767-7741عمادکوچک نژادپژوهشگاه ملی اقیانوسشناسی و علوم جوی ایران، تهران، ایرانغلامرسولبسکلهپژوهشگاه ملی اقیانوسشناسی و علوم جوی ایران، تهران، ایرانJournal Article20221117Abstract <br />Introduction<br />Environmental parameters and their short and long-term variations are widely studied to monitor the changes in coastal water quality. Dynamic changes in parameters such as temperature, pH, DO, and nutrients are closely related to primary production by autotrophic species and their population structure. The availability of nutrients and their ratio is considered the key factors regulating the biomass of phytoplankton (Roelke, Eldridge, & Cifuentes, 1999). The growth and metabolism of these organisms are strongly influenced by nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon as nutrients. The biological response to environmental changes is closely related to the periodicity of fluctuations in these parameters. While the variation in seasonal scale is influenced by the seasonal pattern of currents and meteorological parameters, on a diurnal scale, they are influenced by the processes of photosynthesis and decomposition of organic matter. These fluctuations in hydrochemical parameters can shape the population structure of phytoplankton, the outbreaks of harmful species, and the expansion of low-oxygen regions in the upper layers of the water column in the post-bloom phase. Therefore, the trophic status is evaluated in various ways, including the concentration of nutrients or chlorophyll-a (Carlson & Simpson, 1996).<br />In the northern regions of the Gulf of Oman, meteorological conditions and water column characteristics are mostly governed by the summer (June-August) and winter (December-March) monsoons. Most of the summer monsoon's impact on hydrochemistry and function of biological life is through local wind-driven or eddy-induced upwelling in coastal areas, during which, colder nutrient-rich waters rise to the surface from depths (Harrison, Piontkovski, & Al-Hashmi, 2017). During the winter monsoon, cool convective mixing increases the mixing layer depth and helped nutrients to reach the surface (Harrison et al., 2017).<br />The frequent occurrence of harmful algal blooms and the establishment of hypoxic conditions as a result of the increase in the concentration of nutrients have affected the coastal waters of Chabahar in recent years (Ershadifar et al., 2020; Kor, Ghazilou, Ershadifar, & Koochaknejad, 2020). On the other hand, Gulf of Oman, as a part of the northwest of the Arabian Sea, has the potential to be considered globally as a sensitive indicator of global climate change at the oceanic scale (Fauzi et al., 1993). The region is host to various biogeochemical phenomena such as the upwelling of nutrient-rich waters, nitrogen fixation, and nitrogen deficiency, as well as deoxygenation in both coastal and offshore areas.<br /><br />Methodology<br />In the present study, the short-term fluctuations (diurnal) as well as seasonal variations in hydrochemical parameters including salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients (nitrate, silicate, and phosphate) were investigated in Chabahar coastal waters. Sampling was done from a single station (depth of 30 m) on October 9 of 2018, November 19 of 2018, January 07 of 2019, and March 10 of 2019. The samples were collected in time intervals of 3 h and from three depth levels of 0, 10, and 30 m using a Niskin bottle each in three replicates. Environmental parameters including temperature, salinity, DO and pH were recorded by using portable devices at the sampling site. The samples were stored in a freezer at -20°C and analyzed for a short period of time. In the laboratory, nutrients concentration were measured according to the instructions for the analysis of nutrients in marine environments (Hansen & Koroleff, 1999). The double beam Rayleigh UV-920 spectrophotometer with 2 cm pathlength was used for colorimetric determination. Measurement of total phosphorus and nitrogen in unfiltered samples was also done by wet oxidation method in the presence of persulfate as an oxidizing agent at high-temperature conditions followed by the spectrophotometric determination of nitrate and phosphate (Grasshoff, Kremling, & Ehrhardt, 1999). To measure chlorophyll-a, the samples were extracted in 90% acetone and measured by the spectrophotometric method according to ESS Method 150.1 (EPA, 1991). The Ocean Data View (odv 5.1.7) software was used to depict the temporal-vertical fluctuations (Schlitzer, R., 2020, Ocean Data View, http://odv. awi.de). The General Linear Model (GLM) followed by Tukey's posthoc tests (Minitab V17 software) was used to evaluate the seasonal changes in the investigated parameters.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />Continuous monitoring of coastal water quality is required for the sustainable development of cage culture projects, marine ecotourism, and desalination plants, and also to protect the sensitive ecosystems of the region, including coral reefs. The diurnal and vertical variations in the distribution of hydrochemical parameters in the coastal waters of Chabahar are affected by the changes in the water column structure varied from strong stratification in the fall intermonsoon monsoon to mixed column in the winter monsoon. As the temperature declined, the seasonal thermocline established in October completely faded in January, and the vertical gradients in hydrochemical parameters weakened or completely faded. Dissolved oxygen and pH, which have experienced low values in the inter-monsoon period, more profoundly in the near bottom layer, were affected by the processes of aerobic remineralization of organic matter. They were increased in the winter monsoon and there was no significant difference between the surface and near bottom values. Surface nutrients, with low concentrations during the stratification period, showed an increase toward winter monsoon. However, the average values of silicate, nitrate, and nitrogen over the water column showed a general decreasing trend from October to March. As a result of the increase in water column mixing, Chl-a also shows its maximum in March. The ratio of nitrate to phosphate is less than 10 in 90% of samples. The average value of the nitrate: phosphate ratio was 5.0, which was much lower than the theoretical value of 16 suggested by Redfield for offshore open ocean waters. This could imply a higher probability of nitrogen limitation rather than phosphorus limitation. In 45% of the samples, the silicate concentration was less than 2.0 µM, including the surface samples in October and November and almost all samples from March, which showed the active removal by diatoms. The diurnal fluctuations of the parameters, especially during the stratification period of the water column, are influenced by tidal and non-tidal currents so that the maximum and minimum values in a diurnal cycle could appear in both low and high-tide situations.در این مطالعه نوسانات کوتاه مدت (روزانه) و تغییرات فصلی پارامترهای شوری، دما ، pH، اکسیژن محلول، مواد مغذی معدنی (نیترات، سیلیکات و فسفات)، فسفر و نیتروژن کل، و کلروفیل-آ در آبهای ساحلی مرتبط با دریای آزاد در شرق بندر چابهار مورد برسی قرار گرفت. نمونهبرداری از یک ایستگاه با عمق 30 متر در تاریخ های 17 مهر، 29 آبان، 17 دی و 19 اسفند سال 1397 و هرکدام در یک چرخه جزر و مدی انجام گرفت. نمونهها با فاصله زمانی 3 ساعت و از سه عمق 0، 10 و 30 متر جمعآوری شدند. توزیع عمقی پارامترها در دوره بین مانسون پاییزه (مهر و آبان) متاثر از لایهبندی شدید ستون آب است در حالی که در مانسون زمستانه (دی و اسفند) ستون آب کاملا مختلط بوده و نوسانات عمقی به حداقل میرسد. لایهبندی ستون آب و فساد مواد آلی در لایه نزدیک بستر در طی دورههای مهر و آبان منجر به کاهش اکسیژن محلول به کمتر از 0/2 میلیگرم در لیتر و کاهش pH به کمتر از 0/8 میشود. در تغیرات فصلی، دما با کاهش تدریجی، pH و DO با افزایش تدریجی، و شوری با ظهور بیشینهای در آبان مشخص شدهاند. از مهر به اسفند مواد مغذی روند غالبا نزولی را نشان میدهند اگرچه الگوی تغییرات برای همه یکسان نیست. کلروفیل-آ که به عنوان تخمینی از رنگدانههای فتوسنتزی و بیومس فیتوپلانکتونهاست، مقادیر بیشینه را در اسفندماه نشان میدهد که تقریبا 3 برابر مقادیر ماههای دیگر است. به دلیل موقعیت ایستگاه اندازهگیری در لبه شیب قارهای و قرار گرفتن آبهای ساحلی کم عمق در خلیج چابهار در غرب و فلات قاره گستردهتر در شرق، نوسانات کوتاه مدت به شدت تحت تاثیر نه تنها جریانات جزر و مدی بلکه جریانات القا شده تحت استرس باد است.https://www.jess.ir/article_215170_59412f588ba820d069bd7d67ca4cf176.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Assessment of groundwater quality in Mimeh plain from the perspectives of irrigation, drinking, and industrial usesارزیابی کیفیت آب زیرزمینی دشت میمه از دیگاه های آبیاری، شرب و صنعت6469648021533710.22034/jess.2023.425696.2178FAآروینمیرعلیزادهدانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد آبیاری و زهکشی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس،تهران، ایران0009-0004-4234-0940هادیپورحسیندانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی منابع آب، دانشگاه تهران، پردیس ابوریحان، تهران، ایرانJournal Article20231117Introduction <br />The quality of groundwater supplies for various uses is a major concern in the fields of public health and the environment in arid and semi-arid countries. The environment and human health may be negatively impacted both directly and indirectly by the quality of groundwater, which can be significantly impacted by a variety of harmful human and natural factors. A person’s health and well-being depend on having access to clean, safe drinking water. Examining the quality of water facilitates the identification of possible pollutants, including infections, heavy metals, and chemical pollutants, which may pose a health risk to humans when ingested. To protect public health and avoid waterborne illnesses, it is essential to ensure the quality of drinking water through careful analysis and monitoring. As the main resource for irrigation, water is essential for agriculture. The entire productivity of agriculture, crop growth, and yield are directly impacted by the quality of the water used for irrigation. Researchers can determine elements such as salt, alkalinity, and the presence of dangerous compounds that may negatively impact plant growth by examining the quality of water. Comprehending the quality of water facilitates farmers in making well-informed choices about crop selection, soil management, and irrigation techniques, thus enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability. Water is used in many different industries for activities such as manufacturing, cooling, washing, and product creation. To guarantee the efficiency of these procedures and to avert any environmental contamination, it is essential to investigate the quality of water in industrial settings. Industrial operations can release organic molecules, heavy metals, and chemical byproducts into water sources. By minimising the release of dangerous compounds, implementing appropriate treatment technologies and adhering to environmental requirements, enterprises can protect human health and the environment by using water quality analysis. Public health is strongly impacted by water quality because tainted water can spread illness and present serious health hazards. Health authorities can determine potential health risks, set safe water consumption limits and regulations, and implement suitable water treatment techniques by analyzing water quality. Frequent water quality monitoring and evaluation helps prevent epidemics of waterborne illnesses, safeguard populations from illness, and maintain public health.<br />The quality of groundwater in the Mimeh Plain is crucial because it is one of the most significant plains in the province of Isfahan and is heavily dependent on groundwater resources for industrial, drinking, and agricultural purposes. It significantly affects the general public’s health and hygiene in this area . Therefore, various actions are needed to improve the groundwater quality of the Mimeh Plain for different purposes. These actions include determining and addressing the causes of water pollution, treating groundwater for various purposes, creating efficient techniques for managing and conserving water resources, and maximizing their use to enhance public health and safeguard the environment. Research has been conducted on these subjects.<br /><br />Methodology <br />Data on the chemical components of eight deep well samples from the Mimeh Plain groundwater aquifer in the years 2022–2023 were examined to create this study. Calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), bicarbonate (HCO3), chloride (Cl), and sulfate (SO4) were among the elements examined. The Stiff, Piper, Wilcox, and Schoeller diagrams in the AquaChem program were used for the analysis.<br />Primary water types were identified using the Piper diagram, which is a helpful tool for classifying water. The host rock and geological setting that impact water quality were determined using the Stiff diagram. While the Wilcox diagram was used to categorize water quality for irrigation, the Schoeller diagram was used to evaluate the quality of drinking water. Utilising these waters can present health risks due to sedimentation and water buildup. In addition, it may result in a decrease in the cross-sectional area of pipes in systems that distribute and transmit water. Guidelines from the World Health Organization state that water that is prone to sedimentation can be uncomfortable for the gastrointestinal tract, particularly in children. Consequently, it is also important to assess water quality for industrial uses. The groundwater quality in the research area was evaluated for industrial usage using the Langelier Saturation Index and Ryznar Index.<br /><br />Conclusion <br />This investigation was conducted to examine the quality of groundwater in the Mimeh Plain for a range of agricultural, drinking, and industrial applications using eight piezometric wells within the study area. The findings from the hydrogeochemical analysis of the wells indicate that the Jowshan Road and Koushk-e-Chah Enghelab wells are of the bicarbonate type, whereas the remaining wells are classified as chloride type. In general, the results obtained for the classification of groundwater quality reveal that the Aliabad-e-Arteshi, Dakhel-e-Khosrowabad, and Saleh Khatun wells are in an unfavorable state for agricultural, drinking, and industrial purposes. Overall, only the Koushk-e-Chah Enghelab and the first well of Jowshan Road are deemed suitable for agricultural and drinking uses. Water Treatment and Management: The advancement of water treatment technology depends critically on the study of water quality. A comprehensive understanding of the pollutants present in the water is essential for the effectiveness of water treatment techniques, including filtration, disinfection, and chemical treatment. The process of water quality analysis facilitates the identification of suitable treatment techniques, streamlining of treatment procedures, and creation of novel technologies for the elimination of particular contaminants. Researching water quality also aids in the effective distribution, allocation, and conservation tactics related to water resources. The economic implications of water quality are of significant importance. The presence of contaminants in water can escalate healthcare expenditures owing to waterborne diseases and the consequent need for medical intervention. Within the agricultural domain, inadequate water quality can lead to diminished crop yields and economic deficits for farmers. Industrial sectors may encounter financial burdens attributable to regulatory penalties, expenses associated with remediation, and potential legal actions arising from incidents of water pollution. The study of water quality allows for the potential mitigation of economic losses through the adoption of appropriate management strategies, the efficient allocation of resources, and the implementation of preventive measures. Information regarding the quality of water is of utmost importance for the effective planning and management of water resources. Gaining an understanding of the quality of the available water sources aids in assessing the appropriateness of water for various uses and optimizing the distribution of water. By considering the data related to water quality, policymakers and managers of water resources can make well-informed decisions on the allocation of water, the development of infrastructure, and the establishment of measures for the protection of water quality. This significantly contributes to the sustainable management of water resources and ensures the long-term availability of unpolluted water for diverse purposes.نظارت و ارزیابی منظم کیفیت آب به پیشگیری از بیماری های منتقله از طریق آب، محافظت از جوامع در برابر شیوع و تضمین رفاه عمومی کمک می کند. ازآنجاکه آبهای زیرزمینی اهمیت بسزایی در تأمین نیاز آب مصرفی بخشهای مختلف دارند و منابع آب زیرزمینی دشت میمه، یکی از مناطق مهم در منطقه جنوب شرقی ایران است که برای تأمین آب موردنیاز زراعت، آب شرب و صنعت مورداستفاده قرار میگیرد که تأثیر بسزایی بر روی سلامتی و بهداشت عمومی مردم این منطقه و شهر اصفهان برخوردار است. ازاینرو، به ارزیابی کیفیت آب زیرزمینی در این منطقه برای استفادههای مختلف پرداخته شده است. در این راستا از نتایج حاصل از 8 حلقه چاه در سال 1401 استفاده شد. جهت طبقهبندی آب و پهنهبندی برای مصارف مختلف از نمودارهای شولر، ویلکاکس، پایپر، شاخص اشباع لاتژیه و شاخص رایزنار مورداستفاده قرار گرفته است. نتایج نشان میدهد تمامی چاههای منطقه خاصیت رسوبگذاری شدید دارند و بهطورکلی تنها دو چاه کوشکه چاه انقلاب و اول جاده جوشقان میمه برای مصارف کشاورزی و شرب مناسب هستند، بهطورکلی نتایج نقشه پهنهبندی برای مصارف مختلف در دشت میمه نشان میدهد چاههای موجود در شمال این دشت در وضعیت مناسبتری نسبت به مناطق جنوبی میباشند. باتوجهبه نتایج بهدستآمده، توصیه میشود که برای استفاده بهینه از منابع آب زیرزمینی در دشت میمه، اقداماتی برای کنترل و بهبود کیفیت آب صورت گیرد.https://www.jess.ir/article_215337_41ae16904ee8645ad5f6464952a850ae.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Designing the entertainment and tourism complex in Amand with the aim of creating general joy and happinessطراحی مجموعه تفریحی و گردشگری در امند با هدف ایجاد شادی و نشاط عمومی6481650021533810.22034/jess.2023.376359.1922FAسمیراسعیدی زارنجیگروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایرانشیواولایتیهیات علمی دانشگاه غیرانتفاعی نبی اکرم تبریزفرشتهمختارنژادگروه معماری، موسسه آموزش عالی نبی اکرم(ص) تبریز، ایران.Journal Article20221212The urban and social life in the cities has taken people away from the path of life and has been placed at their disposal despite the existence of nature. One of the best ways of cultural exchange is tourism. Undoubtedly, the tourism industry became one of the solid foundations of the global system. The topic discussed in this research is the design of entertainment and tourism spaces in Darad with the aim of general happiness and joy. Travel and recreation have a significant impact on people's enthusiasm and vitality. The design of tourism spaces as a recreational and collective place can play a significant role in happiness and vitality. Considering the happiness of recreational and tourism spaces in the city of Tabriz and the fading of joy and happiness among the people and the weakening of the spirit of the people in the city, the city needs to create spaces that use the components to build a collective and recreational space. In order to achieve such aspects, the main goal of designing the entertainment and tourism complex is to identify the effective factors in public happiness and to identify the location components to create a happy atmosphere. The main purpose of this article is to achieve implementation methods for recreational and tourism accommodation with the aim of creating public happiness and ensuring the use of the tourism industry in the development of the local community. According to the results of the research, the spatial components (physical) and the components of happiness and vitality (non-physical) have a direct relationship with each other and each of the spatial components has an effect on happiness and vitality. According to the findings of the research, the design of the recreational and tourism space in Amand with the aim of public happiness and joy in the first place, should reflect the need to use the space, taking into account age, gender and various other factors.<br />Introduction <br />One of the most important elements of the tourism industry is accommodation-entertainment units. After the tourist attractions of the destinations, these centers are the main and most important point that attracts the attention of tourists. The amount of accommodation center services such as its grade and quality, desirable and standard health services and proximity to the desired location and destination which is the final goal of the tourist's trip, can lead to a decrease or increase in the service space and change in the tourist's behavior pattern. On the other hand, the use of recreational accommodation centers has the greatest economic impact in the tourism industry; So that more than 60% of tourist expenses are spent on accommodation and entertainment. By increasing the quality of the existing services and also increasing the ancillary services, more income will be given to the investors and the tourism industry in general, and as a result, the development of the city.The lack of tourism and recreational spaces in East Azerbaijan has weakened the vitality of the people of this city, and by creating and creating spaces for happiness, recreation, play, walking, creating visual spaces, we give a new spirit to this city by considering spaces with a range of components Happy creates a spirit for people so that by creating spaces where people can be together in a collective relationship with each other. The purpose of designing and expressing this project is to create specialized spaces with the approach of general happiness and joy. In this regard, based on the purpose of the research, a question is raised as follows: Which factors are effective in creating public happiness and joy in the recreational-tourism spaces in relation to architecture?<br />Methodology <br /><br />The current research is practical in terms of the purpose because the design of the entertainment and tourism complex in Amand is aimed at the general happiness and joy of people. and people's thoughts and experiences by using a questionnaire, which includes the selection of entertainment and tourism collections with the aim of general happiness and joy by determining its characteristics by collecting the questionnaire based on the determined questions and classifying the data and analyzing them based on the criteria It is research. The collection of information has been done in two ways, library and field. In the method of collecting library information by studying various books and scientific articles and the internet and scientific sites, it has been studied to study the literature and records of the issue to finally reach the classification of the issue and its results. Based on the theoretical research model, the desired criteria for the analysis of the research include: spatial factors including: green space, weather and landscape, blue elements - form and shape of the space including: combination of surfaces, light and color, shadow, material, Furniture, accessibility - memorable space includes: exciting spaces, spaces without fear, spaces away from everyday life, and factors of happiness are security, entertainment, nightlife, and social relations. Data analysis has been researched quantitatively in Excel and Spss software, and collection design in AutoCAD software.<br /><br />Conclusion <br />In general, it can be concluded that according to the findings of questionnaires and studies, the majority of people are interested in having fun and spending time in public spaces. People are looking for an exciting and entertaining atmosphere so that all their entertainment needs are met and they have enough security to spend time in a pleasant atmosphere. Most of the people are looking for a space that has a good view from all aspects, including the shape and form of the space they are in and they are looking for fun and happiness in that space. The sound of living creatures, the smell of flowers and plants, the smell of rain, walking on water, a musical fountain, the curved shape in the design of spaces, favorable weather conditions, and in the absence of favorable weather conditions, the installation of an attractive place in such conditions, natural light, the use of happy colors and Warm music, especially live music, modern architecture, being in a mixed space of open and closed, natural materials are important factors that people preferred. According to the research in the field of design of entertainment and tourism complex in Amand with the aim of creating public happiness and joy, which in the first place, due to the lack of entertainment and tourism spaces in the East Azerbaijan region and the diminution of joy and happiness among the people, to investigate this The issue was addressed. In the next stages, carefully in the theories in the field of recreational and tourism spaces, it can be stated that natural factors, form and shape of space, evocative space, collective spaces, exciting spaces, spaces far from everyday life, spaces without fear, etc. can influence It has a great effect on the atmosphere and mood of people. By examining the case examples, he found that the recreational and tourism space should meet the needs of the users to a large extent. In the next steps, he examined the questions and questionnaires from the general public and according to the attitudes of each person, he analyzed the questionnaire using the software and came to the conclusion that the spatial components (physical) and the components of joy and happiness (non-physical) had a direct relationship with each other. And each of the components of a place has an effect on happiness and vitality.امروزه زندگی شهری و نظام اجتماعی موجود در شهرها، انسانها را از مسیر اصلی زندگی دور کرده و با وجود رفاه و امکانات بسیاری که در اختیارشان قرار داده از سادگی طبیعت دور شدهاند. یکی از بهترین راههای تبادل فرهنگی، گردشگری است. بیتردید صنعت گردشگری به صورت یکی از پایههای استوار سیستم جهانی در خواهد آمد. موضوع مورد بحث در این پژوهش، طراحی فضاهای تفریحی و گردشگری در امند با هدف شادی و نشاط عمومی است. گردش و تفریح تاثیر بسزایی در شور و نشاط افراد دارد طراحی فضاهای گردشگری به عنوان مکان تفریحی و جمعی میتواند نقش بسزایی در شادی و نشاط شهروندان ایجادکند. باتوجه به کمبود فضاهای تفریحی و گردشگری در شهر تبریز و کمرنگ شدن شادی و نشاط در بین مردم و تضعیف روحیه مردم در شهر، شهر نیازمند خلق فضاهایی است که بتواند با استفاده از مولفههای شاد به ساخت فضاهایی جمعی و تفریحی بپردازد. در جهت دستیابی به چنین جنبههایی هدف اصلی طراحی مجموعه تفریحی و گردشگری، شناسایی عوامل موثر در شادی و نشاط عمومی و شناسایی مولفههای مکانی برای ایجاد فضایی شاد می باشد. هدف اصلی این مقاله رسیدن به راهکارهای اجرایی برای طراحی اقامتگاه تفریحی و گردشگری با هدف ایجاد شادی و نشاط عمومی و تضمین استفاده از صنعت گردشگری در راستای منافع جامعه محلی محسوب میشود. باتوجه به نتایج پژوهش، مولفههای مکانی (کالبدی) و مولفههای شادی و نشاط(غیر کالبدی) با همدیگر ارتباط مستقیمی داشته و هر یک از مولفههای مکانی بر شادبودن و نشاط تاثیرگذار میباشد. باتوجه به یافتههای تحقیق، طراحی فضای تفریحی و گردشگری در امند با هدف شادی و نشاط عمومی در وهله اول، باید پاسخگوی نیاز افراد استفادهکننده از فضا با در نظرگرفتن رده سنی و جنسیت و عوامل گوناگون دیگر باشد.https://www.jess.ir/article_215338_67f2f05da7a82d0187f551206f7c665d.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Investigation of environmental gases and suspended particles in the environment around Sepahan Cement factoryبررسی وضعیت گازهای محیطی و ذرات معلق در محیط زیست اطراف کارخانه سیمان سپاهان6501650921533910.22034/jess.2022.325413.1716FAحمیدرضارحمانیاستادیار پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران.امیدهاتفیدانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد خاکشناسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی اصفهان(واحد خوراسگان) و کارشناس دفتر محیط زیست و سلامت غذا سازمان جهاد کشاورزیJournal Article20220121Investigation of environmental gases and suspended particles in the environment around Sepahan Cement factory<br /><br />Abstract:<br />One of the most important concerns that arises with the increasing development of industries and factories in today's societies is the issue of environmental pollution. In developed western countries, serious efforts have been made to develop technology to reduce pollutants caused by industrial processes.<br />In developing countries, however, efforts to advance modern industries and technologies as fast as possible have prevented them from addressing environmental issues. One of the important causes of pollution is the process of cement production in factories. According to the obtained statistics, in our country, unfortunately, the environmental effects of cement factories have become a controversial and serious issue.<br />Although the country's environmental organization has considered the permit limit for the polluted emitted materials, which is considered as one of the most important and necessary industries in most industrial areas of the world, but in any case, by creating appropriate solutions in the cement industry, the amount of these materials can be Reduced as much as possible and prevent serious human and herbal consequences. Harmful gases and hazardous particles that are released daily by industrial units in the environment are one of the problems of the environment nowadays. Today, industrial activities have caused many changes in the environment, including air pollution with particulate matter and harmful gases. The cement industry, meanwhile, plays an important role in upsetting the balance of natural life and creating environmental anomalies. Pollutants from cement factories mainly include emitted dust and toxic gases. Dust from cement factory smoke disrupts metabolic activity in plants and can affect plant growth and development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pollution status of Sepahan Cement Industrial Unit in terms of suspended particles and environmental gases. In this study, it was not possible to access the space or area of the study industry (Sepahan Cement). Also, with the performed investigations, the dust particles from the cement were not observed so much that it could be visually accumulated so that it could be sampled. Therefore, the status of suspended particles and ambient gases in different parts of Dizicheh city were measured and checked using portable devices. Then, the data were analyzed using Excel software and also using the standard table of clean air presented in Iran approved in 2016. In this standard, the average concentration per hour was used for carbon monoxide, the average annual concentration for ozone and nitrogen dioxide, and the average 24-hour concentration for suspended particles and sulfur dioxide. For other pollutants, a similar method was used according to the presented standard. Then, by comparing the concentrations of pollutants in Sepahan Cement Factory with the clean air standard approved in 2016, the status of gases and suspended particles in the air around the factory was investigated. It should be mentioned that this research is a descriptive-sectional method with the purpose of checking the concentrations of (SO2), (NO2), (O3) and (CO) gases and suspended particles: (PM10) and (PM2.5) in the surrounding air of 9 stations of Sepahan Isfahan Cement Factory has been done.<br />According to the comparison of the measured values with the allowed limits, it was determined that NO2 gas and SO2 gas in 67% of the studied stations are beyond the permit limit and are considered pollutants. Particles less than 2.5 microns in all stations are less than the allowed limit and are not polluting, but suspended particles less than 10 micron in all stations are more than the permit limits and are considered as environmental pollutants. In the data checking in relation to the permit limits, the parameters beyond the permit limit have been specified and their concentration in relation to the allowable limit was calculated. According to the results, NO2 gas showed 1.7 to 2.6 times the permit limit and SO2 gas showed 1.4 to 3.2 times the permit limit in the studied stations. Particles less than 2.5 microns were less than the permit 24-hour and 10-year limits and showed no pollution. In contrast, particles larger than 10 microns were more than the permit limits compared to the 24-hour limit (1.12 to 3.88 times) and 20 years (2.4 to 4.85 times) and showed a pollution. Among the measured suspended particles at 9 stations around the cement factory , 10% of the suspended particles were related to particles smaller than 2.5 microns and 90% of the suspended particles were related to particles smaller than 10 microns. Among the ambient gases, the highest amount with 80% was related to carbon monoxide (CO) and the lowest amount (4%) of the ambient gases of the cement factory was related to nitrogen dioxide (NO2). According to the average results obtained from the measurement of ambient gases and suspended particles and also compare to the standard of clean air in Iran approved in 2016, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) was above the standard value While the CO level was much lower than the standard level. Suspended particles below 2.5 microns were below the permit limit in all stations. But suspended particles below 10 microns were higher than allowed in all stations. The results showed that in most stations around the factory, suspended particles smaller than 10 microns and sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were higher than the permit limits, which according to these results and the effect of these particles and gases with high concentration, surely the residents around the factory will also be harmed and face negative effects. In general, the concentration of (SO2) and (NO2) gases is higher than the standard of clean air in Iran and the high concentration of these gases can have many negative effects on residents and plants around this factory. Therefore, in order to reduce the negative effects of these gases on people living in the area and plants, Sepahan Cement Factory must provide the conditions to reduce these gases and particles in the environment by creating and installing the necessary equipment.<br /><br />Keywords: Sepahan Cement factory, Suspended Particle, Nitrogen dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide.گازهای مخرب و ذرات خطرناکی که روزانه توسط واحدهای صنعتی در محیط اطراف رها می گردند، یکی از مشکالت امروزه محیط زیستت محستوب می شوند. امروزه فعالیتهای صنعتی تغییرات بسیار زیادی در محیطزیست از جمله آلودگی هوا به ذرات معلق و گازهای مضر ایجاد کرده اند. صنعت سیمان در این میان نقش مهمی را در به هم زدن تعادل حیات طبیعی و ایجاد ناهنجاریهای زیستمحیطی ایفا میکند. مواد آلودهکننده ناشی از کارخانههای سیمان بهطور عمده شامل گرد و غبار متصاعد شده و گازهای سمی است. این تحقیق با روش توصیفی – مقطعی و با هدف بررسی غلظت گازها(SO2) ، (NO2) ، (O3) و (CO) و ذرات معلق(PM10) و (PM2.5) در 9 ایستگاه در هوای اراضی اطراف کارخانه سیمان سپاهان اصفهان انجام گرفته است. نتایج نشان داد که غلظت گازهای (SO2)و (NO2) از استاندارد هوای پاک ایران بیشتر بود که غلظت بالای این گازها اثرات منفی زیادی می تواند بر ساکنان و گیاهان اطراف این کارخانه داشته باشد. ذرات معلق زیر 5/2 میکرون در کلیه ایستگاه ها زیر حد مجاز قرار داشت. ولی ذرات معلق زیر 10 میکرون در کلیه ایستگاه ها بالاتر از حد مجاز قرار داشتند.<br />کلمات کلیدی: کارخانه سیمان سپاهان ، ذرات معلق، دی اکسید نیتروژن، دی اکسید گوگردhttps://www.jess.ir/article_215339_490cbc1fe65b42f9e84dc2c2d22555b8.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Analysis of the trends of climate parameters using Mann Kendal test (TFPW-MK) in Khuzestan provinceتحلیل روند پارامترهای اقلیمی استان خوزستان با استفاده از آزمون من کندال(TFPW-MK)6510652121534210.22034/jess.2022.174474.1130FAعلی اکبرنوروزیپژوهشکده حفاظت خاک وآبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزیمهدیهماییگروه آبیاری و زهکشی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرسمیناترکماندانشگاه تربیت مدرسJournal Article20190309Nowadays, climate change causes abundant worries in different spots in the world. For this reason, a study was conducted to find the trace of this global phenomenon in Khuzestan province. Therefore, we used meteorology data including temperature parameters, rainfall, evapotranspiration and relative humidity for 15 weather stations in a period of 21 years (1996-2016) and Mann Kendal graph to determine the trend. The result illustrates that there is a meaningful downward trend for rainfall parameter in SafiAbad, Hendijan, Masjedsoleiman and Bandar-E-Mahshar with confidence level of 95% and Omidiyeh with confidence level of 99%. Moreover, there is a meaningful upward trend with confidence level of 95% in tempe-rature parameters in most stations, while this level is 99% in Bostan, Hendijan and Izeh. In addition, a meaningful upward trend in evapotranspiration in two station of Bostan and SafiAbad with confidence level of 95% and 99% and a meaningful downward trend with confidence level of 99% for Shushtar, Izeh, Abadan, Masjedsoleiman and Ahwaz as well, is visible. There is a meaningful downward trend in relative humidity in Bostan, SafiAbad, Izeh, Omidiyeh and Masjedsoleiman, which all present the climate change effect in region.<br />Climate change is one of the most important challenges in the 21st century. Global warming has caused very unstable changes in climate parameters such as: changes in rainfall patterns and frequency and intensity of climate changes. The issue of climate change has become one of the main concerns of scientists related to atmospheric sciences due to its impact on various dimensions of human life and the dependence of human activities on it, and many researchers are trying to understand the various dimensions of this important phenomenon. The change in climatic elements, especially temperature and precipitation, is one of the most important signs of this phenomenon. Changes in temperature and precipitation in different parts of the earth do not follow the same trend, and climate change does not necessarily mean simultaneous changes in precipitation and temperature. <br />The amount, distribution and temporal and spatial changes of precipitation and temperature are essential factors for decision-making, management, planning and design, especially in areas such as Iran, which is geographically located in the 28 to 48 degree north latitude and It has a dry and semi-arid climate. In order to detect the trend in the time series of water and meteorological variables, various tests are used, and these tests can be divided into two categories, parametric and non-parametric. Parametric tests are more powerful in detecting trends than non-parametric tests, and when using them, the data should be random and have a normal distribution. On the other hand, non-parametric tests can be used if the data is random and are not sensitive to the normality of the data. Mann-Kendall's test is a non-parametric test that is used in researches to investigate the trends of water and meteorological variables. <br />To carry out this research, climatic data (average rainfall, average evaporation and transpiration, average humidity and temperature parameters) prepared by the meteorological organization of Tehran province for a statistical period of 21 years from 1996 to 2016 have been used. Mann-Kendall test was used to analyze the trend of climatic parameters, which will be explained in detail below.<br />• Mann-Kendall non-parametric test<br />This test was first presented in 1945 by "Mann" and then developed by "Kendall" in 1966. This test does not require a normal frequency distribution or linear behavior of the data, and it works very strongly compared to the data that deviates from the linear behavior and is used to evaluate the trend (Darabi et al., 2015). In this test, the null hypothesis (H0) and the opposite hypothesis (H1) are respectively equivalent to no trend and the presence of a trend in the time series of observational data. <br />Mann-Kendall diagram test:<br />The steps of the test are briefly as follows:<br />We rank the data and calculate the ti statistic, which is defined as the ratio of rank I to its previous ranks, and then we obtain the cumulative frequency of the statistic ( ). Mathematical expectation, variance and Mann-Kendall index are calculated based on the following formulas (Zahedi et al., 2016):<br />In these relationships, ni is the time order of the data. To check the changes, the index Ui' should also be calculated: rank the data and determine the statistic t'i, which is defined as the ratio of rank I to its next ranks, and then calculate the cumulative frequency of t'i we do The mathematical expectation, variance and index Ui' are as follows:<br />In the above relationships, N is the statistical sample size under study. The intersection of the index Ui and Ui' is a sign of a sudden change in the time behavior of a statistical series. The non-intersection of the curve or their placement within the 95% confidence range does not indicate significant changes in the data, but if the mentioned lines intersect within the critical range of 1.96 and 2.58 and then leave the critical range, it is a sign of a sudden change and a significant trend at the 95% and 99% confidence levels, respectively. If the U curve moves to the positive side, it has a positive trend, otherwise it has a negative trend. Crossings outside the critical range indicate a sudden change in the behavior of the series (Alijani et al., 2009).<br />In general, the results showed that during the studied statistical period, rainfall in all stations had a decreasing trend. Also, the minimum and maximum temperature parameters have been increasing in most of the stations. The parameters of evaporation and transpiration and relative humidity in most of the stations had a non-significant decreasing trend. Based on the results of Mann-Kandall charts, it was found that Safi Abad, Omidiyeh and Handijan stations were more affected by these changes than other stations. It is obvious that dealing with the effects of climate change and its consequences, such as the increase in the temperature of the earth's surface or the decrease in rainfall, requires a detailed investigation of the causes of this phenomenon and the provision of appropriate solutions in order to prevent endangering food security, increasing soil erosion, desertification and other problems.امروزه پدیدهی تغییر اقلیم سبب بروز نگرانیهای فراوانی در نقاط مختلف جهان شده است. به همین دلیل پژوهشی در راستای یافتن ردپایی از این پدیده جهانی در استان خوزستان انجام شد. بدین منظور، از اطلاعات هواشناسی شامل پارامترهای دمایی، بارندگی، تبخیر و تعرق و رطوبت نسبی برای 15 ایستگاه هواشناسی در بازه زمانی 21 ساله (1996-2016) و آزمون نموداری من کندال برای تعیین روند استفاده شد. نتایج نشان دهندهی روند معنادار کاهشی در پارامتر بارندگی برای ایستگاههای صفی آباد، هندیجان، مسجدسلیمان و بندر ماهشهر با سطح اطمینان 95% و امیدیه با سطح اطمینان 99% بود. همچنین، روند افزایشی معناداری با سطح اطمینان 95% در بیشتر ایستگاهها در پارامترهای دمایی برقرار بوده که این روند در ایستگاههای بستان، هندیجان و ایذه با سطح اطمینان 99% وجود داشته است. روند افزایشی معنادار تبخیر و تعرق در دو ایستگاه بستان و صفی آباد با سطح اطمینان 95% و 99% و روند کاهشی معنادار با سطح اطمینان 99% برای ایستگاههای شوشتر، ایذه، آبادان، مسجدسلیمان و اهواز مشاهده شد. همچنین روند کاهشی معنادار در ایستگاههای بستان، صفی آباد، ایذه، امیدیه و مسجدسلیمان در پارامتر رطوبت نسبی وجود داشت که همه این تغییرات نشان دهنده اثر تغییر اقلیم در منطقه میباشد.https://www.jess.ir/article_215342_4b48cc60758b7b153c6429c43ee32c19.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Evaluation and Potential Estimation of Energy Extraction from Municipal Wastes Using IPCC Waste Model- Case Study of Zanjan Cityارزیابی و پتانسیلسنجی استحصال انرژی از پسماندهای شهری با استفاده از مدل IPCC- مطالعه موردی شهر زنجان6522652921534310.22034/jess.2022.182830.1152FAآزادهتوکلیگروه علوم محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران0000-0002-1179-8105Journal Article20190423Systematic management of waste as a principle of sustainable development is considerable from health- environmental perspectives. Sanitary disposal of waste with methane extraction meet these goals and also consider renewable energy extraction. <br />This study paid to the potential of methane extraction during period of 24 years (1997-2021) in Zanjan landfill (Mehtarchiee), based on quantity and quality of Zanjan wastes in three time section (2004, 2009 and 2016). For this purpose, the proposed model by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC Waste Model), the effect of climate (temperature and humidity) on extractions and time pattern of emissions are studied. Results indicated that due to the high percentage of decomposable organic compounds (60-70%) and relative humidity (69%), Zanjan's wastes have a high potential for methane extraction. During the study period, 43.34 Gg of methane and an ascending- descending pattern have been emited. The best climatological conditions are warm-humid and temperate- wet, respectively. <br />Waste incineration in compare with sanitary disposal (with methane extraction), despite a significant reduction in volume and rapid energy recovery, is not a good option due to the high humidity level and limitation of combustible material and faced with environmental consequences.مدیریت اصولی پسماند از ارکان توسعه پایدار و از نظر بهداشتی- محیطزیستی مورد توجه است. دفن بهداشتی همراه استحصال متان میتواند علاوه بر تحقق اهداف فوق، در بحث استحصال انرژی تجدیدپذیر مدنظر قرار گیرد. این پژوهش براساس دادههای کمّیت و کیفیت پسماندهای شهر زنجان در سه مقطع زمانی (سالهای 83، 88 و 95)، به پتانسیل استحصال متان در بازه زمانی 24 ساله (1400-1376) از محل دفن شهر زنجان (مهترچایی) پرداخته است. در این راستا مدل پیشنهادی هیات بینالدّولی تغییر اقلیم (IPCC Waste Model)، تاثیر شرایط آب و هوایی (دما و رطوبت) بر پتانسیل استحصال و الگوی زمانی انتشارها مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد با توجه به درصد بالای مواد آلی فسادپذیر (70-60 درصد) و رطوبت نسبی (69 درصد)، پسماندهای شهر زنجان پتانسیل مناسبی برای استحصال متان دارند. مقدار انتشارها در بازه زمانی مورد مطالعه Gg 34/43 و در گذر زمان الگوی صعودی- نزولی دارد. بهترین شرایط اقلیمی گرم و مرطوب و بعد از آن معتدل و مرطوب است. <br />زبالهسوزی در مقایسه با دفن بهداشتی (همراه با استحصال متان)، علیرغم کاهش قابلتوجه در حجم پسماند و استحصال سریع انرژی، بهعلت بالا بودن سطح رطوبت و محدودیت مواد قابلاشتعال پسماند، گزینه مناسبی نیست و پیامدهای محیطزیستی فراوانی دارد.https://www.jess.ir/article_215343_53ea191c9ba63114fb907831b4ea92a4.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723The Political, Legal and Environmental Importance of the Arctic Region and Its Governance by the Arctic Council in the Framework of International Lawاهمیت سیاسی، حقوقی و زیست محیطی منطقه قطب شمال و اداره آن توسط شورای قطب شمال در چارچوب حقوق بین الملل6530654221534410.22034/jess.2022.219013.1327FAسید احمدراثیدانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزیJournal Article20200208Abstract <br />Introduction <br />According to the historical course of this region, the North Pole was claimed in 1909 by Canada and in 1924 by the United States of America. Then the Soviet Union also continued this process and made a territorial claim in this region due to its geographical proximity. It was at this time that this country seized the Bering Strait and the Kola Peninsula. Since 1930, this area has been considered from a military point of view. For example, Canada and the United States implemented defense-oriented plans under the pretext of an all-out threat from the Russians. In the middle of World War II, the North Pole was a breeding ground for German and Russian submarines to advance their military goals. After the Second World War, at the height of the Cold War, the North Pole was also a place of dispute and became of strategic and military importance for the governments. With the escalation of these differences, the strategic importance of the region took on a political and security color. As mentioned, the melting of the ice in this region (due to global warming), the three basic and key points of security, easy access to sea routes (creating new waterways) and energy (oil and gas) became the subject of discussion and disagreement between governments.<br />In fact, global warming has dramatically affected the Arctic region. By evaluating the climate effects of the North Pole in 2004, it can be concluded that the temperature of this region will increase by 4 to 7 degrees by the end of this century. At the same time as this study, another study was conducted and they came to the conclusion that by 2040 all the Arctic glaciers will melt. However, with the intensification of the global warming crisis and the disregard of world powers to this issue (including the United States), the process of ice melting is taking place at a faster rate. According to their capabilities, countries are trying to prove their sovereignty over the Arctic region and protect their interests in that region. Especially Russia's provocative actions and raising its flag in the North Pole have aggravated the differences.<br /><br />Methodology <br />This research has been done in a scientific-research method. Scientific research is the way that research is done on the topic in question according to valid scientific methods. On the other hand, this research has been done in a descriptive-analytical way, because according to the sources, the existing facts have been expressed and then the analysis and reasoning about these events has been done. Because this research is a library work, the political, legal and environmental importance of the Arctic region and its governance by the Arctic Council in the framework of international law have been discussed. Based on this, some sources have been discussed and research has been done on this matter through the available sources in English, Turkish and Farsi languages.<br /><br />Conclusion <br />The Arctic does not yet have specific sovereignty in international law. Countries around the Arctic have divisions of authority. Unlike Antarctica, the region does not yet have a convention on sovereignty and environmental issues and resource utilization, and therefore no progress has been made in the region due to tensions between sovereign states. The strategic importance of the Arctic is not recognized by countries, and only governments recognize the region's oil and gas resources. One of the reasons why the Arctic is important is the area's access to the high seas. With the gradual warming of land and the melting of polar ice, it has facilitated the extraction of underground resources and easy access to the maritime routes of the area, affecting global geopolitics. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, this paper attempts to explain the political importance of this region among governments and to examine the legal challenges to the Arctic with respect to international law. The results show that the region faces border disputes, increased military might and coastal claims. The legal status of this region in accordance with international law is subject to the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. This area, which has not yet been established by a special agreement or treaty, has always been prone to tension and conflict between countries, especially coastal countries. The 1982 Convention on the Law of the Seas cannot completely fill the void in the Arctic, but it can be filled with cooperation between governments. In this regard, the Arctic Council can compensate for the existing gaps in addition to its duties, including maintaining the ecological cover of the region and resolving disputes and tensions between governments. In order to realize this, it is necessary to expand the scope of jurisdiction and better organization of this council. However, despite the effectiveness of the Arctic Council, due to the special geographical situation of this region, the permanent solution of its problems and issues should be possible with an independent and comprehensive treaty for this region. A treaty that takes into account the specific geographical characteristics of the region and provides a comprehensive and permanent solution including freedom of trade, free passage, protection of the flora and fauna of the region, introduction as a free and common area for all nations, joint exploitation of resources. Determining the legal status and territorial and territorial disputes of the coastal countries, prohibiting the military presence of the countries, solving the issues related to the Arctic continental plateau and respecting the human rights of the native communities of the region and its administration by them, etc. can solve a large part of its problems. To resolve and prevent disputes and widespread regional and international tensions. This solution should include two parts before the polar ice melts and after the polar ice melts. Because currently the polar ices of this region have not melted and cannot be considered as the open sea according to the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. This is the reason why the need for a legal regime or a special treaty for this region is felt for joint administration and solving its problems. Of course, this treaty can be under the supervision of the United Nations and with the advice and provision of a solution by the Arctic Council and by taking into account some rules of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. In the end, the Arctic legal regime or the Arctic Comprehensive Treaty can be the end point of these problems and dilemmas in this region.قطب شمال از نظر حقوق بین الملل دارای حاکمیت مشخصی نیست. کشورهای اطراف قطب شمال دارای اختلاف حاکمیتی می باشند. بر خلاف قطب جنوب، این منطقه دارای کنوانسیونی برای تعیین مسائل حاکمیتی و زیست محیطی و بهره برداری از منابع نمی باشد و به این دلیل پیشرفتی در این منطقه به دلیل تنش بین دولت های مدعی حاکمیت حاصل نشده است. اهمیت استراتژیکی قطب شمال در بین کشورها شناخته نشده است و فقط دولت ها به دلیل وجود منابع نفت و گاز این منطقه را می شناسند. یکی از دلایل اهمیت قطب شمال، دسترسی این منطقه به دریای آزاد می باشد. با گرم شدن تدریجی زمین و ذوب یخ های قطبی، راه برای استخراج منابع زیرزمینی و دسترسی آسان به مسیرهای دریایی این منطقه را آسان نموده و ژئوپلیتیک جهانی را تحت تاثیر قرار داده است. این مقاله با استفاده از روش توصیفی – تحلیلی سعی دارد اهمیت سیاسی این منطقه را تبیین و چالش های حقوقی بر قطب شمال را بررسی نماید. نتایج این تحقیق نشان می دهد که این منطقه با اختلافات مرزی، افزایش قدرت نظامی و ادعاهای ارضی کشورها مواجه است. وضعیت حقوقی این منطقه با توجه به حقوق بین الملل، تابع کنوانسیون 1982 حقوق دریاها است.https://www.jess.ir/article_215344_8bec7d1a6a14dd758ef248e778a8d425.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Investigating the impact of management factors and laws and regulations on the occurrence of construction violations from the perspective of citizens
(Case study: Bostanabad city)بررسی تأثیر عوامل مدیریتی و قوانین و مقررات در وقوع تخلفات ساختمانی از دیدگاه شهروندان (مطالعه موردی: شهر بستانآباد)6543655721534610.22034/jess.2022.355889.1843FAهادیاسکندری عین الدیندانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری0000-0002-4665-5884عطاغفاری گیلاندهعضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلیحسیننظم فردانشیار- دانشگاه محقق اردبیلیJournal Article20220813In the past decades, due to the increase in the population of cities and the high demand for construction in urban areas, the phenomenon of construction violations in cities has increased. The purpose of this research is to investigate the management factors and laws and regulations affecting the incidence of construction violations in Bostanabad city. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Data collection was done through a questionnaire by examining management factors and rules and regulations, including 22 items based on the responses of citizens (construction offenders) in Bostan Abad city with a sample size of 270 people. To analyze the data, one-sample T-tests and Pearson's correlation test were used in the SPSS environment to investigate management factors and laws and regulations affecting the occurrence of construction violations in Bostanabad city. Also, AutoCAD software has been used to show the process of physical expansion of the city. Based on the results of the research, including management factors and laws and regulations affecting the occurrence of construction violations in Bostanabad city, collection of fines as a source of income for the municipality, lack of useful and effective response to the applicants in the management system of the municipality, prolongation of work in the matter Issuance of construction permit, lack of proper monitoring of supervising engineers' performance, also based on the results of Pearson's correlation test, there is a strong and significant correlation between construction violations and management factors and laws and regulations affecting the occurrence of construction violations. Based on the findings of the investigation of factors affecting the formation of construction violations, city managers can easily issue building permits and properly supervise the performance of supervising engineers in construction matters and create sustainable income for the municipality as well as control construction in Certain points of the city should reduce the occurrence of construction violations and prevent uneven development and heterogeneity in the urban body of Bostanabad.<br /><br />Introduction <br />In the past decades, due to the increase in the population of cities, the spread of construction violations has faced major problems for managers and residents of many cities in developing countries. which will be challenging if this uncontrolled and irregular urban expansion is not properly controlled and managed. The existence of factors such as the inefficiency of the urban management system, the long process of obtaining a building permit, and the price of land, especially in third world cities, are among the factors that have made citizens more justified in committing construction violations (Madanian, 35: 1387). Urban construction control requires rational planning and management and the rewriting of planning and management methods by local governments (Zeyang Li et al, 2020.2). In the process of rewriting regulations, it is important to include the concerns of local residents and the whole process should be democratic. Finally, the new law should consider the traditional culture and current economic-social demands of the people (Rakwaro, 2009. 8). Therefore, policy makers can predict and control the trend between construction demand and the occurrence of construction violations and develop appropriate strategies to deal with the challenges ahead (Rayan Y.C. Fan, 2011. 167).<br />One of the physical-spatial consequences of construction violations in cities is the creation of visual pollution and heterogeneity in the urban body and image. In these cities, construction is not in accordance with construction rules and regulations. It causes visual pollution and disruption of the skyline and irregularity in the body and irregular urban development (Yousfi et al., 2018: 657). Construction regulations undoubtedly have an effective role in achieving the goals of urban planning, including providing beauty, development with a plan, homogeneity in the urban context. Compliance with it, while providing the mentioned goals, improves the visual quality and increases the life span and safety of buildings (Salehi et al., 1389: 98). Since this day, due to its pervasive level and long-term effects in cities, construction violations are among the challenges of modern urbanization. which, in line with the increase in effective demand in the construction industry, has faced the cities with huge challenges. Construction violations are a link in the chain of economic, social, management and urban legislation issues. Construction violations are one of the anomalies or problems in cities that cannot be easily dealt with and solved in an ineffective management system. One of the possible solutions in dealing with this issue is to try to prevent the occurrence of violations. that the causes and contexts of their occurrence, which can be different in different legal, social, economic and physical contexts, were identified and planned to fix and control them (Manochehri Miandoab et al., 2017: 9).<br />Methodology<br />The aim of the current research is to investigate the management factors and laws and regulations affecting the incidence of construction violations in Bostanabad city, so that by identifying the influencing factors, a better understanding of the construction violations situation in Bostanabad city can be obtained and a suitable basis for future planning can be made. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Data collection was done through a questionnaire with management indicators and rules and regulations including 22 items based on the responses of citizens (construction offenders) in Bostan Abad city with a sample size of 270 people.To analyze the data,one-sample T-tests and Pearson's correlation test were used in the SPSS environment to investigate the economic, social and physical factors affecting the occurrence of construction violations in Bostanabad city. Also, ArcGIS software has been used to show the physical expansion of the city.<br /><br />Conclusion <br />Based on the results of the research, including management factors and laws and regulations affecting the incidence of construction violations in Bostanabad city, collection of fines as a source of income for the municipality, lack of useful and effective response to the applicants in the management system of the municipality, prolongation of the The issue of building permit issuance is the lack of proper monitoring of the performance of supervising engineers and the non-compliance of supervising engineers with construction laws and regulations. It is also based on the results of the Pearson correlation test between construction violations and management factors and laws and regulations affecting the occurrence of construction violations. There is strong and meaningful. The p value is less than 0.05, confirming this.<br />Based on the findings of the investigation of factors affecting the formation of construction violations, city managers can easily issue construction permits and properly supervise the performance of supervising engineers in construction matters and create sustainable income for the municipality as well as control construction. and construction in certain areas of the city to reduce the occurrence of construction violations and prevent uneven development and heterogeneity in the urban body.در دهههای گذشته باتوجه به افزایش جمعیت شهرها و تقاضای زیاد به ساخت و ساز در مناطق شهری موجب افزایش پدیده تخلفات ساختمانی در شهرها شده است.هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی عوامل مدیریتی و قوانین و مقررات اثرگذار بر بروز تخلفات ساختمانی از دیدگاه شهروندان در شهر بستانآباد است.پژوهش حاضر از حیث هدف کاربردی و از حیث ماهیت و روش توصیفی – تحلیلی است.گردآوری دادهها از طریق پرسشنامه با بررسی عوامل مدیریتی و قوانین و مقررات، شامل 22 گویه برمبنای پاسخ های شهروندان(متخلفین ساختمانی)در شهر بستان آباد با حجم نمونه 270 نفر انجام شد.جهت تحلیل دادهها،از آزمونهای آماری T تک نمونه ای و آزمون همبستگی پیرسون در محیط spss برای بررسی عوامل مدیریتی و قوانین و مقررات اثرگذار بر بروز تخلفات ساختمانی در شهر بستانآباد استفاده شده است. همچنین جهت نمایش روند گسترش فیزیکی شهر از نرم افزار AutoCAD مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است.براساس نتایج پژوهش، از جمله عوامل مدیریتی و قوانین و مقررات اثرگذار بر بروز تخلفات ساختمانی در شهر بستانآباد، اخذ جریمه به عنوان منبع درامد برای شهرداری، عدم پاسخ گویی مفید و مؤثر به مراجعه کنندگان در سیستم مدیریتی شهرداری، طولانی شدن انجام کار در امر صدور پروانه ساختمانی، عدم نظارت صحیح بر عملکرد مهندسین ناظر ، همچنین براساس نتایج آزمون همبستگی پیرسون بین تخلفات ساختمانی و عوامل مدیریتی و قوانین و مقررات اثرگذار بر بروز تخلفات ساختمانی همبستگی قوی و معنادار وجود دارد. براساس یافته های حاصل شده از بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر شکل گیری تخلفات ساختمانی، مدیران شهری میتوانند با نسهیل در انجام صدور پروانه ساختمانی و نظارت صحیح بر عملکرد مهندسین ناظر در امر ساخت و ساز و ایجاد درامد پایدار برای شهرداری و همچنین کنترل ساخت و ساز در نقاط مشخصی از شهر باعث کاهش زمینه های بروز تخلفات ساختمانی و جلوگیری از توسعه نامتوازن و ناهمگونی در کالبد شهری شهر بستانآباد شوند.https://www.jess.ir/article_215346_a6f5b796ec16215f8635b97ba410e3d6.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Sources Identification of Heavy Metals in Surface Soil with the Approach of Statistical Multivariate Analysis (Case Study of Hamadan Province)شناسایی منابع فلزات سنگین در خاک سطحی با رویکرد تجزیه و تحلیل چند متغیره آماری (مطالعه موردی استان همدان)6558656721534710.22034/jess.2022.370970.1911FAعلیشهبازیگروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.لقمانخداکرمیگروه مهندسی نفت، دانشکده فنی، دانشگاه کویا، کویا، منطقه کردستان، عراق.لعبتتقویگروه محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم تحقیقات، تهران، ایران0000-0002-4973-318XJournal Article20221120Introduction <br />The expansion of industries, the development of cities, the increase in population, and the excessive human intervention in nature have led to the destruction and pollution of the environment. Soil pollution, especially soil pollution with heavy metals, is one of the environmental issues of concern to many researchers. The geographical distribution of heavy elements in the soil, either naturally or through human activities, will bring issues and problems. Heavy metals can enter the soil environment through the weathering of parent materials or external pollutants. For some metals, such as lead, pollution from external sources is much more than from natural sources. Among the natural factors, parent materials are the main factors that determine the concentration of heavy metals in the soil, and among the unnatural factors, industrial and agricultural activities are among the main sources of heavy metals entering the soil and are known as human sources. Human sources of heavy metal entry are divided into primary and secondary categories. Heavy metals are added to the soil as impurities along with primary sources including sewage sludge, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Secondary sources include the entry of heavy metals through mines, industrial activities or through deposition from the air. The purpose of this study is to identify the sources of heavy metals (chromium, cobalt, zinc, vanadium, copper, lead, nickel, antimony, arsenic and cadmium) in the surface soil of Hamedan province (0-20 cm) using multivariate statistical methods. (Analysis of main and cluster components).<br /><br /><br />Methodology <br />In this study, to investigate sources of ten heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Zn, V, Cu, Pb, Ni, Sb, As, Cd,) in soil surface layer in Hammadan province, a systematic random method was utilized for soil sampling and 286 soil samples were collected from 0-25cm depth. For this purpose, first, the region was divided into 5 x 5 km grids. In the next step, based on the knowledge of the study area and the variety of uses and activities, the grid spacing was 2.5 x 2.5 km in the areas where the intensity of land use was high, and the grid spacing was 10 x 10 km in the areas where the intensity of land use was less. And the intersection of networks was considered as sampling points. A total of 286 soil samples were collected from the study area by a combined method in sampling after spotting, at the sampling site a plot of 20x20 meters (macroplot) and inside it three plots of 3x3 meters (microplot) was applied, then 5 soil samples were taken crosswise from each microplate from a depth of 0-20 cm and after mixing the soil, a 2-3 kg composite sample was taken from it. Also, by completing the sampling form, information about the use of the sampling location, the type of cultivation (irrigated or rainfed), the appearance of the land, the type of product, geographical coordinates and the nearest village was completed. Soil sampling was done from pristine and untouched areas, mountainous areas, salt marshes, irrigated or rainfed agricultural lands, vineyards, gardens and lands around villages.<br />Soil samples were dried and prepared for analysis after passing through a 2 mm sieve. Extraction was done to determine the total concentration of heavy metals in the soil using HCl and HNO3. The concentration of heavy elements lead, zinc, arsenic, antimony, chromium, cobalt, vanadium, nickel and copper was measured using ICP-MS device and cadmium was measured by graphite furnace method and using atomic absorption device.<br />In this study, the mean, median, skewness, skewness and Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics were used to examine the distribution and test the normality of the data at the 95% confidence level. Principal component analysis is used to classify relationships between measured variables. In cases where the number of evaluated variables is large, it is difficult to analyze them through the correlation coefficient.<br />In this study, the accumulation method was used to group the variables. This method starts with one variable, so at the beginning of processing, the number of groups is equal to the number of studied variables (target variables). Then, the similar and homogeneous groups are combined with each other and with decreasing homogeneity, all the subgroups are piled up and condensed and finally form a single group.<br />Conclusion <br />Results of multivariate statistical analysis showed that the main origin of the chromium, cobalt, nickel, zinc, lead and vanadium is parent material and copper cadmium, arsenic and antimony have common origins of natural material and anthropogenic sources (agricultural activities). Finding appropriate information about possible resources of heavy metals can be used for the monitoring and evaluation processes of agricultural soils in the study area. The results obtained from measuring the concentration of total heavy metals in the surface soil of Hamadan province showed that by using factor analysis, the source of heavy metal accumulation can be identified. The results of factor analysis showed that chromium, cobalt, nickel, iron, zinc, lead, and vanadium were the first factor with the highest connection, according to the results of factor analysis. The close correlation between these elements could explain their shared origin. The high concentration of these components in the surface soil of the mother matter appears to be the key reason, according to the geological structure and agricultural maps of the study area. However, because of the high consumption of chemical fertilizers (average urea fertilizer consumption is 500-700 kg/ha per year, potash fertilizer consumption is 200-330 kg/ha per year, and phosphorus fertilizer consumption is 300-558 kg/ha per year), and the possibility of these elements in the chemical structure of urea, phosphate, and potash fertilizers, increasing the element concentration in the soil by them is not far from the mind. Copper, antimony, cadmium, and arsenic are among the components present in the second factor. According to the geological structure and land use map, the high concentrations of these elements are due to both natural and human activity (agricultural activities). The results of a cluster analysis confirm these findings. Overall, the findings of this study revealed that studying the relationship between heavy metals, investigating their origins, and analyzing them using multivariate statistical methods (factor analysis and cluster analysis) would be very accurate and simple.در این تحقیق به منظور بررسی منابع فلز سنگین (کروم، کادمیوم، روی، روی، وی، مس، سرب، نیکل، اسب، آسیو، کادمیوم، کادمیم) در لایه سطحی خاک استان همدان، از روش تصادفی سیستماتیک برای نمونه برداری از خاک استفاده شد. پس از تجزیه و تحلیل نمونههای خاک برای تعیین منابع فلزات سنگین، از روشهای آماری چند متغیره (تحلیل مؤلفههای اصلی، ماتریس همبستگی و تحلیل خوشهای) استفاده شد. نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل آماری چند متغیره نشان داد که منشاء اصلی کروم، کبالت، نیکل، روی، سرب و وانادیوم مواد مادری و مس کادمیون، آرسنیک و آنتیموان منشاء مشترک مواد مادری و منابع انسانی هستند. نتایج تحلیل عاملی نشان داد که کروم، کبالت، نیکل، آهن، روی، سرب و وانادیم اولین عامل با بیشترین ارتباط بودند. همبستگی نزدیک بین این عناصر می تواند منشأ مشترک آنها را نشان دهد. با توجه به ساختار زمین شناسی و نقشه های کشاورزی منطقه مورد مطالعه، غلظت بالای این اجزا در خاک سطحی مواد مادری است. اما به دلیل مصرف زیاد کودهای شیمیایی (متوسط مصرف کود اوره 500-700 کیلوگرم در هکتار، مصرف کود پتاس 200-330 کیلوگرم در هکتار و مصرف کود فسفر 300-558 کیلوگرم در هکتار در سال) و امکان وجود این عناصر در ساختار شیمیایی کودهای اوره، فسفات و پتاس، افزایش غلظت عناصر در خاک توسط آنها دور از ذهن نیست. مس، آنتیموان، کادمیوم و آرسنیک از جمله اجزای موجود در عامل دوم هستند. با توجه به ساختار زمین شناسی و نقشه کاربری اراضی، غلظت بالای این عناصر هم ناشی از فعالیت های طبیعی و هم فعالیت های انسانی است. نتایج تحلیل خوشه ای این یافته ها را تایید می کند. در مجموع، یافتههای این مطالعه نشان داد که مطالعه همبستگی بین فلزات سنگین، بررسی منشأ و تجزیه و تحلیل آنها با استفاده از روشهای آماری چند متغیره بسیار دقیق و ساده خواهد بود.https://www.jess.ir/article_215347_fb44ecd088af7df2a0b3bd5ddf1d9189.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Measuring the institutional-organizational resilience of Ardabil city against environmental hazardsسنجش تابآوری نهادی-سازمانی شهر اردبیل در برابر مخاطرات محیطی6568657821534810.22034/jess.2022.371022.1912FAاصغرپاشازادهپژوهشگر دوره فوق تخصص/ پسادکتری دانشگاه تهرانمحمدحسنیزدانیاستاد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلیعلیرضامحمدیاستاد گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری و روستایی - گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری و روستایی/ دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی0000-0002-3327-0942Journal Article20221120Abstract <br />Today, the resilience approach is used to manage crises caused by risks and achieve sustainable development. This approach has four dimensions, one of the most important of which is the institutional-organizational dimension. This dimension of resilience emphasizes the role of authorities in preventing disaster. The aim of the present study is to assess the institutional-organizational resilience of Ardabil city against environmental hazards from the citizens' point of view. The present research method is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in terms of purpose. In order to collect data, the field sampling method (completing a questionnaire) has been used and in this regard, a number of thousands of questionnaires, proportional to the size and population of neighborhoods and have been completed in a randomly classified method. In the present research process, in order to determine the weight of the 6 main research indicators, the entropy method was used from the opinions of 10 experts (by snowball method) and in order to overlap the layers, the functions in Arc GIS software in the form of Vicor model were used. The study area of this research is the city of Ardabil and its neighborhoods. The results of the research have shown that among the 6 general indicators of the research, the risk reduction index is more important than other indicators. Also, the spatial results regarding the institutional resilience of Ardabil city against environmental hazards indicate that the areas located in the northwest and northeast of Ardabil city (with marginal texture and villages integrated into the city) are in a state of damage. The central area of the city (with organic texture) and the southern part of the city (with planned texture) are in a state of resilience. In general, the high vulnerability of the lower neighborhoods (in terms of texture type) is due to the weakness of institutional dimensions.<br />Introduction<br />Today, most of the world's population lives in urban areas and is always threatened by natural and man-made disasters. Since the role of cities in the social and economic development of countries is vital, therefore, the main challenge for many cities to move forward is to ensure sustainable quality promotion. The latest approach to reducing the city's vulnerability is the resilience approach. This approach has four dimensions, one of the most important of which is the institutional-organizational dimension. This dimension of resilience emphasizes the role of authorities in preventing disaster. According to research, the main problem in dealing with crises is its management before the accident. This is more common in developing countries, including Iran. As in recent years, we have witnessed many management problems in dealing with a variety of natural and human hazards. In this regard, the city of Ardabil is no exception to this rule and, like most cities in Iran, seems to be in an unfavorable institutional and managerial situation. In this regard, the present study tries to identify resilient and vulnerable areas and neighborhoods of Ardabil city in terms of institutional dimension and provide solutions to increase their institutional resilience. In order to achieve this goal, the main research questions are designed in such a way that what is the most important indicator of institutional resilience? And what is the situation of institutional resilience in Ardabil from the citizens' point of view? In fact, which neighborhoods are in a state of institutional resilience and which neighborhoods are in a state of institutional vulnerability?<br /><br />Methodology <br />The present research method is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in terms of purpose. Field harvest method (questionnaire containing 27 questions) was used to collect research data. In such a way that a questionnaire was tried to be completed from each neighborhood according to their size and population and randomly classified, in this regard, the sample size of one thousand cases was considered. In this regard, an attempt was made to question the trusted people of the place and familiar with the research problem in the relevant neighborhood in a purposeful way (it should be mentioned that the answers to the research questions in the form of 5-point Likert scale are very low (1 point) to very high. (5 points) is). Also, to determine the weight of the criteria, the opinions of 10 relevant experts who were selected by snowball method have been used. It should be mentioned that in order to investigate the institutional resilience of Ardabil city and its neighborhoods, the Victor model in the form of Arc-GIS software has been used.<br />Results<br />The results indicate that risk reduction indicators, institutional performance, institutional context, institutional relationships, governance and institutional independence are more important, respectively. Meanwhile, the risk reduction index alone has gained more than 37% of the points, which shows the very high importance of this index.<br />In general, the interpolated maps related to the indicators of institutional resilience indicate that the northern areas and neighborhoods of the city (especially the northwest and northeast of the city) are in a bad situation from the citizens' point of view. In front of the central and southern part of the city are in good condition.<br />According to the output of Vickor model, it can be said that the northwestern and northeastern regions of Ardabil are not in good condition in terms of institutional resilience and are considered vulnerable areas of the city. The value of Vicor index calculated in these areas is higher than other areas. Considering that in the Victor model, high values indicate the status of vulnerability and low values indicate the resilience status of the region in terms of the studied indicators, so the mentioned areas are considered vulnerable areas of Ardabil city. Among the most important neighborhoods in the vulnerable areas of the city can be found in Jankendi neighborhoods (Iranabad), Yahyaabad, Kazemabad, Mirasharf, Salmanabad, Darvishabad, Karimabad, Nizam. Abad, Vahdat, Panahabad, Khairabad, Orujaabad, Azar Ali, Ali Sarbaz, Zarnas, Hosseinabad, Golmaghan, Malayosef, Kalkhoran and Nyar mentioned and places like Hafez, Rezvan, Azadi, Azadegan, Quds, Wali, Beiza, Gazran, Mansouria, Abbasiyeh, Zeinal, Uch Dukan, Malahadi and Koi Memar are in a state of high institutional resilience, while other neighborhoods are in a state of relative resilience to relative vulnerability.<br />Conclusion<br />Resilience is one of the new topics in crisis management that has various dimensions, one of the most important of which is the institutional-organizational dimension. The result is that the resilience situation of Ardabil neighborhoods is not at the same level and the neighborhoods are in a different situation from resilience.<br />The northern regions of Ardabil city do not have favorable conditions in terms of institutional resilience indicators and are considered as vulnerable urban areas. In this part of Ardabil city, there are mostly suburban neighborhoods and integrated villages of Ardabil city, Iran-Abad, Mirashraf, Salmanabad, Darvish Abad neighborhoods are among the most important suburban neighborhoods and Golmaghan, Malayusuf, Kalkhoran and Nyar is also one of the villages integrated into the city of Ardabil, which are not in a good condition in terms of social, economic and physical conditions. In contrast, neighborhoods located in the central part of the city, which are considered as part of the organic and primary context of Ardabil city, and neighborhoods located in the planned context or residential towns, which are also referred to as newly established neighborhoods, are included in the scope. They are the institutional partners of Ardabil. Hafez, Rezvan, Azadi and Azadegan neighborhoods from the planned context and Gazran, Mansourieh, Abbasieh, Zeinal, Ochdekan and Memar neighborhoods from the organic context of Ardabil are in high institutional development conditions, which are social, economic and They also have a good body. Other neighborhoods of Ardabil are also in a state of relative resilience to relative vulnerability.<br />What can be concluded from the institutional resilience zoning of Ardabil city is that Ardabil city is in the middle (average) state of institutional resilience and vulnerability. Citizens located in Faradast neighborhoods (planned and organic contexts) have expressed satisfaction with the institutional resilience status and related indicators, but in the lower neighborhoods (informal or suburban housing contexts and villages integrated into the city). Or neighborhoods with a rural core) are relevant indicators of vulnerability. In a general conclusion, it can be inferred that the citizens of the lower neighborhoods of the city (in terms of texture type), the reason for the high vulnerability of their neighborhoods is the weakness of the institutional dimension.امروزه جهت مدیریت بحرانهای ناشی از مخاطرات و نیل به توسعه پایدار، از رویکرد تابآوری استفاده میشود. این رویکرد ابعاد چهارگانهای دارد که یکی از مهمترین آنها، بُعد نهادی-سازمانی است. این بُعد از تابآوری، بر نقش مسئولین در پیشگیری از بروز فاجعه تاکید دارد. در همین راستا، هدف پژوهش حاضر، سنجش تابآوری نهادی- سازمانی شهر اردبیل در برابر مخاطرات محیطی از نظر شهروندان میباشد. روش پژوهش حاضر، از لحاظ ماهیت، توصیفی- تحلیلی و از لحاظ هدف، کاربردی میباشد. جهت جمعآوری دادهها از روش برداشت میدانی (تکمیل پرسشنامه) استفاده شده است و در همین خصوص، تعداد هزار پرسشنامه، متناسب با وسعت و جمعیت محلات و به روش تصادفی طبقهبندی شده، تکمیل شده است. در فرایند تحقیق حاضر به منظور تعیین وزن 6 شاخص اصلی پژوهش، از نظرات 10 کارشناس امر (به روش گلوله برفی) از روش آنتروپی و به منظور همپوشانی لایهها از توابع موجود در نرمافزار Arc GIS، در قالب مدل Vicor استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان داده است که از بین 6 شاخص کلی تحقیق، شاخص کاهش مخاطرات، نسبت به سایر شاخصها از اهمیت بیشتری برخوردار است. همچنین نتایج فضایی در خصوص وضعیت تابآوری نهادی شهر اردبیل در برابر مخاطرات محیطی بیانگر این امر است که محدودههای واقع در شمال غربی و شمال شرقی شهر اردبیل (با بافت حاشیهای و روستاهای ادغامی به شهر)، در وضعیت آسیبپذیری قرار گرفتهاند و محدوده مرکزی شهر (با بافت ارگانیک) و محدوده جنوبی شهر (با بافت برنامهریزی شده)، در وضعیت تاب-آوری قرار دارند. در حالت کلی آسیبپذیری بالای محلات فرودست (به لحاظ نوع بافت)، ناشی از ضعف شاخصهای بعد نهادی است.https://www.jess.ir/article_215348_4dc0d90c84b6e102d35731ae3620bb2b.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Simulating the changes of the Khiauchai river using the Caesar model (CAESAR)شبیهسازی تغییرات رودخانه خیاوچای با استفاده از مدل سزار (CAESAR)6579658821535010.22034/jess.2022.371228.1913FAفریبااسفندیاری درآبادگروه جغرافیا- دانشگاه اردبیل - دانشکده علوم اجتماعیبهروزنظافت تکلهدانشجوی دکتری ژئومورفولوژی،دانشکده علوم اجتماعی،دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی ، اردبیل، ایران0000-0003-3171-1772زهراشهبازی شرفهدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد ژئومورفولوژی دانشکده علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلیJournal Article20221122As a developing system, the river always changes its location and morphological characteristics according to the time period, geomorphic factors, geology, water currents and sometimes due to human interventions (Rezai Moghadam et al., 2013). In fact, normally, the landscape is adjusted by internal management factors such as slope, direction of slope, topography and type of sediments and external management factors such as climate change, sediment change and vegetation changes. The form of erosion or sedimentation in the bed, removing the walls, changing the flow bed, changing and moving the rivers and changing the form of the river is revealed. (Schumm, 2005). In other words, these changes cause many changes around the river and create natural problems and human and financial losses. (Gregory, 2006) Khiauchai river is considered one of the most important rivers of Ardabil province, Khiauchai river from the junction point The rivers above the villages of Dizo and Moyil started in the south of Meshgin Shahr, and the streams flowing in the village of Moyil are one of the most important branches of Khiauchai. This river passes through a path about fifteen kilometers east of the tourist town of Meshginshahr. Many branches connect to Khiauchai River<br />Simulation of Khiauchai riverbed changes using CAESAR<br />In order to investigate the capability of cellular automation in simulating the morphological changes of the river system in the Khiauchai river basin, the Caesar model was chosen. Among the cellular models of landscape evolution, the Caesar model is a two-dimensional model of water and sediment transport, which is one of the most recent cellular river models. In this model, daily discharge is used as input for the hydrological model based on TOPMODEL. The size of the particles used in the model is 1 to 256 mm. After entering the data including: daily discharge and sediment size, the height model of the cells is updated simultaneously; Therefore, despite the complexity in practice, the Caesar model in interval mode only requires simple input data of topography <br />HEC-RAS hydrological model was used for the zoning of Khiauchai river flood channel. The HEC-RAS hydrodynamic model is a model developed and developed by the United States Army. In 1964, HEC developed a computer model, HEC-2, in order to provide appropriate solutions to increase efficiency and improve by helping hydraulic engineers in analyzing river channels and determining flood zones. HEC-2 was a model that quickly evolved into a full-featured program for analytical river calculations. Finally, its power and potentials were expanded in the following years to apply things such as bridge and embankment analyses. Due to the increasing popularity and efficiency of personal Windows-based analysis software, in the early 1990s, HEC introduced a Windows-compatible counterpart of HEC-2 called the River Analysis System (RAS).<br />Combined results of cellular automaton model (CAESAR) and hydrological model (HEC-RAS)<br />Based on this, first, the results of the cellular automaton model before and after the simulation were extracted, and then the amount of flood zones was extracted with the hydraulic model (HEC-RAS).<br />Calculating the return period of flood probability using Hyfran software<br />Floods cause many risks to human societies and human facilities, which cause significant geomorphological changes. Based on this, the data related to Khiauchai hydrometric station was prepared from the regional water company of Ardabil province. After preparing the annual maximum instantaneous discharge, Pearson type 3 distribution was fitted to the base 10 logarithm of the peak discharges using Hyfran software, and the maximum instantaneous discharge was calculated for different return periods. The flow of flood flow with return periods of 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 1000 years of Khiauchai River is shown in table (1), graph (1). Based on the results obtained from table (1), the lowest probability of flooding with a return period of 2 years is about 50%, and the highest probability of flooding with a return period of 1000 and 200 years is 99.9% and 99.5%, respectively.<br />The results before and after the simulation of the cellular automaton model (CAESAR)<br />According to the measurements that were done in the first section of the first interval and by drawing the transverse profile of the main channel (before simulation and after simulation), the changes of the two profiles were compared. These changes are both in the width of the channel and in the average height and in the geometric shape of the river. According to the transverse profiles, the changes of the channel were investigated. The average depth and width of the channel before the simulation is 1339 and 7 meters, respectively, and after the simulation, it is 1339.56 and 11 meters, respectively, diagram (2).<br />Figure (2) shows the values of the flood zone with a return period of 2 years. Based on the map obtained from the output of HEC-RAS software and referring to table (4) and the river bed changes before and after being simulated in the cellular automation model (CAESAR), the area of the Khiauchai river flood zone with a return period of 2 years is about It is 3.8 hectares. These floodplains mostly correspond to the morphologic changes of the river bed, which locally include the edge of the river channel. The width of the areas exposed to floods with a return period of 2 years is about 153 meters. In other words, with the return period of 2 years, the morphological bed of the Khiauchai River will not undergo such changes, and the floods created will not pose significant risks to urban and rural areas.<br />Finally, the largest flood zone with a return period of 2 years includes a part of the lower reaches of the Khiauchai River. However, due to their periodicity and high potential for forming the planform of the channel, these floods are of great importance in the formation of multiple forms and erosion and slow sedimentation and morphological changes of the Khiauchai river channel.<br />According to the flood zoning map (Figure 3), the effect range of floods with a return period of 50 years along the Khiauchai River increases by about 12.8 hectares. Also, the average flood width of 50-year floods reaches about 277 meters. Flood zones with a return period of 50 years include return periods of 2, 3, 5, 10, 25 years. These floods have flooded the agricultural lands around the Khiauchai river and even some residential areas have suffered damage and danger. Based on the results obtained from the output of CAESAR and HEC-RAS models, these floods rarely go out of their channels and lead to damage. Such floods lead to erosion and sediment production.<br />Based on form (4), the section containing floods with a return period of 1000 years along the Khiauchai river will increase by about 13.8 hectares. The average flood width of 1000-year floods reaches about 345 meters. These floods include all the floodplains studied in this research with different return periods. As a result of this increase in area and width, it can be seen in all the upstream, middle and downstream parts of Khiauchai River. In other words, during the return period of 1000 years, the floodplain of the Khiauchai River covers all parts of the river. Such floods can affect a major part of the area of the river flood plain due to the high discharge and participation of the discharges of different branches, and in addition to human and financial losses and destruction of agricultural lands, they have many morphological consequences such as changing short routes, shortcuts, etc. . Floods with a return period of more than 1000 years have affected the residential areas of the villages around the Khiauchai river and changed the height of the river bed in different periods and finally led to changes in the river bed and the amount of erosion, sedimentation and finally the changes in the shape of the river in be long-term<br />Conclusion<br />According to the simulation of Khiauchai River bed and flood changes using HEC-RAS hydraulic model and CAESAR cellular automation model, these results were obtained, which shows the very high spatial variability of flood risk and Khiauchai River bed changes. This variability originates from the variable geomorphological conditions along the river. The results of CAESAR model show that the simulation of the river changes before and after the simulation in section number 22 in the second period varied from 1518 to 1520, which shows the changes of the river bed in about 2 meters. In the simulation of cross-section number 44 of the third interval, the amount of changes in the river bed was about 1442.5 to 1443.5 meters, which shows the amount of changes of 1 meter. Transverse section No. 60 also shows about 2 meters, which in the third period accounted for the most changes in the river bed. The results of the HEC-RAS hydraulic model showed that the flood zone with a return period of 2 years covers about 8.3 hectares, a return period of 50 years covers 12.8 hectares, and a return period of 1000 years covers about 13.8 hectares of the area around Khiauchai River.تغییرات بستر رودخانه، فرسایش و رسوبگذاری فرایندهای طبیعی رودخانه هستند که هر کدام به نوبه خود باعث تخریب زمینهای اراضی و خسارات بسیار زیادی به تاسیسات انسانی میگردند. . هدف از تحقیق فوق، شبیهسازی تغییرات رودخانه خیاوچای با استفاده از مدل سزار (CAESAR) و مدل هیدرولیکی HEC-RAS در استان اردبیل میباشد. همچنین جهت برآورد احتمال وقوع سیلاب از نرمافزار Hyfran استفاده گردید. بدین منظور جهت شبیهسازی تغییرات از مدل اتومای سلولی استفاده گردید. مدل CAESAR یک مدل تکامل یافته سلولی رودخانه است. در این مدل برای مدلسازی، دادههای ورودی مانند توپوگرافی، دبی روزانه سال (1394) و اندازه رسوبات بستر رودخانه تهیه و در مرحله بعد تغییرات مجرا شبیهسازی شد. نتایج مدل هیدرولوژیکی HEC-RAS نشان داد که بیشترین پهنه سیلابی در دوره بازگشت 1000 سال به ترتیب با مقدار 8/13 هکتار و احتمال وقوع 9/99 درصد است و برای جواع انسانی و تاسیسات بشری مخاطره آمیز خواهد بود. نتایج حاصله از مدل اتومای سلولی نیز نشان داد که تغییرات مورفولوژیکی بستر رودخانه در مقاطع عرض شماره 22 در بازه دوم برابر 1 متر بوده است. همچنین تغییرات بستر رودخانه در بازه سوم مقاطع 44 و 60 به ترتیب برابر 1 متر و 2 متر را نشان داد که در این مقاطع حداقل و حداکثر میزان تغییرات قابل مشاهده است. بنابراین نتیجهگیری میگردد با توجه به نتایج حاصله بیشترین میزان تغییرات بستر رودخانه خیاوچای در بازه سوم و نزدیک مناطق مسکونی رخ داده است درنهایت پیشنهاد میگردد در مطالعات آتی به بررسی میزان تاثیرگذاری جوامع بشری در ایجاد و افزایش میزان تغییرات بستر رودخانه و افزایش فرسایش و رسوبگذاری پرداخته شود و اقدامات پیشگیرانه همچون کاهش دخالتهای انسانی در بستر رودخانه، عدم تجاوز به حریم رودخانه، جلوگیری از تغییر کاربریهای اراضی انجام گردد و این امر منجر به حرکت عادی رودخانه در بستر خود خواهد گردید.https://www.jess.ir/article_215350_046cdb2a291b262d4d05f0ca76205bce.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Assessment of the effect of climate change on recharge resulted from precipitation in the Shiramin basinبررسی تاثیر تغییر اقلیم بر تغذیه ناشی از بارش در حوضه آبریز شیرامین6589660221535410.22034/jess.2022.364243.1880FAبتولزینالیدانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلطاهرهجلالی عنصرودیدانشگاه تبریزحمیرامصطفویدانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد سنجش از دور، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلJournal Article20221002Assessment of the effect of climate change on recharge resulted from precipitation in the Shiramin basin<br /><br />Extended abstract<br />Abstract<br />Extended Abstract<br />Introduction<br />Increases of CO2 concentrations and other greenhouse gases will have a significant effect on global climate which in turn influence recharge to the aquifer. Groundwater recharge plays a vital role in replenishing aquifers, which impacts groundwater resources availability. A large amount of water needed in different parts of arid and semi-arid areas is provided through groundwater resources. Understanding the process of groundwater recharge is fundamental to the management of groundwater resources. The quantity and quality of water resources have been reduced by unprotected exploitation in the recent decades. In addition, climate change and global warming will increase the severity of problem. Therefore, predicting the effects of climate change on groundwater recharge play an important role in the future management of these resources. While climate change affects surface water resources directly through changes in the major long-term climate variables such as air temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration, the relationship between the changing climate variables and groundwater is more complicated and difficult to quantify. In this paper, the climate of Shiramin basin in Iran is studied with respect to changes in the precipitation and temperature data. As another aim of this study, we use the Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) to simulate the recharge, runoff and evapotranspiration in Shiramin aquifer. <br />Materials and methods<br />The Shiramin basin is located in the northwest region of Iran. This basin is a sub basin of the Urmia lake basin. The study is based on the data from Tabriz station, and a statistical weather generating tool, SDSM is used to downscale the climate change based on the HADCM3 model under A2 and B1 scenarios. To evaluate the performance of different models and to draw a comparison, were used evaluation indices including standard Error (SE) and Root mean square error (RMSE).<br />In this study, the physically based hydrologic model HELP3 is used to estimate regional groundwater recharge via a water budget approach. Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) computer program is a quasi-two-dimensional hydrologic model of water movement across, into, through and out of landfills. HELP3 requires various climatic, soil, and design data to generate daily estimates of water movement through a soil column<br />In general, HELP3 simulates all of the important processes in the hydrologic cycle including surface runoff, evapotranspiration, vegetative growth, soil moisture storage, and vertical unsaturated drainage for each discrete layer soil column. Darcy’s law models the vertical water movement for each soil layer using unsaturated hydraulic conductivity computed by Campbell hydraulic equation along with Brooks-Corey parameters. Daily infiltration is determined indirectly from a surface water balance by assuming that infiltration is equal to the sum of rainfall and snowmelt, minus the sum of runoff, surface storage, surface evaporation, and plant transpiration. Vertical percolation leaving the bottom of the deepest model layer is assumed to reach water table and eventually become groundwater recharge.<br /><br />Results and discussion<br />According to the simulation of the HadCM3 model under the A2 and B1 scenarios during the simulated period, the average monthly temperature in all months will increase in the study area. <br />In both scenarios, maximum increase in average temperature and maximum decrease in precipitation respectively will occur in July and August compared to the base period. The highest percentage of precipitation in the Shiramin basin will be consumed for evapotranspiration due to global warming. The highest percentage of evapotranspiration for A2 and B1 will be occur respectively in 2039 and 2040 years. In other words, in forecast years over 80% of the precipitation will evaporate. In A2 scenario year of 2038, with minimum average annual precipitation and year of 2027 with maximum average annual precipitation are respectively as the driest and wettest years in terms of rainfall. Despite more precipitation in year of 2027, large amount of precipitation will be consumed for evaporation. Warmer winter temperatures will reduce the extent of ground frost and shift the spring melt from spring toward winter, therefore in both 2027 and 2037 years the maximum runoff and recharge will occur in winter. Under B1scenario, 2038 will be the driest and 2033 the wettest in terms of precipitation. Recharge and evapotranspiration rate in both low and high precipitation conditions under B1 scenario is higher than A2 scenario. Study of seasonal recharge indicates that in the study area, the maximum groundwater recharge will be done in a very short period of time and in winter due to the existence of more water in the system and the inactivity of evapotranspiration. In the summer months, due to the lack of precipitation, runoff and groundwater recharge will not change compared to the base period and their amount will be zero.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />Groundwater recharge is a fundamental component in the water balance of any watershed. However, because it is nearly impossible to measure recharge, and in some cases, base flow has been used as an approximation of recharge. In this research, the global atmospheric circulation model, HadCm3, under A2 and B1 scenarios were used to study the effect of climate change on evapotranspiration, runoff, and recharge via precipitation in Shiramin basin for period 2020-2040. SDSM model used for downscaling. The result of downscaling model showed that under both scenarios, in the study area, the average annual temperature will increase and average annual precipitation will decrease compared to the base period. The HELP model was used to simulate the amount of recharge, runoff and evapotranspiration in the future. The results showed that due to increase temperature, significant amounts of precipitation would be evaporated. In addition to reducing precipitation and increasing temperature, hydraulic properties and soil moisture play an important role in recharge. During the period of 2040-2020, the maximum annual recharge in A2 and B1 scenarios are respectively 12.5 and 15.93 percent of the total annual precipitation. Minimum recharge for A2 scenario is 3.7 and for B1 scenario is equal to 6.6 percent of the total annual precipitation. The results of this study could advise designers and managers of this region to take suitable actions in securing the water supply.<br />Keywords: Groundwater recharge, Runoff, HELP3 model, Spring melting, Shiramin basin.آبهای زیرزمینی یکی از بخشهای اصلی سیستم هیدرولوژیکی کره زمین محسوب میشوند. در این میان بارش بعنوان مهمترین جز بیلان آبی یک حوزه آبخیز نقش کلیدی را در تغذیه سفرههای آب زیرزمینی ایفا مینماید. هدف پژوهش حاضر، پیشبینی تغییرات بارش و دما با استفاده از ریزمقیاسنمایی آماری مدلهای گردش عمومی جو و در ادامه پیشبینی تغییرات تبخیر و تعرق، تغذیه و رواناب در آینده برای حوضه آبریز شیرامین میباشد. در این زمینه تغییرات دما و بارش با استفاده از نرم افزار SDSM و خروجی مدلHADCM3 و سناریوهای B1 و A2 شبیهسازی شد. در ادامه از روش مدلسازی HELP3 برای بررسی تاثیر تغییر اقلیم بر تغذیه آبهای زیرزمینی استفاده شد. نتایج خروجی مدل ریزمقیاس نمایی نشان داد که در کنار کاهش بارش، در آینده دما در حوضه آبریز شیرامین بر اساس دو سناریوی مورد بررسی افزایش خواهد یافت. در هر دو سناریو افزایش دما برای ماه جولای و کاهش بارش برای ماه اوت محسوستر خواهد بود. با افزایش دما مقادیر قابل توجهی از بارش صرف تبخیر و تعرق شده و درصد کمی از بارش به تغذیه منابع آب زیرزمینی و رواناب اختصاص خواهد یافت. در آینده فصل بهار از نظر رواناب تولیدی و تغذیه ناشی از بارش در اولویت دوم بعد از فصل زمستان قرار خواهد گرفت.https://www.jess.ir/article_215354_51ef04156504ab6e5eb5d69a5015a62e.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Analyzing the changes of land features in a 30-year period (case study: Tajen watershed)واکاوی تغییرات سنجه های سیمای سرزمین در یک دوره 30 ساله (مطالعه موردی: حوزه آبخیز تجن)6603661121535510.22034/jess.2023.365151.1888FAرضادهمرده بهروزاستادیار دانشگاه زابلمحمدبرهانیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد ارزیابی و آمایش دانشگاه تهران0009-0008-2580-1564مجتبیگنجعلیکشاورزی و مرتع داریJournal Article20221012Analyzing the changes of land features in a 30-year period (case study: Tajen watershed)<br /><br />Introduction<br />In recent years, irrational human use of land due to incorrect exploitation or wrong management in relation to land administration has faced an increasing trend and has led to extensive ecological and social economic effects. Although the improvement in the agricultural sector has greatly increased the amount of production during the last 50 years, it has brought environmental problems, especially the fragmentation of the country's natural lands and changes in the landscape. On the other hand, relying on the past land use situation and using the historical data of land surface changes alone cannot be used in the design of plans and implementation measures. Therefore, a complete understanding of the state of the landscape, its past changes and the prediction of future changes can play an important role in the sustainable management of resources. Therefore, in this research, it is intended to evaluate the changes in the shape and structure of vegetation patches during possible changes in the future of the Tejn watershed in Mazandaran province, and also to consider the potential possibilities of using land surface measurements in the management of the watershed. In addition, by identifying the priority areas, it can provide an important guide in the direction of environmental protection and management of the basin against further destruction and promotion of sustainable development in this area.<br /><br />Method<br />In this research, using the land use maps of 2010 and 2040 (Rajaei et al., 2020), the topography measures at the class level were calculated using FRAGSTATS 2.4 software for the two main uses of forest and pasture (Table 1). It is worth mentioning that the investigation of land features at the sub-basin scale is the first step to manage the shape and structure of the land features of the basin (Xin et al., 2022). Measurements were extracted based on the sub-areas separately. To achieve this goal, the land cover map was extracted for each sub-are<br /><br />Result and Discussion<br />FRAC index shows slight changes in pasture. The pastures are located in the upstream areas, which have colder weather conditions and a shorter growth period. On the other hand, rural and urban areas are less concentrated there, as a result of human access and destruction of pastures, compared to forest use, less happened. In the use of forest in a number of sub-areas 19, 18, 10, 12 and sub-area 24, it shows a higher trend, which is because in these sub-basins, especially in sub-basin 24, there is a high concentration of villages and the city of Frame. which has caused severe destruction of forest lands and turning them into agricultural lands in this sub-region. In a number of sub-areas, there is also a reduction in FRAC, which can be caused by the digestion of forest patches among man-made covers, especially the consolidation of agricultural lands. On the other hand, the measure of the environment has increased in the area of the forest and pasture class in the future harvest, which is a sign of the increasing fragmentation of the land surface in the studied area (Hui, et al., 2022). In forests, this greatly increases the value of many remaining forest patches for the protection of biodiversity and reduces the destruction of species. The increase of this index leads to the increase of the common border of forest and pasture land use with agricultural land use, as well as increasing access and influence, so agricultural land use will have a greater chance of encroaching on the biodiversity of the area and also transferring the pollution load to water sources. Also, they considered forests as a factor in improving water quality, which prevents soil erosion and the washing of minerals in it due to the presence of suitable vegetation, and by reducing the speed of surface currents, it provides an opportunity for sedimentation and Provides absorption of soluble substances. In general, the more the implementation of management activities causes more continuity of vegetation in the basin, the value of the forest CONNECT index will increase. The connection of the forest in the semi-arid land will lead to the ease of movement and dynamics of animals and plants in isolated habitats, and as a result, it will lead to the survival of the environment (Medeiros et al., 2022). The index of CONNECT has decreased in all sub-areas in the use of forest and pasture in the land use of 2040, with the exception of sub-area 24 in the use of forest and sub-area 16 in the use of pasture. The reason that this index is higher in these two sub-areas is the existence of residential spots and agricultural lands close to each other. If the spots are large and far apart, the spread index will be lower (Wang et al., 2022). Therefore, it is suggested to establish residential development in the areas where its contagion to other spots is less. On the other hand, the normalized shape index is one of the advanced measures in the quantification of the shape of patches, and its values increase between 0 and 1 as the shape of the spot moves away from the square. In all sub-basin in both pasture and forest classes, this index shows an increase, which indicates the increase of irregular forms of pasture and forest utilization patches.Examining the statistical difference of land features at the sub-basin level between the studied period showed that there is no significant difference in the indicators introduced in pasture use between 2010 and 2040, but the changes of these indicators in forest use except for the index Contagion has been significant.<br />Therefore, according to the obtained results, only the area of land use cannot be the factor describing the situation in the region. In a sub-region, they may have the same characteristics and the same composition of users, but the form of the users is completely different and effective. Also, the results of this study emphasize the importance of reducing changes in land use and management necessary to achieve environmental goals and clearly show the necessity of different strategies for sustainable future management. Therefore, it is suggested to review the watershed vegetation management scenarios with emphasis on the greatest potential in improving the continuity and connection of vegetation patches and reducing the effects of environmental degradation.مشکلات محیطزیستی به ویژه تکه تکه شدن اراضی طبیعی کشور و تغییر در سیمای سرزمین را به ارمغان آورده است. از طرف دیگر اتکا به وضعیت کاربری گذشته و بهرهگیری از دادههای تاریخی تغییرات سیمای سرزمین به تنهایی نمیتواند در طراحی برنامهها و اقدامات اجرایی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. بنابراین شناخت کامل از وضعیت سیمای سرزمین، تغییرات گذشته آن و پیشبینی تغییرات در آینده میتواند نقش مهمی در مدیریت پایدار منابع داشته باشد بنابراین در این تحقیق در نظر است ارزیابی تغییرات شکل و ساختار لکههای پوشش گیاهی طی دوره 2010-2040 در حوزه آبخیز تجن در استان مازندران ارزیابی شود. در این تحقیق سنجههای سیمای سرزمین شامل سنجه چینخوردگی، سرایت، نسبت محیط زبه مساحت و شاخص شکل سیما در سطح کلاس با استفاده از نرمافزار 2/4 FRAGSTATS برای کاربری جنگل و مرتع محاسبه شد. استخراج سنجه ها بر مبنای زیرحوزه ها به صورت جداگانه صورت پذیرفت. در اکثر زیرحوزه ها، سنجه چینخوردگی در کاربری جنگل افزایش نشان میدهد اما این شاخص در کاربری مرتع جزیی بود که به دلیل تمرکز زیاد مراکز جمعیتی، تخریب شدید اراضی جنگلی و تبدیل به اراضی کشاورزی و یکپارچهسازی اراضی کشاورزی در این زیرحوزه می باشد. از سوی دیگر، سنجه شاخص سرایت در همه زیر حوزه ها در کاربری جنگل و مرتع در کاربری اراضی سال 2040 کاهش و سنجه محیط به مساحت در کلاس جنگل و مرتع در دروه آینده افزایش یافته است که نشانهای از افزایش تجزیه و تکهتکه شدن سیمای سرزمین و افزایش اشکال نامنظم لکه های کاربری مرتع و جنگل در منطقه موردمطالعه است. استفاده از امکانات بالقوه سنجههای سیمای سرزمین و شناسایی مناطق اولویتدار یک راهنمای مهم در راستای حفاظت و مدیریت محیط زیستی حوضه در برابر تخریب بیشتر و ترویج توسعه پایدار در این منطقه را در اختیار قرار دهد.https://www.jess.ir/article_215355_45bc4770334257abf3c2d41b56927920.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Investigating and evaluating the amount of soil loss in the land uses of the Atashgah watershed using the RUSLE model and Landsat satellite images (OLI meter)بررسی و ارزیابی میزان هدررفت خاک در کاربریهای اراضی حوضه آبخیز آتشگاه با استفاده از مدل RUSLE و تصاویر ماهوارهای لندست (سنجنده OLI)6612662521538510.22034/jess.2022.355543.1840FAعقیلمددیگروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلیامیرحسامپاسبانگروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایرانبهروزنظافت تکلهگروه جغرافیا،گرایش ژئومورفولوژی،دانشکده علوم اجتماعی،دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی ، اردبیل، ایران0000-0003-3171-1772Journal Article20220810Soil erosion is a natural process (Lee et al., 2021). which causes the level of soil loss by various environmental factors such as weather, soil, topography and vegetation (Chen et al., 2019). However, human interventions through land use change and agricultural and construction activities can accelerate this flow (Wenker et al., 2019; Barley et al., 2017). For this reason, nowadays, soil erosion caused by land use change has become the most important issue of land degradation all over the world, and the transformation of the land form and the disruption of the main functions of the natural environment are the consequences of these geomorphic reactions (Paul et al., 2019). T (2017) aimed to study and estimate the spatial and temporal soil erosion in the periods of 1994-1999-2008-2015 in the Manderjan sub-basin located in the west of Isfahan province. Using remote sensing and GIS technologies, they concluded that the amount of soil erosion in 1994-1999-2008-2015 was 0.001 to 233, 0.001 to 297, 0.001 to 231, 0.001 respectively. It is up to 215 tons per hectare per year. Also, the height and height factor in the region with a correlation coefficient of 80% has the greatest effect in B The annual soil erosion rate was estimated by the RUSLE model. Nejad Afzali et al. (2018) used the Revised Global Model of Soil Erosion (RUSLE) to estimate soil erosion in Dehkhan watershed south of Kerman. Their results showed that the annual soil erosion in the study area is estimated at 50 tons per hectare per year. Khosravi-Aghadam et al. (2018), in order to estimate the soil erodibility factor and its relationship with some land characteristics, using the USLE model in a part of the Nazlu Chai watershed of Urmia. Their results showed that the value of K factor varies in the range of 0.079 to 0.029 tons per hour per megajoule mm. Also, in terms of erodibility, the soils of the region are in low and very low erodibility classes.<br /><br />Methodology<br />Ateshgah watershed is located in the southwest of Ardabil city at the position of 47°50' to 48°2' east longitude and from 38°12' to 38°16' north latitude. The main branches of this basin originate from Sablan heights in the west of the basin. The area of this basin is 40.5 square kilometers and the maximum height of this basin is about 3596 meters at the extreme end of the western part of the basin and its minimum height is 1798 meters at the outlet of the basin in the eastern part. The location of Atashgah watershed is shown in Figure 1.<br /><br />Research data and tools<br />The current research is of an applied type and its research method is an analysis based on the integration of data analysis, geographic information system, remote sensing and the use of the revised global model of soil erosion (RUSLE). The data and tools used in the research include 1:25000 digital layers of the National Mapping Organization, digital elevation model (DEM), with a spatial resolution of 30 meters, rainfall data from the National Meteorological Organization, Landsat OLI 8 satellite image for 2020 with a spatial resolution of 30 meters, the studied area from the website www.usgs.gov, the collection of educational samples was also done through field visits and the creation of false color combinations, and the soil laboratory data of the studied basin is from the watershed deputy of the country's organization of forests, pastures and watershed. In this research, ArcGIS 10.3 software was used to draw maps and analyzes related to it, as well as ENVI 5.3 software to prepare vegetation and land use layers of the study area, and statistical software such as Excel 2016 and SPSS 17 for statistical calculations and The regression relations of the equations have been used.<br />Landsat satellite images include the longest archive of global images with moderate resolution, multispectral data from unique sources for functional planning at various scales, including land use and land cover, change detection and monitoring of natural environment dynamics (Taherparour et al. , 2015). Therefore, Landsat OLI 8 satellite images were used in this research. The specifications of the satellite image used in this research are presented in Table <br />After classifying the satellite image using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method, the obtained land use map was separated into seven land use classes, including good, poor pastures, irrigated agriculture, rainfed, residential and irrigated areas (Figure 2). The accuracy of the obtained map for 2020 was checked using the Google Earth image and ground control points, as well as the false color image of the same year. In this research, the overall accuracy for the land use map of Atashgah basin was 0.90 and the Kappa coefficient was 0.87.<br />3-2- Soil erosion (RUSLE)<br />According to (Figure A), the results of the rain erosive factor (R) vary from 74 to 34.98 MJ/mm/hectare/hour per year, the highest value of which is related to the north and southeast parts and the lowest value is related to the central parts. and southwest.<br />The average amount of soil erodibility factor (K), according to figure (b), varies between 0.12 and 0.37 tons/hectare per year in the study area. According to figure (c), the value of LS factor in the studied area varies between 0 and 3.98, which is higher in steep slopes, especially around waterways. Using the Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI), the vegetation factor (C) of the Atashgah basin was prepared based on equation 4 and 5, which is presented in (Figure d and e). Based on this figure, the value of the C factor varies between -0.16 and 0.74. In general, it can be said that the eastern and central half of the basin has lower amounts of C due to the presence of dry and unused lands, and the southern and western parts of the basin have the highest amounts due to the presence of pasture lands. The soil protection operation factor (P) was also considered to be 1 due to the lack of available information from the region for the entire region.<br />Annual soil erosion (RUSLE), to prepare the average annual soil erosion map of Atashgah watershed through the product of rain erosion factors (R), soil erodibility (K), topography (LS), vegetation cover (C) and soil protection operations (P) It was calculated in the Raster Calculator plugin in the ArcGIS 10.3 environment using (Relation 1). The annual soil erosion values in the studied basin vary between 0.09 and 11.02 tons per hectare per year. Also, the average amount of soil erosion in the studied area is 0.16 tons per hectare per year and its standard deviation is 0.55 tons per hectare per year. In (Figure 3), the average annual soil erosion (RUSLE) map of Atashgah basin is presented.<br />Conclusion<br />Land use is one of the important factors in causing soil erosion, and in recent years, the mutual impact of land use change and soil erosion has become a major environmental concern. Considering the importance of the topic, in the current research, the amount of soil erosion on land use in the Atashgah watershed has been investigated using the RUSLE model. For this purpose, first, the land use map was classified using the Landsat OLI 8 satellite image and using the support vector machine algorithm into seven land use classes, including barren land, good pastures, poor pastures, rainfed agriculture, water, residential areas, and water. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient for the prepared land use map were obtained as 0.90 and 0.87%, respectively. Then the maps of R, K, LS, C and P factors of the RUSLE model were prepared in the GIS environment and after combining these layers through the Raster Calculator in the Arcmap environment, the average annual soil erosion map for the entire Atashgah watershed between 0.09 and 11.02 tons It was calculated per hectare per year. The results of the evaluation of the soil loss map on the land uses of the studied area showed that dry land use with an average soil erosion of 0.48 tons per hectare per year has the highest soil loss and good pastures with an average erosion of 0.21 tons per hectare per year has the lowest. They have soil waste among other uses in the region. In this research, it was tried to use GIS capabilities to create the required data of RUSLE model. Finally, it is suggested to control the process of land use changes in the Atashgah watershed by determining grazing capacity, vegetation management, and take steps to restore, improve and develop pastures. Therefore, it is expected that this study and the results of this research will pave the way for the implementation of better and more scientific management by competent managers and planners in this field.<br /><br />Keywords: "soil erodibility", "land use", "revised global soil erosion equation", "geographical information system", "Atashgah".بهرهبرداری روزافزون و مدیریت نادرست انسان بر محیط طبیعی تاثیر زیادی بر تشدید فرسایش خاک دارد. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی میزان فرسایش خاک در کاربریهای اراضی حوضه آبخیز آتشگاه استان اردبیل با استفاده مدل RUSLE است. در این راستا ابتدا تصویر ماهوارهای لندست OLI 8 پس از تصحیحات با استفاده از الگوریتم ماشین بردار پشتیبان (SVM) در هفت کلاس کاربری شامل: اراضی بایر، مراتع خوب، ضعیف، کشاورزی آبی، دیم، مناطق مسکونی و آبی تفکیک شدند. صحت کلی و ضریب کاپا برای نقشه کاربری اراضی منطقه مورد مطالعه بهترتیب برابر 90/0 و 87/0 درصد بهدست آمد. سپس عوامل مدل RUSLE شامل فرسایندگی باران (R)، فرسایشپذیری خاک (K)، توپوگرافی (LS)، پوشش گیاهی (C) و عملیات حفاظتی خاک (P) بهترتیب با استفاده از دادههای بارندگی، ویژگیهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک، مدل رقومی ارتفاع (DEM) و کاربری اراضی در محیط ArcGIS تهیه شدهاند. در نهایت پس از تلفیق این لایهها مقدار فرسایش سالانه خاک برای حوضه آتشگاه بین 09/0 تا 02/11 تن در هکتار در سال در سطح پیکسل بهدست آمد. در نهایت نتایج نشان داد کاربری کشاورزی دیم با میانگین فرسایش 48/0 تن در هکتار در سال و کاربری مراتع خوب با میانگین 21/0 و تن در هکتار در سال بهترتیب بیشترین و کمترین هدررفت خاک را در بین سایر کاربریهای بهخود اختصاص دادهاند. همچنین بررسی روابط رگرسیونی بین فاکتورهای مدل RUSLE و مقدار فرسایش سالانه خاک نشان داد که فاکتور توپوگرافی (LS) با بالاترین مقدار ضریب تعیین (85/0) بیشترین اهمیت را در برآورد فرسایش سالانه خاک بهوسیله مدل RUSLE دارد.<br />کلمات کلیدی: "فرسایش پذیری خاک"، "کاربری اراضی"، "معادله جهانی فرسایش خاک اصلاح شده"، "سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی"، "آتشگاه".https://www.jess.ir/article_215385_29a00ea040616dd60f44d5d2eabd23cd.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Investigating the amount of pollutants emitted from the exhaust of diesel cars in the city of Mashhad using statistical analysisبررسی میزان آلاینده های خروجی از اگزوز خودروهای دیزلی درسطح شهرمشهدبا استفاده ازتحلیلهای آماری6626663521538610.22034/jess.2022.351072.1820FAاکرمقربانیعضو هیات علمی موسسه آموزش عالی خردگرایان مطهر مشهدJournal Article20220709Introduction<br />Air pollution is one of the important environmental problems in the modern world. Sources of air pollution are various and variable. the share of air pollution resulted from vehicles traffic finds importance increasingly and has become an important environmental and health issue. It has been announced that around 80 percent of air pollution is related to the mobile sources, and to control and reduce air pollution, the priority should be assigned to vehicles, particularly heavy and public vehicles. Despite the many advantages that made diesel engines used in the past for various purposes and in various types of vehicles, their use for passenger car propulsion has faced problems that have prevented their large production in this field. The most important of these problems are: more noise and vibration than gasoline cars, bad smell of diesel when refueling, emission of gas and visible smoke from the exhaust, higher price than gasoline cars, low acceleration and speed, and bad starting in cold weather. Despite these problems, these cars are still very popular due to their economical fuel economy. <br />Researchers have identified a significant relationship between the amount of air pollution, respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases, which have a special importance in the admission rate of hospitals in metropolitan cities. Therefore, according to the small number of studies conducted in the field of the effect of emissions caused by diesel cars in the field of air pollution, the purpose of the current study is investigating the amount of exhaust emissions of diesel vehicles and the relationship between such amounts and the life of the vehicle, in the city of Mashhad. <br />Methodology <br />In the current study, in order to investigate the amount of exhaust emissions of diesel vehicles among all vehicles of this type throughout Mashhad, which were 5861 vehicles, 425 vehicles were selected randomly. The diesel vehicles used in the present study included garbage trucks, buses, minibuses, garbage Nissan Junior, Isuzu garbage truck, Dongfeng irritation truck, HOWO irritation truck, garbage Hyundai truck, irritation Benz truck, sweeper vehicles, irritation Volvo truck, garbage Amico truck, Fh12 irritation truck, Kavian garbage truck. <br />The sampling of the study was carried out continuously from December 6, 2017 through April 29, 2018 (except for 1st to 4th of Farvardin Iranian Month), from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. and 15 p.m. to 20 p.m. <br />Sampling was conducted by the five-gas detector (NDIR OPTIM7), the model of which was MRU, and it was made in Germany. Sampling was conducted when the engine was idling. Before the experiments, the device was tested and calibrated by the maker. The gases measured by the five-gas detector included HC, CO2, CO, O2 and NOx. The device is connected to the compute by Bluetooth and it includes a software program by which it is possible to run and test the device and observe and record the amount of pollution. The device used in the current study was calibrated by the relevant manufacturing company, before the experiments. <br />Finally, after collecting data, they were analyzed by SPSS (version 20) statistical software. <br />Considering that the variables were not normalized, the Kruskal-Wallis Test was used. Given the significance of Kruskal-Wallis Test, the post hoc test relevant to the Kruskal-Wallis Test, meaning the Dunn's Multiple Comparisons Test, was used, which is calculated by the Prism software. Moreover, In order to draw diagrams, the Excel software was used. <br />Conclusion <br />A comparison of the average CO emissions among different groups of vehicles: <br />The highest amount of CO pollutant emissions is related to the sweeper vehicles. The minibuses are in the second place, heavy vehicles in the third place, semi-heavy vehicles in the fourth place and the lowest amount of CO emissions is related to the buses. Considering the post hoc test conducted, there is a difference between semi-heavy vehicles and sweeper vehicles, in terms of CO. considering the obtained results, it might be concluded that the fuel combustion in sweeper vehicles occurs in a more incomplete way compared to the semi-heavy vehicles. <br />A comparison of the average HC emissions among different groups of vehicles: <br />The highest amount of HC pollutant emissions is related to the minibuses. The heavy vehicles are in the second place, sweeper vehicles in the third place, buses in the fourth place and the lowest amount of HC emissions is related to the semi-heavy vehicles. The highest amount of HC pollutant is related to the minibuses, which is probably due to the low density or improper spraying of injectors; however, by modifying the geometric shape of the combustion chamber and the piston head at the time of combustion and density, the ratio of the mixture of air and fuel or turbulence increases, the result of which is complete combustion with minimum amount of CO and HC polluting gases. <br />A comparison of the average CO2 emissions among different groups of vehicles: <br />The highest amount of CO2 pollutant emissions is related to the buses. The minibuses are in the second place, sweeper vehicles in the third place, heavy vehicles in the fourth place and the lowest amount of CO2 emissions is related to the semi-heavy vehicles. As seen in the current study, buses, compared to other vehicles, produce the highest amount of CO2 and the lowest amount of CO, which indicates complete combustion in them. <br />A comparison of the average NOX emissions among different groups of vehicles <br />The highest amount of NOX pollutant emissions is related to the minibuses. The buses are in the second place, heavy vehicles in the third place, semi-heavy vehicles in the fourth place and the lowest amount of NOX emissions is related to the sweeper vehicles. <br />by using the system of exhaust gas recirculation on the engines with the TIER3 emission standard, the temperature of gases exiting the exhaust becomes normal and as a result, the amount of NOX emissions from the exhaust decreases. However, when the engine runs at a high speed and under high load, the temperature rises at the time of combustion, and as a result, the temperature of the gases exiting the exhaust rises, too, and consequently, the amount of NOX increases.این تحقیق با هدف بررسی میزان آلاینده های خروجی منوکسید کربن ، اکسیدهای نیتروژن ، دی اکسی کربن وهیدروکربنها از اگزوز خودروهای دیزلی مشهد در بازه زمانی 15 آذر ماه سال1396 تا 9 اردیبهشت ماه سال 1397 به طور پیوسته(به استثنای یکم تا چهارم فروردین ماه) در ساعت نه تا دوازده و پانزده تا بیست از بین تمام خودروهای دیزلی موجود در سطح مشهدکه 5861 خودرو می باشد تعداد425 خودرو به صورت تصادفی انتخاب و پس از ثبت سال تولید خودرو ، با استفاده از دستگاه آلاینده سنج پنج گاز OPTIMA7 NDIR در حالت موتور روشن (درجا کار کردن موتور)، میزان آلایندگی موتور مورد سنجش قرار گرفت وبا استفاده از نرم افزارSPSS و آزمونهای آماری ارتباط این آلاینده ها با عمر خودرو بررسی گردید. <br />نتایج حاصل شده در این مطالعه نشان داد که بین سال ساخت خودرو و آلاینده CO2 وNOX همبستگی معکوس و بین آلاینده HC و CO همبستگی مثبت وجود دارد که با توجه به سطح معنی داری این همبستگی از لحاظ آماری معنا دار نمی باشد. همچنین میزان آلایندگی HC و NOX برای مینی بوس ها نسبت به سایر خودروهای دیزلی بیشترمی باشدو با توجه به مقدار سطح معنی داری با اطمینان 95 درصد بین گروه های مختلف خودروها از نظر CO2 ،NOX، HC و CO تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد.https://www.jess.ir/article_215386_b9b1f4894deb3b91c6bee4639c83d171.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Investigating the relationship between hidden curriculum and environmental conservationبررسی رابطه بین برنامه درسی پنهان و حفظ محیط زیست6637664621538710.22034/jess.2022.370967.1910FAمحمد جوادمهدی زاده راینیدانشگاه زابل- زابل- ایران0000-0001-7305-1958حمیدمحمدیاستادیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران0000-0002-7305-8647امیدشریفیاستادیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت، ایرانسامانضیاییدانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل ایرانمجتبیداورپناهدانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد کشاورز ی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایرانJournal Article20221120Abstract <br />This study was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between the hidden curriculum and environmental protection from the perspective of the students of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Jiroft University in the year 2021-2022 in Jiroft city. The number of members of the statistical population in this research was 606, and 235 of them were selected by simple random method by referring to the Karjesi-Morgan table. After answering, 195 questionnaires (110 girls and 85 boys) were returned. Finally, 195 questionnaires were subjected to final analysis. The data collection tool of this study was two researcher-made questionnaires. The validity of two questionnaires was used through face and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure their reliability, which was 0.86 for the hidden curriculum variable and 0.84 for the environment preservation variable. The results showed that out of The components of the hidden curriculum have the highest mean of the "interaction of students with each other" component and the lowest mean of the "organizational climate" component; Also, among the environmental protection components, the highest average was assigned to the "pollution reduction" component, and the lowest average was assigned to the "human-environment relationship".<br /><br />Introduction<br />Change in climate, reduction of biodiversity, destruction of the environment and the resulting disasters, lack of water and many other problems are the realities that have caused changes in the life patterns of the current generation and the future as well. will affect How to deal with this environmental crisis is definitely decisive in the quality of life of the current and future generations. Hungerford and Elek believe that citizens should be aware of environmental issues and be sensitive about them and be motivated to improve the environment and learn the necessary skills to solve environmental issues and actively try to solve problems. Therefore, the attention to proper education in order to improve the environment has increased dramatically as an important issue in educational centers and especially universities, government, national and global levels in recent years. We can definitely say that in the near future, environmental problems will increase due to the lack of environmental literacy of the future generation, and this generation will have many problems in addition to not having a healthy environment; Therefore, paying attention to students' motivations, experiences, needs and attitudes is a very important factor in the environmental education curriculum process; However, despite the increasing interest in environmental education, various viewpoints from the thematic point of view and the abundance of educational resources, it is still not clear how environmental education is implemented in classrooms. Therefore, it is necessary to include these concepts in environmental research; Because hidden curricula is the unpredictable dimension of learning. Educational design, regardless of this dimension, is neglecting an important part of the factors that have a great impact on students' learning.Curriculum is divided into two major categories based on legitimacy, formality and controllability: hidden curriculum content and overt curriculum content. The meaning of hidden curriculum content is those texts, speeches or behaviors that are produced by informal groups of students, students, professors, teachers, staff or parents and presented in universities and schools and produced intentionally or unknowingly. . The hidden curriculum content is almost uncontrollable and the time of its appearance cannot be predicted; Because it has no official legitimacy and its validity is often determined by unofficial groups. The important point is that these factors are not part of the official curriculum and are hidden from the view and observation of the planners and those involved, which affect the thinking, emotions and behavior of students and in most cases work more effectively than the official curriculum. If the formal and explicit curriculum system somehow reveals the hidden messages, it can cover the hidden curricula. Therefore, the current research has tried to investigate the relationship between hidden curriculum and environmental protection by referring to the opinions and views of students.<br /><br />Methodology<br />Considering that this study aims to investigate the relationship between the hidden curriculum and environmental protection, a descriptive correlational method has been used. The statistical population in this research is all the students of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Jiroft University, whose number is 606 (168 boys and 438 girls) who were studying in the academic year of 1400-1401. According to the number of members of the statistical population of this study, in order to obtain the number of sample members, the Karjesi-Morgan table was referred to and 235 people were selected as representatives of the target population. The sample members were also selected by simple random method. 235 questionnaires were distributed among the sample members and after answering, 195 questionnaires (110 girls and 85 boys) were returned. The tool for collecting information in the research was two questionnaires made by the researcher. In order to analyze the data, one-sample t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />The result of the sample t-test showed that the variable components of the hidden curriculum are important. According to the results of the sample T-Tech test, there is a statistically significant difference between the variable components of the hidden curriculum. So that the highest average belongs to the "interaction of students with each other" component and the lowest average to the "organizational atmosphere" component. According to the results of the sample T-Tech test, the variable components of environmental protection are also important. Based on the results of the sample T-Tech test, there is a statistically significant difference between the components of environmental protection, so that the highest average is related to the component of "pollution reduction" and the lowest average is to the component of "Human-Environmental Relationship" is dedicated. The results of the Pearson correlation test also revealed that all hidden curriculum components have a significant relationship with the hidden curriculum variable and all environmental preservation components have a significant relationship with the environmental variable with 99% confidence. At the end, the following suggestions are presented: 1. Regularly explain to the students about the work done in the university, the behaviors, etc., which emphasize the preservation of the environment, and the reasons are explained logically and in simple language. 2. During teaching, the professor should relate different subjects to the environment.این مطالعه به منظور بررسی رابطه بین برنامه درسی پنهان و حفظ محیط زیست از دیدگاه دانشجویان دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه جیرفت در سال 1401-1400 شهرستان جیرفت انجام شد. تعداد اعضای جامعه آماری در این پژوهش، 606 نفر بودند که با مراجعه به جدول کرجسی- مورگان 235 نفر از آن ها به روش تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. پس از پاسخ گویی تعداد 195 پرسشنامه (110 دختر و 85 پسر) برگردانده شد. در نهایت 195 پرسشنامه مورد تجزیه و تحلیل نهایی قرار گرفتند. ابزار جمع آوری اطلاعات این مطالعه، دو پرسشنامه محقق ساخته بود. روایی دو پرسشنامه از طریق صوری و از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ جهت سنجش پایایی آن ها استفاده شد که این مقدار برای متغیر برنامهی درسی پنهان 0/86 و برای متغیر حفظ محیط زیست 0/84 به دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد که از بین مؤلفه های برنامه درسی پنهان بیش ترین میانگین متعلق به مؤلفه "تعامل دانشجویان با یکدیگر" و کمترین میانگین مربوط به مؤلفه "جو سازمانی" بوده است؛ همچنین از بین مؤلفه های حفظ محیط زیست بیش ترین میانگین به مؤلفه "کاهش آلودگی" و کم ترین میانگین به "ارتباط انسان و محیط زیست" تعلق گرفت.https://www.jess.ir/article_215387_fcc589feff6f752d859e42d846ee8169.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Dispersion modeling of NOx and SO2 pollutions using AERMOD model (Case study of Shahid Salimi power plant, Neka)مدلسازی الگوی پراکنش آلاینده های NOx و SO2 با استفاده از مدل AERMOD (مطالعه موردی نیروگاه شهید سلیمی نکا)6647666121538810.22034/jess.2023.375831.1919FAاحمدفرهادطالبیپردیس علوم و فناوریهای نوین، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران0000-0001-8479-3690حسینقربانیپردیس علوم و فناوریهای نوین، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایرانJournal Article20221207Introduction <br />Nowadays, non-stop population growth as well as development of industrial activities has led to increasing the consumption of energy resources. Further energy production has caused air pollution problems in many countries. Reduced air quality has a significant effect on human health and welfare. Due to the increasing energy consumption in different communities, the pressure on excessive consumption of conventional fossil fuels (e.g. coal, fuel oil and natural gas) has considerably increased. The variety of industrial activities related to fossil fuels will emit large amounts of gaseous, liquid and solid waste pollutants, which have many adverse effects and various consequences for the environment.<br />The behavior of gaseous pollutants once they are emitted into the atmosphere is investigated in the topic of air pollution meteorology. In this topic, scientists are trying to analyze and monitor the air pollution in the atmospheric boundary layer of communities and study the effects of pollutants using computational approaches and machine learning algorithms. Atmospheric modeling is used by air quality managers to make decisions on effective and efficient ways to implement the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Such monitoring and prection approaches might lead to improve air quality.<br />AERMOD model is a a state-of-the-art dispersion model for regulatory applications, modeling short range (up to 50 km) dispersion from a variety of polluting sources (e.g. point, area, and volume sources) using a number of model configurations which include different sets of urban or rural dispersion coefficients as well as simple and complex topography.<br />Air pollution modeling is too important in monitoring of the concentrations of pollutants produced by the power plant. It also could be useful to control pollution and meet the air quality regulations. This study aims to assess the environmental impact of Shahid Salimi thermal power plant, located in the north of Iran, Neka. The effect of two types of fuel consumption on emission and distribution of NOx and SO2 pollutants has been studied. Finally, suggestions to reduce the pollution emission have been presented.<br /><br />Methodology <br />Shahid Salimi power plant is a complex with high electricity power generation with a nominal capacity of 2214 MW. Shahid Salimi power plant is located in 25 km north of Neka city on the Caspian coast and consists of two independent parts, including 4 steam units and a combined cycle unit. Each of the four steam units has a nominal power of 440 MW. The combined cycle section consists of two gas units with a nominal capacity of 137.6 MW which are combined with two heat recovery steam generators with a 160 MW nominal capacity. The power plant also has two Turbo Expanders, each with a nominal power of 4.9 MW. The power plant always consumes two types of fuel, natural gas as the main fuel and also alternative fuel, which is Fuel oil.<br />In this study, the dispersion pattern of gaseous pollutants of Shahid Salimi power plant has been simulated by AERMOD model while consuming two types of fuel, natural gas and fuel oil. Pollutant emission data have been received seasonally from Mazandaran Environmental Protection Organization for several consecutive years from March 20, 2016 to September 22, 2019. The pollutants studied are nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide. Also, at the end, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the discussed seasons is presented.<br />The center of the power plant was considered as a reference point. Modeling area composed of the reference point at the center, a distance of 20 km to the north side (Caspian Sea), 50 km to the east side (Miankaleh Peninsula and coastal strip), 40 km to the west side (coasts located in the city of Joybar) and finally 30 km to the south of the region (including the cities of Behshahr, Neka and part of the heights with forest cover) have been monitored by 1229 receptors in the study area. Dasht e Naz meteorological station has been used to receive the required surface meteorological data through the service (NCEI) in the database (NOAA)from the beginning of 2016 to the end of 2019 comprehensively. To determine the topography of the study area, the digital elevation model was entered from the WEBGIS site in GTOPO30 / SRTM30 format. <br />Discussion of Results<br />The concentration of pollutants were simulated in 3 time averages, which includes 1 hour, 24 hours and seasonal period. During the spring, the prevailing wind in the studied area has been blown to the east and northeast. Als the wind direction in the area was widely to the south in the summer. According to windroses, during the cold period of the year (autumn and winter), the prevailing wind has been blown toward the southwest. Based on the windroses of the studied years, it is predictable that the distribution of gaseous pollutants can be hazardous for the population centers and agricultural activities in the region.<br />The results of dispersion modeling of gaseous pollutions are classified seasonally; The results are presented based on the estimation of the maximum amount of pollution for the studied years for NOx and SO2 pollutants, respectively. CO2 emissions are also provided for all seasons in the reviewed years. According to the emission calculations based on the measurements, CO2 has the largest share of emissions compared to other pollutants. Based on the model plot for SO2 pollutant in the 1 hour averaging time, The maximum concentrations estimated in all seasons in the studied years when the steam units used fuel oil, especially in the winter of 2016, were relatively high, So that the average of these values was 5 times higher than the standard, And in the 24 hours averaging time, only in the autumn of 2017 and summer of 2019, the estimated maximum pollution were lower than the limits set by the WHO. The results of the maximum concentrations of NOx pollutants showed that in some seasons, especially in the fall of 2016, it was 356 micrograms per cubic meter above national and international standards (200 micrograms per cubic meter), And in the 24 hours averaging time, in the time periods that included autumn of 2017 and 2018 and winter of 2019 were lower than standard limit, And in other seasons of the reviewed years, the average value of the estimated maximum amounts was 12 micrograms per cubic meter higher than the WHO standard (25 micrograms per cubic meter).<br />Conclusions<br />According to the outputs, high concentrations of pollution that are beyond the standards are located in the south slopes of the southeast and south heights of the studied area, near the Behshahr and Neka cities. Accumulated pollution can be dangerous for people living in these areas and have irreversible effects on their health. Accumulated pollution can be dangerous for people who live in these areas and have irreversible effects on their health. Also, the accumulation of pollution in the highlands with the occurrence of acid rain can damage the tissues of forest cover, trees and plants and it will have a negative impact on their growth. Another area where the maximum concentration of pollution has been observed is the area near to the power plant, which is located in the southern part from east to west, and includes agricultural and rural lands, which are highly affected by the accumulation of pollution, and it will even cause problems in food supply by affecting the agricultural products of these areas. According to the results, producing pollution with maximum concentrations in the study area occurs when fuel oil consumption exceeds natural gas. Fuel oil consumption in the steam units due to sulfur dioxide emissions will have much more harmful effects on the environment. Therefore, proper management must be done to reduce its consumption, to protect the adverse effects on humans who live in the region, the ecosystem of the Miankaleh Peninsula, forest cover, as well as agricultural lands in the region. To achieve this target, two solutions must be considered, first, reducing the consumption of fuel oil with proper management, and second, refining and using fuel oil with very low sulfur content in the steam units. Also, using Mazut Nano-Emulsion as a fuel to reduce pollution will be effective.<br />Keywords<br />Thermal power plants; Air pollution modeling; AERMOD; Sulfur dioxide; Nitrogen oxidesنیروگاههای حرارتی یکی از منابع اصلی انتشار آلایندهها هستند. در پژوهش حاضر وضعیت تولید و انتشار آلایندههای گازی نیروگاه حرارتی شهید سلیمی شهرستان نکاء مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. برای این منظور از مدل AERMOD جهت تخمین غلظتهای آلایندهها با میانگین زمانی 1 ساعته، 24 ساعته و فصلی استفاده شد. مدلسازی فصلی آلودگی هوا در بازه زمانی سال 1395 تا انتهای تابستان سال 1398 برای دو آلاینده اکسیدهای نیتروژن و دی اکسید گوگرد انجام شد. براساس اندازه گیریهای صورت گرفته، CO2 بیشترین سهم انتشار را نسبت به سایر آلایندهها به خود اختصاص داد. براساس خروجیهای مدل، بیشینه غلظت تخمین زده شده آلاینده SO2 در میانگین زمانی 1 ساعته، در تمام فصول سالهای مورد مطالعه بالاتر از حد مجاز استاندارد بود. در میانگین زمانی 24 ساعته نیز بیشترین غلظت تخمین زده شده در زمستان 1395 مشاهده شد. نتایج بیشینه غلظتهای تخمین زده شده آلاینده NOx بیانگر آن بود که در برخی فصول به ویژه در پاییز 1395، تجمع این آلاینده گازی بالاتر از حدود استانداردهای ملی و بینالمللی قرار گرفته است. تجمع این آلایندهها عمدتاً در ضلع جنوبی نیروگاه و در دامنه ارتفاعات جنوب شرقی و جنوب نیروگاه و در مجاورت شهرهای بهشهر و نکا قرار داشت. با توجه به فعالیت مراکز جمعیتی در این نواحی، اعمال روشهای مدیریتی و افزایش کیفیت سوخت نیروگاه شهید سلیمی ضروری به نظر میرسد.https://www.jess.ir/article_215388_064fd2d52afce0e4a95090f3af7d5c5b.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723A review of nanosorbent types and their comparison for removal of uranium from aqueous mediaمروری بر انواع نانوجاذبها و مقایسه آنها جهت حذف اورانیوم از محیطهای آبکی6662668121538910.22034/jess.2023.376261.1930FAکمالصابریانگروه پژوهشی فرآوری مواد معدنی پرتوزا، پژوهشکده چرخه سوخت هستهای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هستهای، تهران، ایرانیاسمنجالینوسیکارشناسی ارشد شیمی فیزیک، دانشکده فیزیک شیمی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایرانJournal Article20221220Abstract <br />Heavy metals such as uranium are among the most common pollutants in industrial effluents and water environments. Uranium is one of the most dangerous heavy metals in the environment due to its chemical toxicity and radioactivity. Removing toxic and radioactive pollutants from the environment for safe and efficient disposal of waste is a vital challenge that requires the development of selective and high-capacity separation materials. Since uranium contamination threatens surface and underground water, it is important to make more efforts for new materials and technologies to separate and remove uranium from aqueous solutions. The rapidly expanding field of nanotechnology is producing many exciting new materials with novel properties. Apart from all other applications, nanomaterials are expected to act as a new class of solid phase adsorbents for the separation of pollutants and heavy metals, including uranium, due to their unique surface and morphological characteristics. The present review has reported a summary of the types of nanosorbents for the purpose of separating and removing uranium ions. Adsorbent materials include magnetic nanoparticle, Fe3O4, hybrid nanomaterials, oxide and phosphate-based nanomaterials, and non-magnetic nanoparticles. According to reports, magnetic nanoparticles are used to remove elements such as: cadmium, cobalt, nickel, uranium, etc. This article has studied and reviewed various types of nanosorbents as very efficient structures for separating and removing uranium.<br /><br />Introduction<br />Uranium is one of the chemical elements whose atomic number is 92 and its symbol is U. Uranium is a silver-gray metal that is part of the actinide family. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons. Because uranium isotopes are unstable, so that the half-life of its natural isotopes is between 159,200 years and 4.5 billion years, this element has weak radioactivity. The most common isotopes of natural uranium are uranium-238 (with 146 neutrons and constituting more than 99% of the uranium on earth) and uranium-235 (with 143 neutrons and constituting about 0.72% of the uranium on earth). The density of uranium is about 72% of the density of lead and a little less than gold or tungsten. Uranium exists naturally and in very small amounts, about a few parts per million, in soil, rocks and water, but it is commercially extracted from minerals such as uraninite. Uranium is one of the most important natural radionuclides in the earth's crust, which can cause surface and underground water pollution (Zhang et al., 1994). Uranium is present in the earth's crust in considerable amounts and its abundance is even greater than that of gold, so it can enter the food cycle of animals and humans in the form of a combination with other elements, even the waters of rivers, springs and wells. They contain measurable amounts of uranium, which, of course, have completely different concentrations in different geographical locations. Contaminated drinking water is the main way to enter the human food cycle and increase the rate of uranium adsorption into the human body. Figure 1 shows the routes of exposure to uranium, including through drinking water and how it is transferred to the food cycle. Humans enter some uranium into their body daily depending on the type of diet. This element can accumulate in the kidney and the first effect will be diabetic nephropathy. Short-term and long-term studies regarding the chemical toxicity of this element are not available, and therefore, a specified amount has not been obtained by the World Health Organization for uranium in drinking water. Also, remaining uranium in the body due to its radioactive nature can lead to an increase in the risk of cancer, including colon cancer and genetic problems (Anke et al., 2009, Ribera, 1996). With an average uranium concentration of 3.3 ng/ml, seawater is a source of about 4.5 billion tons of uranium (Singhal et al., 2017). Uranium is the heaviest and most abundant radioactive element that makes up 2.4 milligrams to 1 kilogram of the earth's layer. It can be easily dissolved, moved and settled in surface waters with little changes in the environment. With a half-life of millions to billions of years, uranium atoms slowly decay into a series of radioactive by-products: thorium-230, radium-226, radon-222. To use uranium as an energy source, the ore must be enriched to obtain a higher concentration of a certain isotope (uranium-235). Uranium-235 is fissile and produces a large amount of energy in the form of free heat, as well as a large amount of radioactive waste and enters the environment. Currently, spent uranium can only be stored, reprocessed or disposed of (Martins et al., 2010). New solid adsorbent materials are being investigated by many groups of scientists all over the world for the effective extraction of uranium from surface waters, including seas. Apart from the natural abundance of uranium in sea water, uranium contamination in groundwater caused by natural mineral rocks or its artificial activities has become a great concern for the health of living organisms (Chouyyok et al., 2016, Saha et al., 2019). The World Health Organization and the US Environmental Protection Agency have set 30 ng/ml as the maximum tolerable uranium concentration in drinking water (Saha et al., 2017). This substance has a very toxic and carcinogenic nature, therefore increasing efforts are made to prevent environmental pollution when dealing with sewage. Therefore, the development of more efficient solid adsorbent nanomaterials specific for metal ions may serve the dual purpose of uranium preconcentration from seawater and removal of uranium pollution from underground water. However, the extreme concentration of uranium in such samples and the interference of competing ions make this work challenging (Zheng et al., 2019). Magnetite nanoparticles have been studied by different scientists over the years to adsorb hexavalent uranium. The high magnetic response of magnetite nanoparticles makes them a unique choice compared to other solid phase extractants (Singhal et al., 2020). In some reports, the high adsorption capacity of hexavalent uranium was obtained while maintaining the good magnetic response of magnetite nanoparticles, the equilibrium time for batch extraction studies was from 2 to 24 hours (Zhou et al., 2019Tan et al., 2015 Li et al. , 2016). It should be mentioned that the selectivity of each nanoadsorbent towards 5 specific metal ions determines its application in complex environmental matrices. Therefore, there is still a lot of scope for the development of new magnetic nanoadsorbent materials. In this view, we will focus on the investigation of various types of nanosorbents for the selective extraction of uranium ions in water environments.فلزات سنگینی مانند اورانیوم از رایجترین آلاینده های موجود در پسابهای صنعتی و محیطهای آبی هستند. اورانیوم به دلیل سمیت شیمیایی و رادیواکتیویته یکی از خطرناکترین فلزات سنگین در محیط زیست محسوب میشود. حذف آلاینده های سمی و رادیواکتیو از محیط برای دفع ایمن و کارآمد زباله، یک چالش حیاتی است که نیازمند توسعه مواد جداکننده انتخابی و با ظرفیت بالا است. از آنجایی که آلودگی اورانیوم آبهای سطحی و زیرزمینی را تهدید میکند، مهم است که تلاشهای بیشتری برای مواد و فناوریهای جدید برای جداسازی و حذف اورانیوم از محیطهای آبی انجام شود. حوزه به سرعت در حال گسترش علم و فناوری نانو در حال تولید بسیاری از مواد جدید هیجان انگیز با خواص جدید است. جدا از همه کاربردهای دیگر، انتظار می رود که نانو مواد به دلیل سطح منحصر به فرد و ویژگیهای مورفولوژیکی خود به عنوان یک جاذب فاز جامد کلاس جدید برای جداسازی آلاینده ها و فلزات سنگین از جمله اورانیوم عمل کنند. بررسی حاضر خلاصهای از انواع نانوجاذبها را به منظور جداسازی و حذف یونهای اورانیوم گزارش کرده است. مواد جاذب شامل نانو ذرات مغناطیسی، مگنتیت، نانومواد هیبریدی، نانو مواد مبتنی بر اکسید و فسفات و نانوذرات غیرمغناطیسی است. نانوذرات مغناطیسی بر اساس گزارشها برای حذف عناصری مانند: کادمیم، کبالت، نیکل، اورانیوم و ... استفاده میشوند. این مقاله، به مطالعه و مروری بر انواع نانوجاذبها به عنوان ساختارهای بسیار کارآمد برای جداسازی و حذف اورانیوم پرداخته است.https://www.jess.ir/article_215389_7d066c4f5d9eb5a1fea86f31cc3f1f47.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Evaluation of temperature anomalies in the warm period of the year in selected stations of Ardabil province under the conditions of climate changeارزیابی ناهنجاریهای دمایی دوره گرم سال در ایستگاههای منتخب استان اردبیل تحت شرایط تغییر اقلیم6682669221539010.22034/jess.2023.376618.1923FAبرومندصلاحیاستاد آب و هواشناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی0000-0003-4826-6185مهنازصابردانشگاه محقق اردبیلیفاطمهوطنپرستدانشگاه محقق اردبیلی0000-0002-8873-4660Journal Article20221214Introduction<br />Temperature is one of the fundamental elements of the climate of an area, whose transformation can transform the climate structure of any place, for this reason, the study of the temperature trend in different temporal and spatial rules occupies a large part of climatology researches. Most of what is referred to as global warming or climate change includes mostly warming changes and the upward trend of the three components (average, minimum and maximum) of air temperature. Currently, climate threshold phenomena are in the center of researchers' attention because the risk of increasing the frequency, duration and sensitivity of climate thresholds has increased due to the increase of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere. The LARS-WG model is a model that downscales the output of GCM models.<br />Researches that focus on the temperature parameter; It is increasing day by day, among them is the research related to the increase in frequency, intensity, recorded global warm periods and the continuity of heat waves, which was done by Perkins et al. (2012). Yu et al. (2019), in their study investigated the temperature changes in the world and the results showed that the temperature anomaly is higher in the oceans and southern latitudes compared to the land and northern latitudes. Hu and Huang (2020) investigated the high temperature anomaly and its relationship with the general circulation of the atmosphere, and the results of their research showed that the highest temperature anomaly occurred in the Arabian Peninsula. Rohbakhsh Sigaroudi et al. (2017) investigated the anomaly of the average minimum and maximum temperature of the warm period of Iran in the period (1951-2010) and concluded that the western half of the country had the largest decrease in the average minimum and maximum temperature. Karmi-Mirazizi et al. (2018) investigated the synoptic patterns that lead to temperature anomalies and thermal changes in the western and northwestern regions during the statistical period (1989-2018). Rababi Sabzevari et al. (1401), in the west and northwest of Iran, analyzed the synoptic patterns that lead to temperature anomalies for 1989 to 2018, and the results indicate the existence of the mid-latitude meridional current as the main cause of temperature anomalies.<br /><br />Methodology<br />Ardabil province is located in the northwest of the Iranian plateau with an area of 17,953 square kilometers and has the coordinates of 37 degrees 7 minutes to 39 degrees 43 minutes north latitude and 47 degrees 19 minutes to 48 degrees 55 minutes east longitude. In this research, in order to achieve the goal of the research, the long-term statistics of the minimum, maximum and daily temperature averages of the selected synoptic stations of Ardabil province (Ardabil, Pars Abad and Meshginshahr) were analyzed. For this purpose, first, the different intensities of the temperature anomalies of the stations were calculated based on the data of 1980-2020 using the Z index. Then, to generate the data of each station under the conditions of climate change, after the preparation and quality control of the data, the variables of minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation and sunny hours were entered into the LARS-WG model on a daily basis and following the evaluation of the ability of the LARS-WG model in simulating the data observed in these stations, the data of the future period (2021-2021) of these stations was produced, and the ability of the LARS-WG model in simulating the data observed in the synoptic stations of Ardabil province was evaluated. This process is divided into three stages, which include spatial analysis, model validation, and generation of synthetic weather data. The model used is CanESM2 under RCP scenarios. The daily minimum, maximum and average temperature data of synoptic stations during the past statistical period (from 1980, 1985 and 1995 to 2020, respectively) were used to evaluate temperature changes and anomalies in the coming decades (2021-2100) And the frequency of each of the temperature anomaly intensity ranges of the three studied variables was counted and their percentage was calculated. Temperature anomalies were calculated using Z index.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />The comparative graphs between minimum and maximum temperature observation data values and their values produced by LARS-WG model for selected stations of Ardabil province confirm the existence of a small difference between these two data and show the high efficiency of this model in simulating Creating the studied variables and producing synthetic air data. The evaluation of the frequency of anomalies of the three components of temperature in this province under three RCP scenarios showed that in the hot months of the coming period, warm anomalies are predominant (more than 50%) and normal conditions are second (30 percent) and cold anomalies have the lowest percentage.<br />The predicted frequency of temperature anomalies using the CanESM2 model fine-tuning under the average scenario (RCP4.5) is higher than the optimistic scenario (RCP2.6) and under the pessimistic scenario (RCP8.5) is higher than the average scenario. The difference between the estimates of the RCP8.5 and RCP2.6 scenarios and the maximum difference between the two hot and cold anomalies reaches its maximum in August. The highest and the lowest percentage of average warm anomaly frequency belong to Pars-Abad and Meshkin-Shahr, respectively. The highest percentage of cold anomaly was calculated in Ardabil and the lowest in Pars-Abad.<br />The order of the different intensities of the temperature anomalies of the three studied components in Ardabil province under the RCP4.5 scenario, from the highest to the lowest percentage, is: normal conditions (31%), moderate heat (29.4%), weak heat (21.4 percent), very hot (6.5 percent), slightly cold (6.1 percent), moderately cold (4.2 percent), very cold, extremely hot and extremely cold (about 1.5 percent)). It can be observed that among the types of temperature anomaly intensities, there is a predominance of moderate heat and weak heat, and extremely hot and extremely cold anomalies are rare and include about 1%. In the other two scenarios, the percentage of warm anomaly prevails over normal conditions and cold anomaly.<br />In the RCP2.6 scenario, the warm anomaly has the highest frequency in August and the lowest frequency in October, and the cold anomaly has the lowest frequency in August and the highest frequency in September. In the RCP8.5 scenario, the warm anomaly is more frequent in August and July and the cold anomaly is more frequent in May and June.گرم شدن کره زمین در دهههای اخیر نسبت به دهههای گذشته ناشی از نوسانات اقلیمی کره زمین است. در این پژوهش، ناهنجاریهای دمایی ایستگاههای منتخب استان اردبیل تحت شرایط تغییر اقلیم بررسی شد و آمار بلندمدت (۲۰۲۱-۲۱۰۰) میانگینهای حداقل، حداکثر و روزانه دما ایستگاههای سینوپتیک منتخب استان اردبیل مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. برای این منظور ابتدا شدتهای مختلف ناهنجاریهای دمایی ایستگاهها بر اساس داده ۲۰۲۰-۱۹۸۰ با استفاده از شاخص Z محاسبه شد. متعاقب ارزیابی توانایی ریزگردان لارس و دریافت خروجی با استفاده از ریزگردانی مدل CanESM2، فراوانی و درصد هر یک از دامنههای شدتهای ناهنجاری دمایی مؤلفههای سهگانه دمای ایستگاهها شمارش و محاسبه شد. درصد فراوانی پیشبینیشده ناهنجاریهای دمایی تحت سناریوی متوسط (RCP4.5) بیشتر از سناریوی خوشبینانه (RCP2.6) و تحت سناریوی بدبینانه (RCP8.5) بیشتر از سناریوی متوسط است. اختلاف برآورد دو سناریوی RCP8.5 و RCP2.6 و بیشترین مقدار تفاضل دو ناهنجاری گرم و سرد در آگوست به حداکثر خود میرسد. در هر سه سناریو درصد ناهنجاری گرم بر شرایط بهنجار و ناهنجاری سرد غلبه دارد. تحت سناریوی RCP2.6 ناهنجاری گرم در آگوست بیشترین و در اکتبر کمترین فراوانی و ناهنجاری سرد در آگوست کمترین و در سپتامبر بیشترین فراوانی را دارد. تحت سناریوی RCP8.5 ناهنجاری گرم در آگوست و ژوئیه و ناهنجاری سرد در می و ژوئن تکرار بیشتری دارد. ترتیب شدتهای مختلف ناهنجاریهای دمایی سه مؤلفه مورد مطالعه در استان اردبیل تحت سناریوی RCP4.5، از بیشترین به کمترین درصد عبارت است از: شرایط بهنجار، گرم متوسط، گرم ضعیف، سرد ضعیف، بسیار گرم، سرد متوسط، بسیار سرد، بینهایت گرم و بینهایت سرد که در بین انواع شدتهای ناهنجاری دمایی غلبه با گرم متوسط و گرم ضعیف است. این یافته نشاندهنده احتمال زیاد وقوع گرمایش و تغییر اقلیم آینده در این محدوده است و بر تداوم و تشدید رخداد ناهنجاریهای گرم دوره گذشته در دوره آینده دلالت دارد.https://www.jess.ir/article_215390_42e07cfa181406364c9ac33d06fba229.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Collaborative analysis of heavy snowfall in Ardabil and evaluation of changes in the frequency of snowy days with non-parametric methodsواکاوی همدیدی بارش برف سنگین اردبیل و ارزیابی روند تغییرات فراوانی روزهای برفی با روشهای ناپارامتری6693670316742610.22034/jess.2023.376587.1924FAبهروزسبحانیIran-Ardabil -Kosar settlement0000-0002-8037-893Xقدیردل آرادانشجوی دکترا گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلیJournal Article20221214Introduction<br />Snow as a climatic element due to the rainy season, its solidity, the area covered and the consequences it brings, deserves the study and attention of researchers and users of the environment. It has played a major and fundamental role, and in terms of microclimate, due to its weak heat conduction, it is considered a good protection for its vegetation against the cold (Kaviani, 2010). In the generally dry and semi-arid land of Iran, snowfall and snowy days have a great value, among which the amount of snowfall, the number of days of occurrence, its ratio with the days of precipitation, during the period of descent and its beneficial and harmful consequences, each of them can be the subject of There should be separate researches, while the average number of rainy days in Iran ranges from less than 10 to about 115 days, the maximum number of snowy days is on average in the northwest region and about 25 days a year (Alijani, 2016). On the other hand, the effects of heavy snowfall and avalanches, the destruction of rural homes, the disruption of road transport, communications, daily activities, and many other consequences on the natural and human environment have attracted the attention of some researchers. It is true that some of these researches have been in the field of temporal changes of snowfall in recent decades. Due to the fact that studying and knowing the factors disturbing human peace and well-being seems to be necessary and knowing the changes in the trend and factors that generate the atmosphere of natural phenomena can be a way forward, so in this study, the aim is to analyze the heavy snowfall in Ardabil from a synoptic point of view. And to investigate the trend of changes in the frequency of snowy days with non-parametric methods.<br />Methodology<br />This research has been carried out in order to investigate the synoptic heavy snowfall in Ardabil city with an environmental approach to circulation and to investigate the trend of changes in snowy days with non-parametric methods. In this regard, first the data related to the daily snowfall parameter for Ardabil synoptic station was received from the General Meteorological Department. Nonparametric Mann-Kendall method and sense estimator were used to analyze the time series trend of this variable.<br />Mann-Kendall test<br />In the Mann-Kendall test, the assumption of zero indicates randomness and the absence of a trend in the data series, and accepting the assumption of one indicates the presence of a trend in the data series. This test was first presented by Mann (1945) and then expanded by Kendall (1975) based on the rank of data in a time series and is calculated in two ways: 1- Statistical test (T) I-Kendall 2- Graphical test I- Kendall The calculation steps of this test are as follows (Zinali, 2015: 90).<br />Sense Estimator test<br />The sense estimator method, like the Mann-Kendall method, uses the difference analysis of observations of a time series. This method is based on calculating a median slope for the time series and judging the significance of the obtained slope at different confidence levels, and the steps to do it are as follows (Hajam et al., 1387: 161).<br /><br /><br />Conclusion<br />The purpose of this research is the synoptic investigation of heavy snowfall from an environmental perspective and investigating the trend of changes in snowy days with non-parametric methods in Ardabil. The results of the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and sense estimator showed that the Test z value was -2.30 and the Qmed value was -0.931 at the confidence level of 95% and indicated a negative, downward and significant trend. Also, according to the results According to the analysis of satellite maps in the event of heavy snow on January 26, 1400, it was found that there are two high-pressure systems in the east and west of Iran, with their outward movement, they lead the nearby air mass towards the studied area, and the dominance of the high-pressure systems of Central Europe over the studied area. The study has caused the formation of weather conditions and has led to the stability of the air and its subsidence. This system has played a very prominent role in the transfer of cold air in the northern latitudes, and in addition, in the western part of Iran, it has formed a trough of atmospheric conditions in such a way that before the axis of the trough, the convective strengthening in the upper levels of the atmosphere leads the flow of cold northern winds to the lower latitudes. And especially the west of Iran. Due to the location of the studied area in the front part of the landing axis of the ship and the strengthening of the divergence in Wardspahr, the values of Tavai have become positive and the weather condition has become unstable. The movement of the westerly winds in the aforementioned nave channel has caused the moisture of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea and its flow towards the studied area. On the other hand, the intensification of the wind speed up to 35 meters per second in the atmosphere of the studied area has fueled atmospheric disturbances, as well as the influx of cold currents. North, a cold air mass has condensed in the Naveh axis in the northwest of Iran and has lowered the surface temperature of the studied area to -2 degrees Celsius. The rule of cold air over the northwestern part of Iran has also reduced the thickness of the atmosphere and caused the contraction of the atmosphere. The results of this research are also aligned with the results of other researchers, such as Saleh and Eskandari (2012) and Dargahian and Alijani (2016), pointing to the role of deep troughs in the northwest of Iran, which play a very important role in the transfer of cold air from northern latitudes towards Iran. had. Also, Emininia et al. (2009), in the study of changes in heavy snowfall in the northwestern region of the country, pointed out that heavy snowfall in all stations and during the common statistical period had high fluctuations and a decreasing trend.همه ساله رخداد ناگهانی بارش برف سنگین پیامدهای ناگواری را به همراه دارد و زندگی بشری را تحت شعاع خود قرار میدهد بنابراین در این مقاله هدف بر این بوده تا این پدیده را از نظر آماری و سینوپتیکی مورد بررسی قرار داده و برای مقابله با حوادث ناشی از آن آماده شد. در این تحقیق ابتدا جهت بررسی روند تغییرات روزهای برفی در استان اردبیل از روش ناپارامتریک من-کندال و سنس استیمیتور بهره برده شد و نتایج حاکی از آن بود که پارامتر مورد مطالعه برای ایستگاه سینوپتیک اردبیل روند منفی، نزولی و معنیداری در سطح اطمینان 95% داشته است. در جهت بررسی سینوپتیکی این پدیده یکی از سنگینترین برفهایی که اخیرا رخ داده بود مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. با تهیه دادههای ثبت شده در ایستگاه سینوپتیکی اردبیل برای روز 26 دیماه سال 1400 مشخص شد مقدار 25 تا 42 سانتیمتر بارش برف به وقوع پیوسته است. برای ترسیم نقشههای فشار تراز سطح دریا، ارتفاع ژئوپتانسیل تراز 500 هکتوپاسکال، تاوایی، وزش رطوبتی و رودباد و دمای تراز سطح زمین به همراه ضخامت جو از دادههای دوباره تحلیل شده مرکز ملی پیشبینی محیطی (NCEP/NCAR) استفاده شد. نتایج سینوپتیکی نشان داد تسلط سامانه پرفشار اروپای مرکزی بر شمال غرب ایران موجب شده حرکات برونگرد آن بادهای سرد شمالی را که حامل رطوبت دریای سیاه و مدیترانه بودهاند با سرعتی بیش از سرعت رودباد به سمت منطقه مورد مطالعه هدایت کند و علاوه بر آن وجود ناوه در شمال غرب ایران کمک شایانی به انتقال جریانات سرد شمالی به سمت عرضهای پایین و بخصوص منطقه مورد مطالعه نموده است همزمان با این شرایط استقرار توده هوای سرد بر جو منطقه مورد مطالعه دمای هوا را کاهش داده و جوی باروتروپیک ایجاد نموده است.https://www.jess.ir/article_167426_cd6a5ff84ee3354b3ed6de10b74697e5.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Evaluating the effects of Lake Urmia’s revival practices on the environmental resilience of local rural settlementsارزیابی تأثیر اقدامات احیایی دریاچه ارومیه بر میزان تابآوری زیست محیطی از دیدگاه جوامع محلی6704671416748910.22034/jess.2023.379844.1948FAثمیهآذربارگروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ارومیهمرتضیمفیدی چلاناستادیار گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ارومیهاسماعیلشیدای کرکجاستادیار گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ارومیهJournal Article20230106Introduction <br />Due to various reasons, Urmia Lake has been exposed to be dried in recent years and has severely affected the coastal areas and neighboring ecosystems and more importantly, the surrounding cities and villages. Considering that a large human population lives in the area around Urmia Lake and the livelihood of settlements in West and East Azerbaijan provinces is mostly based on agriculture, if the lake completely dries up and environmental and ecological crises occur, the economy of these areas will face with great problems. One of the basic solutions to reduce the vulnerability of social systems and thus strengthen the stability of local communities against environmental crises is to increase the resilience of these communities against the disturbance in ecological systems. Resilience is the ability of a social or ecological system to absorb and face disorder or disruption, so that it can maintain basic functional structures, re-organizational capacity, and adaptive capacity in the face of changes and tensions. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the impact of Urmia lake restoration measures on the level of environmental resilience from the point of view of local communities.<br />Methodology <br />The research approach is applied, descriptive, correlational and analytical. The method of data collection was carried out by using two methods of library studies and field monitoring and completing the questionnaire. The indicators for measuring the resilience of local communities were determined using exploratory interviews and review of literature (ethnography). The statistical population of the research is all heads of households living in Aghdash village. Aghdash village is one of the villages of Miandoab countyin West Azerbaijan province of Iran. The number of sample households was estimated through Cochran's statistic using the variance of the important characteristic and the calculated standard error of 62 households (utilizers). A questionnaire was used to estimate selected indicators from the point of view of local communities living in Aghdash village. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for different parts of the questionnaire was obtained on an average of 78%, which is in the desired range. It should be noted that the Likert scale was used to evaluate the impact of Urmia lake restoration measures on the resilience of local communities. In order to complete questionnaires related to households through the stratified random sampling method; with the priority of the village elders, local experts and active people related to the restoration of Urmia Lake were selected and finally, the household questionnaire was randomly completed for 62 household heads. Finally, the desired indicators were estimated using the usual methods.<br />Conclusion <br />From the point of view of local communities; in the environmental dimension, the actions of the restoration bureau of the Urmia Lake have resulted an increase in environmental awareness and an increase in the dry-farming. Also, in the field of livestock and rangeland management, the actions of the restoration bureau of the Urmia Lake have been evaluated as moderate. The average score of the examined indicators was 2.65, so the effectiveness of the actions of the rehabilitation headquarters in the environmental dimension is in the very low to medium range. Based on the results of the factor analysis model; the indicators of cropping pattern modification, modern irrigation systems, watershed management operations, water resources management, production performance, percentage of vegetation cover, land salinity control, environmental awareness and rangeland and livestock management were identified as 5 important factors, which in total explain 69.22 % of variance changes in the resilience of communities as a result of the actions of the restoration bureau of the Urmia Lake. It seems that considering the various consequences of the drying up of Urmia Lake in the region and the solutions proposed in various researches and considering the type of actions taken by the the restoration bureau of the Urmia Lake in the region; the indicators used in the research have been able to evaluate the actions of this bureau in order to improve environmental resilience. Executive organizations can use the indicators introduced in this research to improve the condition of villages affected by the water crisis and drought, and improve the resilience of local communities and move towards stability in all aspects of sustainable development.<br />Introduction <br />Due to various reasons, Urmia Lake has been exposed to be dried in recent years and has severely affected the coastal areas and neighboring ecosystems and more importantly, the surrounding cities and villages. Considering that a large human population lives in the area around Urmia Lake and the livelihood of settlements in West and East Azerbaijan provinces is mostly based on agriculture, if the lake completely dries up and environmental and ecological crises occur, the economy of these areas will face with great problems. One of the basic solutions to reduce the vulnerability of social systems and thus strengthen the stability of local communities against environmental crises is to increase the resilience of these communities against the disturbance in ecological systems. Resilience is the ability of a social or ecological system to absorb and face disorder or disruption, so that it can maintain basic functional structures, re-organizational capacity, and adaptive capacity in the face of changes and tensions. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the impact of Urmia lake restoration measures on the level of environmental resilience from the point of view of local communities.<br />Methodology <br />The research approach is applied, descriptive, correlational and analytical. The method of data collection was carried out by using two methods of library studies and field monitoring and completing the questionnaire. The indicators for measuring the resilience of local communities were determined using exploratory interviews and review of literature (ethnography). The statistical population of the research is all heads of households living in Aghdash village. Aghdash village is one of the villages of Miandoab countyin West Azerbaijan province of Iran. The number of sample households was estimated through Cochran's statistic using the variance of the important characteristic and the calculated standard error of 62 households (utilizers). A questionnaire was used to estimate selected indicators from the point of view of local communities living in Aghdash village. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for different parts of the questionnaire was obtained on an average of 78%, which is in the desired range. It should be noted that the Likert scale was used to evaluate the impact of Urmia lake restoration measures on the resilience of local communities. In order to complete questionnaires related to households through the stratified random sampling method; with the priority of the village elders, local experts and active people related to the restoration of Urmia Lake were selected and finally, the household questionnaire was randomly completed for 62 household heads. Finally, the desired indicators were estimated using the usual methods.<br />Conclusion <br />From the point of view of local communities; in the environmental dimension, the actions of the restoration bureau of the Urmia Lake have resulted an increase in environmental awareness and an increase in the dry-farming. Also, in the field of livestock and rangeland management, the actions of the restoration bureau of the Urmia Lake have been evaluated as moderate. The average score of the examined indicators was 2.65, so the effectiveness of the actions of the rehabilitation headquarters in the environmental dimension is in the very low to medium range. Based on the results of the factor analysis model; the indicators of cropping pattern modification, modern irrigation systems, watershed management operations, water resources management, production performance, percentage of vegetation cover, land salinity control, environmental awareness and rangeland and livestock management were identified as 5 important factors, which in total explain 69.22 % of variance changes in the resilience of communities as a result of the actions of the restoration bureau of the Urmia Lake. It seems that considering the various consequences of the drying up of Urmia Lake in the region and the solutions proposed in various researches and considering the type of actions taken by the the restoration bureau of the Urmia Lake in the region; the indicators used in the research have been able to evaluate the actions of this bureau in order to improve environmental resilience. Executive organizations can use the indicators introduced in this research to improve the condition of villages affected by the water crisis and drought, and improve the resilience of local communities and move towards stability in all aspects of sustainable development.یکی از راهکارهای اساسی کاهش آسیب پذیری در سیستمهای اجتماعی و در نتیجه تقویت پایداری جوامع محلی در برابر بحرانهای زیست محیطی، افزایش میزان تاب آوری این جوامع در برابر اختلال و آشفتگی است. تحقیق از نوع کاربردی و رویکرد آن توصیفی، همبستگی و تحلیلی است. روش جمع آوری اطلاعات با استفاده از دو روش مطالعات کتابخانه-ای و روش پایش میدانی و تکمیل پرسشنامه صورت گرفت. شاخصهای سنجش تابآوری جوامع محلی با استفاده از مصاحبههای اکتشافی و مرور منابع (مأخذ شناسی) مشخص شدند. جامعه آماری تحقیق کلیه سرپرستان خانوارهای ساکن در روستای آغداش میباشند. تعداد خانوارهای نمونه از طریق آماره کوکران با استفاده از واریانس صفت بارز و اشتباه استاندارد محاسبهشده 62 خانوار (بهرهبردار) برآورد گردید. ضریب آلفای کرون باخ برای بخشهای مختلف پرسشنامه بهطور میانگین 78% به دست آمد که در محدوده مطلوب قرار میگیرد. . از دیدگاه جوامع محلی؛ در بعد زیستمحیطی اقدامات ستاد احیا افزایش آگاهی زیستمحیطی و افزایش سطح زیر کشت محصولات دیمی را به دنبال داشته است. همچنین در زمینه مدیریت دام و مرتع اقدامات ستاد احیا متوسط ارزیابیشده است. میانگین امتیازات شاخصهای موردبررسی 65/2 به دست آمد بنابراین میزان اثرگذاری اقدامات ستاد احیا در بعد زیستمحیطی، در محدوده خیلی کم تا متوسط قرار میگیرد. بر اساس نتایج مدل تحلیل عاملی؛ شاخصهای اصلاح الگوی کشت، سیستمهای آبیاری نوین، عملیات آبخیزداری، مدیریت منابع آبی، عملکرد تولیدی، درصد پوشش گیاهی، کنترل شوری اراضی، آگاهی زیستمحیطی و مدیریت مرتع و دام در قالب 5 عامل مهم شناسایی شدند که درمجموع 22/69 تغییرات میزان تابآوری جوامع محلی در اثر اقدامات ستاد احیا را تبیین میکنند. به نظر میرسد با توجه به پیامدهای مختلف خشکی دریاچه ارومیه در منطقه و راهکارهای پیشنهادشده در تحقیقات مختلف توسط ستاد احیا در منطقه؛ شاخصهای مورداستفاده در تحقیق توانسته است بهخوبی اقدامات این ستاد در راستای ارتقای تابآوری زیست محیطی را ارزیابی نماید.https://www.jess.ir/article_167489_7252268815238a3ce35db18e41802970.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Assessing the sustainability of urban development based on Newurbanism approach (case study: Tabriz Parvaz Town)ارزیابی پایداری توسعه شهری بر مبنای دیدگاه نوشهرگرایی (نمونه موردی: شهرک پرواز تبریز)6715672916749010.22034/jess.2023.380065.1950FAمعصومهقاسمی خوییدانشگاه محقق اردبیلیمحمدحسنیزدانیدانشگاه محقق اردبیلیعلیرضامحمدیاستاد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی0000-0002-3327-0942رسولقربانیدانشگاه تبریزJournal Article20230106The increasing importance of sustainable development at the urban level is due to the rapid increase of the urban population in the world. According to the World Bank report, by 2050, the percentage of the urban population will reach 68% from the current 55%, and 2.5 billion people will be added to the population of cities. Cities have assumed a central role in the discourse of sustainable development due to their demographic and economic importance and their high environmental impact. In many parts of the world, rapid urbanization is taking place on an unprecedented scale, and its severe effects on communities and the environment are evident. To combat the external effects of such rapid and partly uncontrolled development, many cities around the world have introduced various urban development policies. In sum, the discourses promoting sustainable urban development are convinced that environmental, social and economic challenges can be solved through prudent planning and are not conflicting goals. Urbanization is generally seen as positive and cities are portrayed as the frontline of sustainable development. Meanwhile, the spatial development patterns of cities is one of the most important issues in the field of urban sustainability, which is strongly influenced by these spatial development patterns. In these years, choosing this model has been one of the biggest challenges of city builders and planners. The search for an alternative model for urban development dates back to the 1970s. The energy crisis and accumulated government debt in the 1970s led to fiscal conservatism and austerity in the 1980s. The changing fortunes of cities had certainly begun, and many industrial cities showed clear signs of decline. The pioneers of new-urbanism stepped into the arena in this situation where the modern city was challenged. As a solution to the placeless suburbs, they came up with a new version based on traditional neighborhoods that followed historical principles. To alleviate the problems created by machine-oriented development, they advocated urban living in lively, mixed and diverse places. Over the past years, neo-urbanism has become one of the most prominent urban design movements in the United States; Newurbanism is potentially the most influential architectural movement in the United States in the post-Cold War era and is currently one of the most influential planning schemes. The main goal of new-urbanism is to change built environments in order to foster a different way of life. This movement began as an environmental and aesthetic critique of suburban sprawl. Since then, the movement has evolved to promote its design principles to address sustainability issues related to contemporary urbanization in the United States and beyond.<br />The city of Tabriz, like most cities in Iran and cities in the developing countries of the world, has been affected by global changes and the industrial revolution and the influence of modernist ideas, especially in the preparation of urban development plans and the sudden growth and expansion of the city. In fact, Tabriz, like other big cities of the country, faced exogenous and uneven growth, which is the continuous migration from small cities on the one hand and the non-observance of the principle of sustainability in the use of urban resources on the other hand. The decrease in the efficiency of the road network and the main and arterial accesses, the increase in the conversion and change of the arbitrary use of gardens and agricultural lands in and around the city to residential, commercial and service uses, the inequality of the urban areas in meeting the levels and per capita of the general population and the urbanization of the suburbs of Tabriz has pursued residential quays and satellite towns and has contributed to the formation of Tabriz's urban system and spatial polarization of rich and poor in the north and east of the city. In the meantime, the town of Parvaz is one of the residential towns of Tabriz city, which was designed in the 60s and entered the population process, and in these years, with its different environment and design, it has been able to introduce itself as one of the most successful neighborhoods in Tabriz city. which manifests the manifestations of sustainable urban development. In this regard and considering the extreme instability of urban development in Tabriz city, finding a relatively appropriate model to promote urban development is of great importance, which is the necessity of such a research to evaluate the compatibility of the spatial development model of Tabriz flight town with sustainable models and to promote such models. It proves the direction of achieving sustainability.<br /><br />Methodology:<br />In terms of type, this research is part of applied-developmental research and in terms of method it is part of descriptive-analytical research. To collect information from document studies based on the nature of the subject, all types of available documents including books, articles and magazines, theses and websites and databases and statistics and data from related organizations are used. Also, to complete the required data, field studies in the form of surveys and observations and the use of city maps with a scale of 1/2000, satellite images, global positioning device (GPS), field observations, etc. have been used. One of the most important tools used in this research is geographic information system software such as ARC GIS and AutoCAD Map 3D, which are used to analyze the spatial information of the research.<br />The first step of this research is extracting the criteria and practical standards of new urbanism. At this stage, the criteria are extracted using documentary and library studies and using previous researches, but due to the lack of specific standards for these criteria, using the rules of urban planning local and international standards are defined for the criteria. In the next step, the criteria and standards extracted at the level of the studied area are checked and finally the conformity of the spatial development pattern of the area with the pattern of neo-urbanism is evaluated.<br />Conclusion:<br />The purpose of this research is to evaluate the spatial development of Tabriz flight town based on the principles of neo-urbanism. In this regard, the principles of new-urbanism were divided into seven general criteria and each of these criteria was divided into several other indicators and several standards were defined for each of them.<br />Regarding the use mixing index, the presence of six neighborhood uses with the approximate observance of the governor's per capita, the protection index of open and green spaces, the proximity of the green space per capita to the governor's capita and the useful functional radius of green spaces, the index of creating distinct and attractive communities with a strong emphasis on the concept of place The location of the neighborhood center in the geographical center of the town and the useful functional radius of the center and the existence of the edges of the center, an indicator of creating various opportunities from transportation, the existence of a bus network on all main routes, an indicator of creating walkable neighborhoods, the useful functional radius of the center and shopping centers And the appropriate separation of space on the sidewalks, the index of the use of compact buildings and high density, and the index of creating different opportunities to choose housing, with the presence of different types of housing in the town, has created an environment that is highly compatible with the principles of neo-urbanism. Considering the problems mentioned for the city of Tabriz in the field of urban development instability, using the results of this research, the development model of parvaz town can be presented as a suggested model for other areas of the city so that some of its problems in the field of sustainable development can be reduced.الگوهای توسعه فضایی شهرها یکی از مهمترین مسائل مطرح در حوزه پایداری شهرها است که توسعه پایدار شهری شدیداً متأثر از این الگوهای فضایی توسعه است و در این سالها انتخاب این الگو یکی از بزرگترین چالشهای شهر سازان و برنامه ریزان بوده است. نوشهرگرایی یکی از متأخرترین الگوهای توسعه شهری است که متأثر از دیدگاههای شهرسازی پستمدرن و توسعه پایدار شهری است و تحقیقات علمی فراوانی صحت این ادعا را اثبات کردهاند. در تحقیق حاضر تلاش شده است با توجه به برخی از اصول دیدگاه نوشهرگرایی بافت شهرک پرواز تبریز ازنظر مکانی-فضایی موردبررسی قرارگرفته و نحوه توسعه این محله از نظر اصول یادشده بررسی شود و درنهایت میزان انطباق توسعه این محله با اصول نوشهرگرایی ارزیابی شود. این تحقیق از نظر نوع جز تحقیقات کاربردی-توسعه ای و از نظر روش جز تحقیقات توصیفی-تحلیلی است که در جریان تحقیق جهت تکمیل دادهها از روشهای کتابخانهای و پیمایشی استفادهشده و جهت تحلیل اطلاعات از روشهای آماری و نرمافزارهای سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی استفادهشده است. بررسیها و نتایج حاکی از تطابق بالای توسعه شهرک پرواز تبریز با اصول رشد نوشهرگرایی است.https://www.jess.ir/article_167490_b1dab62397f8c631a2f3ebf112bc91af.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Effects of climate change on the vegetation range of Bromus tomentellus Boiss species in the pasture habitats of central Zagros, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provincesاثر تغییر اقلیم بر گستره رویشی گونه Bromus tomentellus Boiss در رویشگاههای مرتعی زاگرس مرکزی، استان چهارمحال و بختیاری6730674016757910.22034/jess.2023.380017.1949FAالهامفخیمیاستادیار پژوهشی،بخش منابع طبیعی،مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان چهارمحال و بختیاری،سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویجمرتضیخداقلیدانشیار پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات مرتع، موسسه تحقیقات جنگل ها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایرانJournal Article20230106Introduction<br />In recent years, climate change has affected the ecosystem and its inhabitants. Climate change affects various biological aspects of species, so it has become a major concern for the management and protection of biodiversity. One of the important effects of climate change is changes in the range of distribution and distribution of living organisms. Therefore, the study of climate change on the distribution of plant and animal species is necessary. Climate change causes the geographical range of plants to shift. Forecasting the effect of climate change on the distribution of valuable plant species is considered essential in order to protect and evaluate the level of threats and management. he prediction of the geographical distribution of the species in the future requires the collection of information related to the presence of the species at present, environmental variables and the combination of this information with new environmental conditions. Modeling the distribution of species is currently the only tool that can be used to evaluate the amount of changes in the distribution of several species in response to climate change. For this purpose, many methods and models have been developed, predictive modeling of the distribution of plant species, as a prediction of the potential distribution of a plant species. Throughout the landscape, it is defined based on the relationship between the occurrence points of the plant species and the effective environmental variables, and it is based on the hypothesis that environmental factors control the distribution of the plant species. The habitat prediction models determine the suitability of the habitat for the establishment of plant and animal species and help the managers of natural resources to identify the factors that threaten the populations, determine the important factors in conservation planning, and examine the climate change scenarios with less time and cost. Geographical distribution of species, favorable habitats of plant and animal species, etc In this research, the current and future distribution of Bromus tomentellus Boiss species in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province under two scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for the next three decades was investigated.<br />Methodology<br />First, by using 10 synoptic stations in and adjacent areas of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, the database including precipitation variables, minimum temperature, maximum temperature and average temperature of formation and 19 bio-climates were calculated (Table 1). Also, three physiographic variables, including slope, direction and height, were prepared using a digital elevation model (DEM) with an accuracy of 30 meters. Then, using maps of plant types of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province and field visits to the current habitat of the species under investigation, the presence and absence points of the species were determined. Using logistic regression (relationships 1 and 2), the growth behavior of this species at the level of the province was determined and the map was modeled and the relevant equations were calculated in the current conditions. A climate for 2050 was extracted from the worldclime site and by putting the extracted data into the equations of the current conditions, the future distribution map of the species Bromus tomentellus for the next three decades by the general circulation model MRI-ESM2-0 under two scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 was prepared in ArcGIS 10.5 software. The resulting map of the model contains the values of the probability of the presence of the species between zero and one for the desired habitat, which was evaluated using the kappa coefficient for the accuracy of the output map.<br />Conclusion<br />Species distribution prediction models can predict potentially favorable habitats for species distribution, therefore they play an important role in determining areas prone to pasture restoration (Pajehan, 2019). It is expected that the forecasting model in the present study will be effective for future protective strategies. In this research, the current range and potential future range of Bromus tomentellus species and for the next three decades (year 2050), under two climate warning models, a milder scenario and a more severe scenario (Rcp4.5 and Rcp8.5) using the model Logistic regression was predicted within the boundaries of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces located in central Zagros. The results showed that the spatial position of the target species in 2050 with the Rcp4.5 (balanced) scenario is almost the same as the current one. In the Rcp8.5 (pessimistic) scenario, the optimal habitat size of the selected plant will be reduced by 75-100%. Instead, in In some high areas, we will witness the appearance of habitats prone to the occurrence of species, and these areas will be suitable in terms of climatic conditions. So that this species can be seen in areas with an altitude of 2000 to 3200 meters, but in balanced conditions under the Rcp4.5 scenario, it changes its location to an altitude of 3350-2180 meters and in pessimistic conditions under the Rcp8.5 scenario to an altitude of 2400-3600 meters. Therefore, in the balanced and pessimistic scenario, 180 and 400 meters respectively, the habitat of this species will be moved to a higher altitude. In general, climate change and the consequent increase in temperature indices have caused the vertical expansion of Bromus tomentellus and its movement to higher latitudes along the altitude gradient. The results of Sanghoni (2016) also show that by 2080, more than 50% of the habitat area of Bromus tomentellus species will be reduced and it will migrate to higher altitudes. The results of the research on the mountain celery species in the Faridun Shahr area in the west of Isfahan province show that this species migrates to higher areas due to climate change and the habitat of this species will decrease by 80% in 2080. (Abolmaali et al. 2018) Also, the results of the habitat prediction map showed that as the temperature indices increase, the suitability of the habitat for the presence of the species will decrease in the future. Thuiller (2007) stated that on average, every 1ºc increase in temperature causes species of the northern hemisphere to move 160 kilometers towards The pole or 160 meters will be towards the heights. Of course, he said that the changes in different ecosystems are not the same and each ecosystem should be investigated with appropriate methods. As species move towards the poles or higher altitudes, they may disappear or become confined to a refuge away from others, while other species may expand their range.<br />In general, plant vegetation range models are useful and cost-effective tools for the use of natural resource managers and increase their awareness of the effects of climate change on species. The maps obtained from the models show the areas sensitive to climate change and the possible shelters of the selected species in the future for use in the protection and grazing plans of these areas. Progress in understanding species distribution models against climate change and modification of the spatial database can lead to the development of conservation strategies. which is useful for the ecosystem and the species. The maps obtained from the present research can be used in vegetation protection and revitalization programs. Since globally, they want to preserve biodiversity in the central Zagros and it is very important from an ecological point of view and biodiversity Therefore, the predicted potential distribution for the studied species in the central Zagros area provides valuable information for identifying suitable cultivation sites and also for managing the species in the future.یکی از آثار مهم تغییر اقلیم بر گیاهان جابجایی گستره جغرافیایی آنهاست. پیشبینی اثر تغییر اقلیم بر پراکنش گونههای گیاهی باارزش امری ضروری در راستای حفاظت و ارزیابی سطح تهدیدات و مدیریت محسوب میشود. در این پژوهش پراکنش کنونی و آینده گونه Bromus tomentellus Boiss در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری تحت دو سناریو RCP4.5 و RCP8.5 برای سه دهه آینده موردبررسی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور، جهت محاسبه 19 متغیر زیستاقلیمی از اطلاعات اقلیمی 10 ایستگاه داخل و مجاور استان استفاده شد. متغیرهای فیزیوگرافی شیب، جهت و ارتفاع با استفاده از مدل رقومی ارتفاع با دقت 30 متر تهیه شد. در مرحله بعد، پس از مشخص کردن نقاط حضوروغیاب گونه و استفاده از رگرسیون لجستیک رفتار رویشی گونه و معادلات آن در شرایط کنونی به دست آمد و نقشه مربوطه مدلسازی شد. سپس دادههای زیستاقلیمی برای سال 2050 از سایت worldclime استخراج شد و با قرار دادن دادههای استخراجشده در معادلات شرایط حاضر، نقشه پراکنش آینده گونه Bromus tomentellus برای سه دهه آینده تحت دو سناریو RCP4.5 و RCP8.5 تهیه شد. نتایج نشان داد از بین متغیرهای زیستاقلیمی، BIO1(دمای سالانه)، BIO3(میانگین دمای گرمترین ماه) و BIO11(میانگین دمای سردترین ماه)، بیشترین اهمیت را در تناسب رویشگاه گونه Bromus tomentellus دارند و مقادیر آنها در شرایط بدبینانه افزایش مییابد. رویشگاه مطلوب حضور گونه به ارتفاعات بالاتر جابجا شده و در رنج ارتفاعی 3600-2400 متر قرار میگیرد؛ و درنتیجه سطح رویشگاه مطلوب گونه در سه دهه آتی کاهش خواهد یافت.https://www.jess.ir/article_167579_3c5f0aa1064ce45bf82cc377b4330733.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Screening of drought-tolerant sumac land races using chlorophyll fluorescence parametersشناسایی گیاهان سماق متحمل به کم آبی با استفاده از پارامترهای فلورسانس کلروفیل6741674721539110.22034/jess.2023.380072.1952FAزینبصباغ نیادانشگاه تبریزمنصورمطلوبیدانشگاه تبریزعلیرضامطلبی آذرعلوم باغبانی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز0000-0002-4384-3716Journal Article20230107Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) is one of the valuable and multi-purpose medicinal plants native to Iran.Sumac is known to be useful in the treatment of many diseases due to its rich antioxidant and phenolic and tannin content in this plant. Cultivation of sumac is very important in the livelihood of farmers in the region. Every year its fruits are harvested in the traditional way. Environmental stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and development of plants. Drought stress has different effects on plants and reduces the quality and yield of agricultural products. Photosynthesis is one of the first processes that are damaged under drought stress. Investigating the fluorescence kinetics of Chlorophyll a can provide useful information about the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus. In order to identify drought resistant cultivars, an experiment was conducted with four cultivars of sumac from two regions in the northwest of the Iran. Most of the parameters related to chlorophyll a fluorescence in different varieties showed significant results. Our data showed that the FV/FM ratio decreased in drought-exposed plants. The reduction of PIabs under drought stress was due to a decrease in the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II reaction centers and the rate of electron transfer (ETo/RC), accompanied by an increase in energy loss (DIo /RC). Among the cultivars studied, Aqboraz cultivar was reported to be resistant in all traits.<br />The origin of the sumac plant is in the Middle East region, including Iran. Sumac is a valuable medicinal plant that is cultivated in the northwestern region of Iran. With the increase in the global average temperature, the frequency of drought events and heat waves increases, this issue has significant negative consequences for the production It will have agricultural products. Drought is considered one of the most important environmental stresses that plants are repeatedly exposed to periods of water deficit, which affects the growth and development of plants and subsequently the yield of agricultural products. Photosynthesis is one of the key processes that it is significantly affected by drought stress. The primary effect of water shortage is stomatal closure, which allows plants to limit transpiration. In addition, a decrease in relative water content (RWC) and leaf water potential has also been reported in case of water deficit. Photosynthesis is one of the most sensitive processes to drought, which by limiting the release of carbon dioxide in the stomata and mesophyll cells, reducing stomatal conductivity and changes in carbon absorption leads to a decrease in the internal concentration of CO2. In recent years, the measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence, especially the OJIP test, has become a popular method to evaluate the stability of photosynthesis under the influence of various stress factors from biotic and abiotic factors. Chlorophyll a fluorescence is a natural phenomenon that describes the loss and radiation of heat or the re-emission of a part of the absorbed energy that is not used to drive photosynthesis. Measurement of chlorophyll a fluorescence provides information on changes in photosynthetic efficiency and heat dissipation. It is an extremely simple, non-invasive, highly sensitive, rapid and accurate method that provides a quantitative assessment of oxygenic photosynthesis. Photosynthetic organisms change their photosynthetic activity to adapt to stressful conditions such as drought. When the protein-chlorophyll complexes of thylakoid membranes are damaged by stress or normal physiological changes (ripening, senescing, etc.), the fluorescence changes as a natural process of chlorophyll molecules. Chlorophyll fluorescence can be easily measured and analyzed by various techniques. One of the widely used techniques is the OJIP test, which provides parameters based on the theory of energy flux in thylakoid membranes. OJIP parameters describe photosynthetic reactions through algebraic equations and quantify the characteristics of the structure and function of photosystems. JIP parameters detect changes in photosynthetic efficiency at the cellular level even before visible signs of stress appear.In order to investigate the response of sumac leaves to the drying of leaf water content, this experiment was carried out in the physiology laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tabriz University in the summer of 2022. The leaves of sumac plant collected from Arsbaran (Aqboraz and Horand) in East Azerbaijan province and Sardasht (Yasinabad and Mavolo) in West Azerbaijan province were used to assess their tolerance to drought stress. From each region, 50 fully developed sumac leaves were randomly selected and after being placed in insulated boxes with relative humidity close to 100%, they were transferred to the laboratory. The leaves were measured for chlorophyll fluorescence parameters after at least 30 min adaptation to darkness. This measurement was done every two hours up to 3 times. In all three periods, the weight of the leaves was measured in milligram with a three-zero scale. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis test called OJIP was measured by Handy PEA fluorimeter (Hansatech, UK). The parameters obtained from the fluorimeter are listed in Table No. 1. Abiotic stresses such as drought have a destructive effect on the physiological characteristics and growth of plants. Closing the stomata to prevent water loss is one of the primary responses to drought stress. Drought stress causes the destruction of one chlorophyll through premature leaf senescence, and as a result, photosynthesis affects the most important photochemical process of the plant. The main aim of this research was to measure and investigate the water loss of sumac plants and its effect on the photosynthetic system of the plant. The obtained data showed that the OJIP test parameters, including density of reaction centers per photosystem II antenna chlorophyll, energy dissipation flux per reaction center showed an increasing trend based on previous studies. The Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry, electron transport flux per reaction center, and performance index of photosystem II based to absorption also showed a decreasing trend according to previous researches and the findings of this research follow the previous studies. In general, the samples collected from Aqboraz region showing a better ability to cope with drought stress when compared to other cultivars. Making them promising candidates for use in future breeding programs. These results show that Aqboraz sumac landraces have a high resilience to water stress, opening new perspectives for screening landraces sumac cultivars for drought tolerance.سماق با نام علمی Rhus coriaria L. یکی از گیاهان دارویی با ارزش و چند منظوره و بومی کشور میباشد. کشت و کار آن اهمیت زیادی در معیشت کشاورزان منطقه دارد. سالانه میوههای آن به روش سنتی استحصال می شود. تنش محیطی یکی از مهمترین عوامل محدود کننده رشد و نمو در گیاهان میباشد. تنش خشکی دارای تاثیرات متفاوتی در گیاهان بوده و کیفیت و عملکرد محصولات کشاورزی را کاهش میدهد. فتوسنتز یکی از اولین فرایندهایی است که تحت تنش خشکی آسیب میبیند. بررسی تغییرات فلورسانس کلروفیل a میتواند اطلاعات مفیدی در مورد ساختار و عملکرد دستگاه فتوسنتزی ارایه دهد. برای شناسایی ارقام مقاوم به خشکی آزمایشی با چهار ژنوتیپ از گیاهان سماق از دو منطقه شمالغرب کشور مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. اکثر پارامترهای مرتبط با فلورسانس کلروفیل a در ارقام مختلف نتایج معنی دار از خود نشان دادند. دادههای ما نشان داد که نسبت FV/FM در گیاهان در معرض خشکی کاهش یافته است. کاهش PIabs تحت تنش خشکی به دلیل کاهش بازده فتوشیمیایی مراکز واکنش فتوسیستم IIو نرخ انتقال الکترون (ETo/RC)، همراه با افزایش اتلاف انرژی (DIo/RC) است. در بین گیاهان مورد مطالعه گیاهان منطقه آقبراز در تمامی صفات مورد مطالعه کارآیی بهتری از خود نشان دادند.https://www.jess.ir/article_215391_88c0104cb36a8ad604f877d79283de7a.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723The impact of environmental changes caused by the thermal power plant of Tabriz on the biological and social aspects of the people of Esfahlan village (case study: Gardens)تاثیر تغییرات زیست محیطی ناشی از نیروگاه حرارتی تبریز بر جنبه های زیستی- اجتماعی مردم روستای اسفهلان (مطالعه موردی: باغات)6748675621539210.22034/jess.2023.376860.1927FAسعیدمبیّن شهیردانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جامعه شناسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایرانراضیهپوردربانیگروه مهندسی بیوسیستم-دانشکده کشاورزی- دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی-اردبیل-ایرانJournal Article20221215Abstract<br />After the industrial revolution, following the increase of human interaction with nature and its exploitation, sociologists' attention to the natural environment increased in terms of its social consequences, and later environmental sociology became the research field of many sociologists. This article deals with the effects of the Tabriz thermal power plant establishment on the social life of the people of Esfahalan village with a qualitative method of in-depth interview and observation method, looking at the conflict of values approach and the production treadmill concept. The question of the research is what changes the presence of the power plant has brought about in the social life of the village people. The purpose of the research is to find the factors that caused the adverse environmental and social changes for the village. By understanding these factors, the bio-social threats of these changes, whose source is the thermal power plant, can be reduced. The necessity of research goes back to the necessity of maintaining natural resources (gardens) in villages. So that the result of the research shows that Tabriz thermal power plant has had the most adverse effect on the natural resources of the village (gardens) in the first place. In the second place, these changes have a socio-economic aspect.<br /><br />Introduction <br />Today, due to the increasing connection of human societies with the surrounding nature and greater understanding of natural factors and their impact on human social life, environmental sociology has become very important. Social science came into being in its present meaning when man in the 18th century came out of his natural life and was freed from direct dependence on the environment. . By entering the urban life and from the second half of the 20th century, because of the many problems that humans encountered in interacting with the environment, such as biological, noise, urban pollution, etc., it again caused people to pay attention to the environment, so that in today's world, Environmental issues have become the most important controversies and sometimes they have also acquired a political color.<br />The relationship between man and the environment has a long history, so that this relationship has never been broken and man has always been indebted to nature in every way. In recent decades, this simple friendship has turned into a tool type relationship. Meanwhile, industrialization, increasing urbanization, modernization, capitalist economy and technological innovations have played a major role in chaining the environment. (Banifatemeh, Hosein nejhad, 2012: 176)<br />In the view of many classical thinkers of sociology, modern society has a dual relationship with nature; This means that this society, while being considered a part of the natural world, is also in opposition to this world. The examination of the social thought of the 19th century shows that during this period, nature was often considered to determine the state of society. (Ebrahimi, 1389: 176)<br />After declaring the 1970s as the decade of the environment, sociologists realized that they did not have a theory or historical research that would guide them in achieving a new and special understanding of the relationship between society and the environment. It is true that the three main pioneers of classical sociology, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber, had implicit aspects of the environment in their work, but this issue received less attention from sociologists after their works, because American translators and commentators. They were more interested in structural and social explanations than physical and environmental explanations" (Botel, 1968: 338, quoted by Hannigan, 2012).<br />Because in this article the social problem seems to have environmental and physical roots, it is necessary to define the problem first. The social problems take on different meanings in various definitions and approaches, such as the approach of social pathology, social disorganization, conflict of values, misbehavior, stigmatization, criticism, and social constructionism (Rubington and Weinberg, 2018).<br />Sociologists usually consider the social problem as a stated situation that is contrary to the values of a significant number of people and they believe that action should be taken to change that situation (Ibid: 12-13). It can be said that some define the social problem in distinction from the individual problem. In other words, social issues are situations and causes that have a solution outside of people and their immediate environment (Laver and Laver, 2006: 4, cited by Mousavi, Maleki, Taherian, 2019).<br />After the general definition of social problems, sociologists answer the questions of why and how social problems arise, how they can influence these problems, and what importance do social problems have for society. (Horton, 1978: 91 quoted by Akbari and Yousefi, 2010: 137).<br />According to the definition of the social issue, looking at the adverse consequences of the Tabriz thermal power plant, we come across many social issues in the context of the village, one of which is the issue of the village gardens, and this issue has caused economic and social problems. The research subject of this article is the impact of fuel pollution of Tabriz thermal power plant on the social life of the people of Esfahlan village. In general, this article seeks to answer the question of how the establishment of the power plant has affected the lives of the village people.<br /><br />Methodology <br />Esfahlan village is one of the villages of Khosrowshah district of Tabriz city in East Azarbaijan province. According to the 2015 population and housing census, this village has 4939 people, 2597 of whom are men and 2342 of whom are women. According to the same statistics, this village has 1587 households and the size of the household is 3.11. Esfahalan village is the least far from the cities of Sardroud and Khosrowshah. Also, this village is neighboring with Asbes and Lahijan villages. The proximity of Esfahalan village to Tabriz thermal power plant has caused changes in the socio-economic life of the village people.<br />The required data was obtained through observation and in-depth interview with 12 people of Esfehlan village. In the interview with the tenth person, we reached theoretical saturation. For more certainty, two other people were also interviewed. The interview was structured. MAXQDA 2020 software was used to analyze the interviews and categorize the problems caused by the existence of the power plant.<br />At first, it was decided to use the ground theory method, but due to the importance of only the consequences, only the consequences of the existence of the power plant, which were extracted from the interviews, were considered. Of the twelve interviewees, 7 were men and 5 were women. Of these, 4 people were illiterate, 6 people had non-university education and 2 people had university education.<br />Conclusion <br />This study looks for the effects of Tabriz thermal power plant on the biological, social and economic aspects of the people of Esfahlan village. Interview method was used to collect data. The results of his research show that the use of fossil fuels (Mazut) in Tabriz thermal power plant for energy supply has caused problems for the people of Esfahlan village. These problems have different dimensions, which are often the result of environmental problems. In general, what is inferred from the text of the interviews is the environmental effects on the socio-economic aspects.<br />According to the interviews, the consequences of pollution caused by the power plant are as follows: Skin and respiratory diseases, stress caused by diseases and the destruction of gardens, tree pests, changes in the appearance of the village with the increase in the construction of villas, decrease in family relationships, Migration to the city, the shame of the heads of the family in providing for the family's livelihood, Social problems, change of livelihood, decrease in income and unemployment.پس از انقلاب صنعتی در پی افزایش تعامل انسان با طبیعت و بهره برداری از آن، توجه جامعه شناسان به محیط طبیعی از حیث پیامدهای اجتماعی آن رو به فزونی گذاشت و بعدها جامعه شناسی محیط زیست و جامعه شناسی محیطی زمینه پژوهشی بسیاری از جامعه شناسان گردید. این مقاله با روش کیفی از نوع مصاحبه عمیق و روش مشاهده با نگاه به رویکرد تضاد ارزش ها و مفهوم تردمیل تولید به تاثیرات تاسیس نیروگاه حرارتی تبریز بر زندگی اجتماعی مردم روستای اسفهلان پرداخته است. سوال پژوهش این است که وجود نیروگاه چه تغییراتی را در زندگی اجتماعی مردم روستا به وجود آورده است. هدف پژوهش، یافتن عواملی است که سبب به وجود آمدن تغییرات نامطلوب زیست محیطی و اجتماعی برای روستا شده است. با درک این عوامل می توان تهدید های زیستی – اجتماعی این تغییرات را که منبع آن نیروگاه حرارتی است کاهش داد. ضرورت پژوهش به ضرورت نگهداری منابع طبیعی (باغات) در روستاها باز می گردد. به طوری که نتیجه پژوهش نشان می دهد نیروگاه حرارتی تبریز بیشترین تاثیر نامطلوب را در وهله اول بر منابع طبیعی روستا (باغات) گذاشته است. در وهله دوم این تاثیر را در ابعاد اجتماعی – اقتصادی آن می بینیم.https://www.jess.ir/article_215392_1bc5b52ffd376292d1abd5974e17729e.pdfانتشارات "فن پایا"مطالعات علوم محیط زیست2588-68518220230723Assessing the status of creativity indicators in Kermanshah provinceارزیابی وضعیت شاخصهای خلاقیت در استان کرمانشاه6757677321539310.22034/jess.2023.377439.1928FAارسطویاری حصاردانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامهریزی روستایی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایرانمنصوررحمتیدانشیار جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری و روستایی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، ایران.0000-0002-8797-0186چنورمحمدیدانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی0000-0003-4953-4241Journal Article20221219Abstract <br />Introduction<br />Many cities around the world today face many challenges in different urban areas, including job cuts, innovative projects, the expansion of management issues, and partnerships. Factors that have already been formed with the development of cities, transportation, proximity to raw materials are less important. New problems and dilemmas are now on the agenda of cities, which is partly the result of the disappearance of old rhythms abandoned by life and work based on factory and office. But the competition that exists or will exist in the era of globalization between cities is in attracting experts (Hosseini et al., 2016: 210). In fact, the city should be an attractive environment to attract and strengthen talents, innovations and creative ideas, and the creativity of special people such as artists, scientists, writers, ordinary citizens and even dissidents to solve basic problems. The purpose is to use the existence and planning of creative development (Mafi et al., 2018: 34). There is no doubt that a successful urban environment is one that nurtures and attracts talent. A city producing research that is able to add new parts to the economic, cultural and social dimensions of urban management and thus create new opportunities for cities at the national and transnational levels (Nairi, 2017: 13(.Creative areas in urban places play an important role in increasing urban creativity. Places that show the cultural symbols of the city. Maintaining cultural, social, religious and national beliefs as a strong pillar for the development of creative thinking among the city's residents is vital in order to raise the culture of citizenship and the sustainability of urban places. Knowledge of creative city and creative region for city managers, city planners and planners causes their correct and better understanding of city and region, good analysis and providing appropriate solutions to the problems of city and region. Creative cities and regions can be identified by studying the concepts, elements, indicators and strategies of the city and the creative region. By knowing the creative cities and regions, we can have the right plans for the growth and development of the city and region (Zabihidan, 2019 : 105). The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of creativity indicators in the cities of Kermanshah province. And in order to achieve the goals seeks to find answers to the following questions:<br />1. How are the cities of Kermanshah province in terms of creativity indicators compared to each other?<br />2. What are the most enjoyable and Low enjoyment cities of the province?<br />3. Which model is a better way to determine the status of cities?<br /><br />Methodology <br />The present study is applied in terms of purpose. It is also based on the method of work and descriptive-analytical nature. Its statistical population is 14 cities of Kermanshah province. In this research, by using the library method and referring to the documents related to the subject of creativity, the theoretical foundations, literature and scope of the study have been investigated and in order to check the status of creativity indicators, 42 indicators were studied and selected to achieve the desired goal To analyze the information and answer the research questions, multi-criteria decision models (WASPAS SAR and SAW) and the integration method and the percentage of changes have been used to determine which model is better for examining the status of creativity indicators ArcGIS software is also used to display the output results as a map.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />The positive results of creative development in different cities of the world show the appropriate effectiveness of this new development approach in these cities .In fact, the concept of creative city can be considered as an alternative approach to revitalizing the city and alternative thinking to look at the city. Some say the economy may be important, while others say social welfare is important. But we need to know that the focal point of a creative city is culture, education, atmosphere or creative space. In response to the question, what is the level of creativity of the cities of Kermanshah province in terms of creativity indicators? After the amount of each city was obtained in three models, WASPAS SAR and SAW, they were merged together and an average was obtained for each city, which ranked the cities according to the results of the integration method and their level of enjoyment. Characterized. According to the results of the city, Qasrshirin, Dalahou, Paveh, Harsin, Kermanshah, Islamabad Gharb, Ravansar, Kangavar and Songhor are half-enjoyed and five cities are Sahneh, Gilan-e-Gharb, Sarpol-e-Zahab, Thalas-e-Babajani and Javanrood Low enjoyment.<br />In response to the question, which are the richest and least privileged cities of the province? The results show that there is no prosperous city at all and the most prosperous city is Qasr Shirin with a rate of 0.497 which is in the first rank and the least privileged city is Javanrood with a rate of 0.157 which is in the last rank .<br />Finally, in answer to the question, which model is the better way to determine the status of cities? The SAW model had the lowest change with 9.5% and the WASPAS and SAR models had the highest change with 11.9%. These results show that the SAW model is a better method than other models (SAR and WASPAS) to evaluate the status of cities because the results of this model have a lower percentage and intensity of change. At the end, suggestions for improving the situation of creativity indicators in the city of the province are presented:<br />-Increasing activities related to local arts, creating spaces to increase citizen participation, holding local celebrations and ceremonies in the cities of the province according to their abilities- Supporting handicrafts and indigenous arts, providing appropriate conditions for activities related to urban creativity, focusing on the concept of artistic and cultural creativity in many other areas, including employment, industry, education and ... Utilizing the experiences of cities around the world in the field of creativity, providing and equipping cultural infrastructures, such as cinemas, libraries, theaters, cinemas, etc., training specialists in various fieldsزندگی پیچیده امروزی ما هر لحظه در حال نو شدن است و خلاقیت و نوآوری ضرورت استمرار زندگی فعال است. انسان برای خلق نشاط در زندگی نیازمند ابتکار است. خلاقیت به عنوان یک هدایتگر اقتصادی برای تولید و اشتغال، تغییرات تکنولوژیکی، نوآوری تجاری، توسعه پایدار شهرهای جهانی و ارتقا میزان میزان رقابت شهرها و کشورهای جهان ضروری است. هدف اصلی پژوهش ارزیابی شاخصهای خلاقیت در شهرستانهای استان کرمانشاه میباشد. پژوهش حاضر از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی و به لحاظ هدف کاربردی است، جامعه آماری آن چهارده شهرستان استان کرمانشاه میباشد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات از مدلهای تصمیمگیری چند معیاره (WASPAS، SAR وSAW) و روش ادغام و درصد تغییرات استفاده شده است. پس از آنکه رتبه شهرستانها در سه مدل,-WASPAS SARو SAW به دست آمد، میزان این سه مدل برای هر شهرستان با یکدیگر ادغام و برای هر شهرستان میانگینی به دست آمده که شهرستانها را با توجه به نتایج حاصل از روش ادغام رتبهبندی و سطح برخوداری آنها مشخص میشود. با توجه به نتایج شهرستان برخوردار و نسبتاً برخوردار وجود ندارد شهرستانهای قصرشیرین، دالاهو، پاوه، هرسین، کرمانشاه، اسلام آباد-غرب، روانسر، کنگاور و سنقر نیمه برخوردار و پنج شهرستان صحنه، گیلانغرب، سرپلذهاب، ثلاثباباجانی و جوانرود کم برخوردار هستند. مقایسه سه WASPAS، SAR و SAW در روش درصد تغییرات نشان میدهد مدل SAW با 5/9 درصد تغییر کمترین و روش مناسبتری نسبت به سایر مدلها (SAR و WASPAS) جهت بررسی وضعیت برخورداری شهرستانها است زیرا نتایج حاصل از این مدل دارای درصد و شدت تغییرات کمتری است.https://www.jess.ir/article_215393_d52fde64d026c44e6cf6dc9e01ad5e40.pdf