انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 1 2025 03 21 Applying the Effluent Quality Index for Assessing the Discharged Effluent Quality of Petrochemical Companies of MAHSHAR And ASSALUYEH Special Zones تعریف یک شاخص کمی و کیفی معادل برای پساب‌های تصفیه شده دورریز به دریا توسط شرکت‌های پتروشیمی مناطق ویژه عسلویه و ماهشهر 9776 9770 199354 10.22034/jess.2024.457777.2256 FA لیلا آذری سه گنبد امور محیط زیست، شرکت صنایع پتروشیمی خلیج فارس Journal Article 2024 05 17 ABSTRACT The effluent quality index (EQI) can be defined as a single numeric value, which reflects the overall wastewater quality related to its constituent parameters. The major objective of the present study was to obtain an index from combination of different parameters that represents the overall quality of effluent in the form of single number. In this study, by analyzing of three year measured data of waste water in ASSALUYEH and MAHSHAHR petrochemical companies, it was found that only a limited number of parameters, required to be measured, have variable numbers, the other parameters are almost constant and unchanged. Therefore, the relevant index should be a set of these variable data that depend on the nature and operating conditions of production process. In this regard, the EQI index has been obtained based on a simple model using multiple linear regressions of these variable parameters with different specific weight coefficients. Introduction Aquatic systems provide a wide range of valuable ecosystem services, including drinking water, food provisioning, recreation, water purification, and climate regulation. As a result, their surroundings are historically associated with human occupation, and environmental degradation is often observed. One of the major disturbances affecting water bodies in urbanized watersheds is related to poorly treated or untreated wastewater spills, especially in developing countries. This can be caused by irregular connections of sewage to the storm water network, leaks and overflows from the sewerage system itself, bad performance of the wastewater treatment plant and its outfall pipe, or inadequate installation of septic tanks. The excess of organic matter and nutrients in wastewater entering the aquatic systems can cause an increase in the trophic state, algal blooms, and oxygen depletion. This results in an overall deterioration of water quality and ecological imbalance. Discharge of wastewater can therefore negatively affect the chain of services and goods provided by water bodies and result in irreversible damage to the ecosystem. Based on this, laws and requirements have been established all over the world according to the climate of the regions. Also, in Iran, these requirements have long been defined and implemented as permissible limits and standards set by regulating body DOE (department of environmental) of Iran. Due to the large number of these parameters and the need to measure them in short time intervals, every industry after a period of measurement, identifies the nature of the composition of its production effluents and limits its routine measurement to the identified parameters. Of course, this limitation is only for controlling the performance of the relevant process unit. With the development of numerous industries, the increasing use of water resources and the discharge of pollutants into the environment, particularly industrial wastewater, have become extremely important. The purpose of this study was the assessment of treated wastewater attributed to the petrochemical industries as reliable and sustainable water resources based on the effluent quality index (EQI). A lot of research has been done to achieve an equivalent index for the quality of water, sanitary and wastewater in the world, among which it can be mentioned to find the index of the treated effluent from the treatment plants in order to achieve the efficiency of the treatment plant [1-5]. The use of WWQI (Wastewater Quality Index) is used as an evaluation tool in many countries of the world, including Iran, to check the quality of treated wastewater discharged into rivers and evaluate the quality of water flowing in surface water channels. Methodology In each of the production processes of the petrochemical industry, according to the type of product, the characteristic compositions of the produced effluent can be identified after a certain period of time and under different operating conditions including start-up, normal operation and shutdown. In this research, the measured data of the effluents of petrochemicals in the two areas of MAHSHAHR and ASSALUYEH were tested and analyzed and the results show that except COD, PH, Turbidity, Oil, TDS and Phenol parameters, other characteristics have insignificant changes. In this article, using the available data and inspired by the methods of obtaining an index in the "Water Quality Indicators" handbook [6], it has been tried to aggregate the above data into a quantitative index that indicates the level of pollution. By applying this number, evaluation process by governing and regulatory organizations is facilitated. For this purpose, taking into account different equation methods, a first-order linear equation with a combination of distinct parameters and different weight coefficients was selected as the best equation, and after many trials and errors, the equivalence index was defined. EQI index is generally defined with the linear format, which consists of the sum of several sub-indexes; these sub-indexes are obtained by numerically dividing by the amount of the standard limit of discharge into the sea and then the power of 2. The weights assigned to each of these sub-indices are defined according to the region and the importance of each parameter in Table 2. In order to convert the obtained EQI quantitative index into a qualitative index, a category has been defined according to Table 3, which is currently available to higher institutions as a reference. As an example of calculations, some real data were used after being included in the EQI index formula as described in Table 4. Conclusion According to the study conducted and the actual data measured from the effluent output of petrochemical companies in Mahshahr and Assalouye Special Economic Zone, it was concluded that with the current conditions and no change in the process, the EQI equivalent index calculated in this research as a tool Evaluating and sometimes ranking companies is very useful. Even after converting this numerical value into a qualitative expression classified as "excellent", "good", "healthy", "unhealthy", "very unhealthy" and "dangerous", is also tangible for the general public. In the case of process changes, it is necessary to measure a continuous time period of all the parameters required by the environmental organization to determine whether another pollutant parameter is added to this formula or possibly a parameter should be removed, in which case the formula related to the calculation and the equivalent index must be changed and defined again. با توجه به تعدد پارامترهای ملزم به اندازه‌گیری طبق قوانین ملی و بین المللی در پساب‌های تخلیه شده، ضرورت وجود یک شاخص معادل که تعیین کننده میزان آلودگی جریان پساب باشد، در سیستم‌های حاکمیتی صنایع پتروشیمی به شدت وجود دارد. طبق تحقیقات بعمل آمده و آنالیزهای انجام شده در یک دوره سه ساله، نوع پارامترهای پساب‌های شرکت‌های پتروشیمی مستقر در دو منطقه ویژه اقتصادی ماهشهر و عسلویه و ماهیت فرآیندهای تولیدی، این نتیجه حاصل شد که آلودگی بارز پساب‌های این دو منطقه محدود به چند پارامتر خاص می‌باشد. با توجه به این نتیجه تجربی بدست آمده امکان دستیابی به یک شاخص کلی معادل که در برگیرنده کلیه این عوامل باشد، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در این روش، با استفاده از سعی و خطا و روش خطی‌سازی چندتایی، یک معادله خطی از ترکیب چندین زیرشاخص‌ و اعمال ضرایب وزنی حاصل گردید. وزن‌های اختصاص داده شده به هر زیرشاخص متناسب با شدت اهمیت پارامتر مربوطه تعیین شده است و نهایتاً شاخص (Effluent Quality Index) EQI بعنوان یک شاخص معادل و ترکیب شده از چندین زیرشاخص COD، PH، NH3,Turbidity، Oil، TDS و Phenol برای مانیتورنیگ یک جریان پساب به دو صورت کمی و کیفی حاصل گردید که بعنوان یک ابزار قابل بکارگیری در فرآیندهای ارزیابی و یا نظارتی می‌باشد.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 1 2025 03 21 The effect of the land use pattern of western area of Tehran on air pollution with the attitude of health buffer تاثیر الگوی کاربری اراضی پهنه غربی تهران بر آلودگی هوا با نگرش بافر سلامتی 9788 9777 199371 10.22034/jess.2024.460388.2260 FA غزاله گودرزی دکتری تخصصی شهرسازی، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، گروه شهرسازی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران شمال، ایران 0000-0001-7342-5198 رضا راستی مهندسی شهرسازی، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، گروه شهرسازی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران شمال، ایران Journal Article 2024 06 04 The city consists of a complex set of types of uses and the relationships between them, and the pattern of urban land use, as a link connecting urban uses and activities, plays a very important role in the production and distribution of environmental pollution. The effect of land use patterns on the distribution of pollutants and the subsequent increase in air pollution and its impact on citizens' health makes it important to consider urban land use patterns. In this regard, the attitude of health buffer reduces the exposure to pollutants by absorbing or blocking part of the pollution and thus reduces the concentration of pollutants. This research aims to describe the spatial-place changes of air pollutants in the west of Tehran metropolis with the view of creating health buffers by identifying the influential components in air pollution in the west of Tehran, with field observations and air quality monitoring data, information for spatial analysis in ArcGIS software is examined. and finally, by overlapping the layers, he has defined health buffer zones around sensitive uses such as schools, hospitals, and residential areas. The findings indicate that the pattern of urban land use has an effect on the spatial distribution of air pollution, and the industrial areas in the south of the range (area 21) due to the accumulation of industrial and workshop uses have caused the expansion and spread of pollutants and have the largest share in air pollution. has had studies at the level of the range. The implementation of zoning regulations and health buffer strategies that prioritize the separation of polluting activities from sensitive uses can effectively prevent human exposure to pollutants and make cities healthier and more sustainable environments create for their residents.In urban areas, environmental crises often appear in different forms due to the concentration of the human population, industrial activities, and infrastructure development. One of the key environmental crises in urban environments includes air pollution caused by vehicle emissions, industrial activities, etc. (WHO, 2022), while rapid urbanization often leads to the loss of green spaces such as parks. and forests (World Bank, 2022), which has caused the release of many pollutants that cause many heart and respiratory diseases (Hamidi et al, 2022). It is that social life is formed by its use and development and it makes the main structure of city planning to be based on land use management. In urban air pollution, land use has a vital and fateful role; Because the results of population studies, economy, etc. are reflected in the use of the land, and in this way it manifests in physical-spatial terms and this is while the use of the land through the distribution of activities or through the effect it has on the urban form and trips. It can affect air pollution; Therefore, the distribution of uses in the city should be done in such a way that it does not aggravate air pollution. In developing countries, including Iran, the issue of air pollution due to rapid urbanization and the creation of heavy industries around cities has always been one of the most important environmental challenges on most days of the year, hence the need to pay attention to studies environment is important.The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive research in terms of data collection method. To identify the current situation according to the desired dimensions, a spatial analysis technique has been used in this research, for this purpose, spatial buffers have been used to extract indicators and variables of land use patterns effective in air quality, and measuring pollutants The air and intended uses have been carried out focusing on 7 air pollution measurement stations in the west of Tehran. In this technique, the state of air pollutants, under the title of standard pollutants, including six pollutants, ozone (O3), suspended particles (PM: Particulate Matter), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), lead and carbon monoxide (CO) in Around 7 air pollution measurement stations with buffers of different radii (from 500 to 2000 meters) with the help of interpolation and the IDW method (which is a method for predicting uncertain values for any geographical point such as altitude, precipitation, chemical concentration, air pollution level, etc. .) by using known measured values, and in the second step, information related to the land use pattern in each buffer with the aim of identifying the main sources of pollution, based on the estimation of human health effects, has been identified and specified; It should be noted that some of the buffer uses (Harim Lake, Mesil and Highway, etc.) are considered based on the standards of the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and finally by superimposing the layers and re-interpolating the data. The survey of spatial statistics has been done with a focus on creating a health buffer with overlapping ranges and suggestions for these ranges have been provided. Land use patterns change over time, reflecting changes in the natural, economic, and social environment to meet population needs. Therefore, the strategy of physical separation of polluting sources and sensitive uses under the title of health buffer is suggested as an effective solution for urban planners at the local and regional scale. In addition, the spatial distribution of land use in urban areas plays an important role in shaping differences in exposure to air pollution among population groups. Vulnerable communities, including low-income, densely populated neighborhoods, often bear a disproportionate burden of air pollution due to their proximity to industrial facilities and transportation corridors. The key findings of this research show that land use patterns have a significant effect on the amount of air pollution. Industrial areas and areas with high traffic density are known as the main sources of pollutants that emit a range of harmful substances such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds. On the contrary, green spaces and areas with low density residential development are associated with improved air quality and act as a natural buffer against pollution. The pattern of urban land use affects the spatial distribution of air pollution, and the industrial areas in the south of the region (region 21) have caused the spread of pollutants due to the accumulation of industrial and workshop uses and have contributed the most to the air. Pollution at the study area level... Land use patterns change over time and reflect changes in the natural, economic, and social environment to meet the needs of the population. create for their residents شهر، متشکل از مجموعه‌ای پیچیده از انواع کاربری‌ها و روابط بین آن‌ها است و الگوی کاربری اراضی شهری به عنوان مهره متصل کننده کاربری‌ها و فعالیت‎های شهری، نقش بسیار مهمی در تولید و پراکنش آلودگی‎های محیطی بر عهده دارد. تاثیر الگو کاربری اراضی بر توزیع آلاینده‎ها و به دنبال آن افزایش آلودگی هوا و تاثیر آن بر سلامت شهروندان، توجه به در نظر گرفتن الگوهای کاربری اراضی شهری را حائز اهمیت می‎کند. در این راستا، نگرش بافر سلامتی با جذب یا مسدود کردن بخشی از آلودگی، قرار گرفتن در معرض آلاینده‎ها را کاهش داده و در نتیجه آلودگی هوا را کنترل می‎نماید. این پژوهش با هدف توصیف تغییرات مکانی – فضایی آلاینده‌های هوای غرب کلانشهر تهران با نگرش ایجاد بافرهای سلامتی با شناسایی مولفه‌های تاثیرگذار در آلودگی هوا، با مشاهدات میدانی و داده‌های پایش کیفیت هوا، اطلاعات جهت تحلیل فضایی در نرم افزار ARCGIS را مورد بررسی قرار داده و در نهایت با هم‎پوشانی لایه‌ها، مناطق بافر سلامتی در اطراف کاربری‎های حساس مانند مدارس، بیمارستان‌ها و مناطق مسکونی تعریف نموده است. یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که الگوی کاربری اراضی شهری بر توزیع فضایی آلودگی هوا تاثیرگذار است و مناطق صنعتی جنوب محدوده (منطقه 21) به واسطه تجمع کاربری‎های صنعتی و کارگاهی باعث گسترش و پخشایش آلاینده‎ها شده و بیشترین سهم را در آلودگی هوا در سطح محدوده مطالعاتی داشته است. اجرای مقررات منطقه‌بندی و استراتژی‌های مربوط به بافرهای سلامتی که جداسازی فعالیت‌های پر آلودگی از کاربری‎های حساس را در اولویت قرار می‌دهد، می‌تواند به طور موثری از قرار گرفتن انسان در معرض آلاینده‌ها جلوگیری نماید و شهرها، محیط‎های سالم‎تر و پایدارتری را برای ساکنان خود ایجاد نمایند.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 1 2025 03 21 Applying the Exhaust Emission Index for Assessing of Flue Gases Quality of Stacks in MAHSHAR And ASSALUYEH Petrochemical Companies of Special Zones تعریف یک شاخص کمی و کیفی معادل برای گازهای خروجی از دودکش های احتراقی و فرآیندی شرکت‌های پتروشیمی مناطق ویژه عسلویه و ماهشهر 9795 9789 199374 10.22034/jess.2024.458280.2257 FA لیلا آذری سه گنبد شرکت صنایع پتروشیمی خلیج فارس ، اداره محیط زیست Journal Article 2024 05 18 ABSTRACT One of the biggest sources of air pollution in industrial areas is the exhaust from boilers, furnaces and incinerator stacks, which in order to reduce this pollution, companies are required to measure and monitor and consequently reduce the amount of pollution. Considering the multiplicity of measurement parameters, this study defined an equivalent index including all parameters. According to the measured data from the emission of the stationary resources of the petrochemical industry located in the two special economic zones of MAHSHAR and ASSALUYEH and also the nature of the production processes, the obvious pollution parameters were identified. By using the weighting of the parameters regarding to their importance, a multiple linear equation was obtained. The data calculated from this formula can be used as a quantifies index for overall assessment of regulatory organizations. This index, which is called EEI (Exhaust Emission Index), is a linear equation of the sum of several prominent and important sub-indices identified based on the measured data. In fact, this concept involves a quick assessment of the stacks based on the emission parameters that determines the health of the process performance. Introduction Due to the large number of parameters required to be measured in short time intervals, every industry after a period of measurement, identifies the nature of the pollutants of its emitted gases and makes them the basis of its routine measurement. In each of the production processes of the petrochemical industry, according to the type of product, the characteristic compounds of the gases released into the atmosphere can be identified after a certain period of time, subject to all the different operational conditions including start-up, normal operation and shutdowns. Air Quality Index (AQI) is a measure of ambient air pollution that is used to quantify air pollution. In fact, the air quality index is a key tool for knowing the air quality and determining its pollution level. Studies have been done to create an index of this type in various industries, including the calculation and use of EEI to check the performance of gasoline-burning vehicles [1]. The index is a new scientific approach proposed to evaluate a car's emission performance along the lines of an air quality index (AQI). the definition of the same type of index as a function of the operational performance of jet engine turbines, the amount of fuel flow ratio to air and atmospheric conditions, to calculate the amount of output pollution [2]. In another similar work of the same type, which can be improved, regarding the estimation of the pollution index caused by combustion in jet engine turbines [3]. In this case, a multi-layer feedforward neural network has been designed, which uses fuel flow, air-to-fuel ratio and Turbine speed as input data to network and CO, NOx, CO2 and unburnt hydrocarbon pollution indicators are estimated as the output data of this network. Inspired by the study conducted using neural networks [3], the basis of further work after this research will be the design of a neural network to estimate the amount of pollution emitted from stacks using operating conditions in order to avoid repeated measurements and reduce the problems of using local analyzers. The inspection and maintenance programs exist in all of industries, aiming at efficiencies improvements and emission reduction through exhaust emission monitoring and compliance policy to the extant norms. However, considering the absence of an intra-system approach, the higher success rate of all equipment towards compliance policy remains a grey area. The paper attempts to investigate this issue through the application of an exhaust emission index (EEI) for combustion and operational stationary sources in the petrochemical industries. Methodology This study started by focusing on the analysis of measured multi-year analysis of emitted gases from combustion and process of petrochemical plants located in MAHSHAR And ASSALUYEH regions. Among these data, the parameters of SOX, NOx and CO, PM, HCL, NH3, H2S and BTEX, which has the most importance in air pollution, was considered as the basis and variable. By using these values, a comprehensive index was defined under the title of EEI, including all the above influential parameters in a single number, which resulted in a linear equation. Actually, the EEI index as a quick and brief tool derived from the AQI to combine all possible pollutants in a numerical value is used in identifying and predicting how polluting a process produces. Regarding to the different studies, the EEI as well as AQI is based on various mathematical formulae that is used to evaluate a stack’s state showing how much pollution it emits. By considering this subject and lots of trial and error, an equation was created from the sum of several sub-indexes with proportional weighting coefficients. These sub-indices are obtained by dividing the number by the value of the standard limit released to the atmosphere and then to the power of 2. The weights assigned to each of these sub-indices are proportional to the region and the importance of each parameter in the formula is defined as 1.5 for SOX, NOx and CO parameters and 1 for PM, HCL, NH3, H2S and BTEX parameters. Conclusion According to the study conducted and the actual data measured from the exhaust emission of petrochemical companies in MAHSHAR and ASSALUYEH Special Economic Zones, it was concluded that with the current conditions and no change in the process, the EEI equivalent index calculated in this research as a brief and quick tool for evaluating and sometimes ranking companies is very useful. And also, it is an indicator stating how much pollution a process emits and, as a result, recommend a variety of solutions or directions to improve the plant’s performance. In continuation to the research, by converting a numerical value into a qualitative expression classified as "excellent", "good", "healthy", "unhealthy", "very unhealthy" and "dangerous", It is also tangible for the general public. Considering that this index is defined for a specific petrochemical process, with a fundamental change or the addition of a new production process, it is necessary to measure all the parameters required by the environmental organization again in a continuous period of time to determine whether another pollutant parameter is added to this formula, or perhaps a parameter should be removed, in which case the formula for calculating the equivalent index should be changed and redefined. یکی از بزرگترین منابع آلودگی هوا در مناطق صنعتی، خروجی دودکش‌های فرآیندی و احتراقی است که بمنظور کاهش این آلودگی شرکت‌ها ملزم به اندازه‌گیری و پایش و بالتبع کاهش میزان آلودگی‌ها می‌باشند. با توجه به تعدد پارامترهای اندازه‌گیری طبق الزام سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست، این مطالعه اقدام به تعریف یک شاخص معادل دربرگیرنده کلیه پارامترها نموده است. بر همین اساس، با استفاده از داده‌های اندازه گیری شده از دودکش‌های منابع ثابت صنایع پتروشیمی مستقر در دو منطقه ویژه اقتصادی ماهشهر و عسلویه و ماهیت فرآیندهای تولیدی، پارامترهای SOX، NOx و CO ، PM، HCL، NH3، H2S و BTEX بعنوان پارامترهای بارز و متغیر در معادله شاخص معادل شناسایی گردیدند در فرمول تعریف شده که تحت عنوان EEI(Exhaust Emission Index) می باشد، یک معادله خطی چندتایی از مجموع چند زیرشاخص با وزن های مختص به خود می باشد و زیرشاخص‌ها با تقسیم عددی هر متغیر بر میزان حد استاندارد دورریز به اتمسفر و سپس توان 2 بدست می آید. وزن‌های اختصاص داده شده به هریک از این زیرشاخص‌ها متناسب با منطقه و میزان اهمیت هر پارامتر در فرمول برای پارامترهای SOX، NOx و CO برابر 1.5 و برای پارامترهای PM، HCL، NH3، H2S و BTEX برابر 1 تعریف شده است. شاخص EEI در حال حاضر بعنوان یک شاخص معادل در فرایندهای ارزیابی و تهیه گزارش های خوداظهاری استفاده می گردد.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 1 2025 03 21 Removal of chlorinated phenolic compounds from the environment and desulfurization of oil with carbon nanoporous حذف ترکیبات فنلی کلردار از محیط زیست و گوگردزدایی نفت با کربن نانومتخلخل 9796 9803 201841 10.22034/jess.2023.419169.2142 FA قاسم ذوالفقاری دانشیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکدة علوم محیطی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران Journal Article 2023 10 03 Introduction Various studies have been conducted in the field of environmental pollution. In recent years, the contamination of aromatic pollutants such as phenolic compounds in aquatic ecosystems has attracted increasing attention. Phenolic compounds are toxic and carcinogenic and cause unpleasant taste and smell in drinking water. The US Environmental Protection Agency has listed eleven types of phenols as highly toxic substances, among which chlorophenols are the most toxic and carcinogenic. The reported sources of phenol pollution include rain water, surface water, underground water, soil, gases from burning wood, exhaust gas from cars, wastewater from many industries such as pharmaceutical, petrochemical, wood, metal forming, paint, electrical coating of surfaces, resins, plastics, rubber and glue industries. Wastewaters containing phenolic compounds are considered a serious problem due to their high toxicity, low degradability and ecological aspects. Contamination of soils and waters by fossil fuels or their derivatives is a widespread problem in many industrialized countries. Commercial gasoline and diesel contain a large amount of organic sulfur compounds with a concentration of 300 and 500 ppmw (parts per million by weight). One of the goals of the U.S. EPA is to decrease the content of sulfure in diesel oil to 30 ppm. These sulfur compounds present in the fuel oils can cause serious environment pollution because they will be turned into SOx species during combustion. Sulfur compounds also result in the severe corrosion of reactors and equipment in the oil processing step. It promotes investigation of new techniques of separations because low concentrations cannot be achieved using hydrodesulfurization (HDS). HDS is not able to remove aromatic hetrocyclic sulfur compounds to the required levels. Thus, desulfurization, i.e. removal of organic sulfur compounds from fuel oils, is a required practice across the world and has become an important unit operation in petroleum refining. Among those compounds, dibenzothiophene is considered as refactory species. Recently investigated methods have been oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in the presense of litanium oxides or reaction-enhanced adsorption on undisclosed reactive adsorbent. In the latter method, a proprietary adsorbent attracts sulfur and withdraws it from dibenzothiophene and an aromatic hydrocarbon is released to the system. Some of the methods that have been used so far to remove the phenolic compounds from water sources include absorption, chemical oxidation, photolysis, sedimentation, filtering, osmosis, and ion exchange. Recently, many types of nanostructured carbons have been produced through templating approaches. Ryoo et al. reported the first preparation of new type of mesoscopically ordered carbon molecular sieves CMK-1 and CMK-3 (cubic and hexagonal, respectively) by carbonizing sucrose inside the pores of the cubic MCM-48 and hexagonal SBA-15 mesostructured silica materials. The ordered mesoporous carbon replicas of cage-like mesoporous silicas SBA-1, SBA-7, SBA-16, and FDU-12 were reported as well. Furthermore, chemical vapour deposition (CVD) was applied using liquid petroleum gas (LPG) as the carbon source and HMS as the template to prepare ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) as well as carbon nanotubes (CNT). Also Anbeia and Moradi (2009) modified ordered mesoporous carbon with HNO3 and used for removing naphthalene-derived compounds. Here, we report the preparation of CMK-3 from SBA-15 as hard template and sucrose as the carbon source. CMK-3 was modified with HNO3 and functionalized with gold solution by post-synthesis treatment. Au-doped oxidized mesoporous carbon, Au-OCMK-3, for removing dibenzothiphene from oil model was investigated. Furthermore inn this research, SBA-16 nanostructure was first synthesized and then the surface of this nanostructure was modified using 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane (ASBA-16). Next, the resulting material was treated with melamine resins (Me-ASBA-16). The synthesized material was used to remove 2,4-dichlorophenol from polluted water. Material and method The method of Kim et al. was used for the synthesis of SBA-16. The synthesis procedure of SBA-15 involves the use of Pluronic P123 (EO20PO70EO20; BASF) as the template agent, which is dissolved in distilled water and H3PO4 (85%) (Aldrich) obtaining initial solutions with the following molar compositions: 1:0.017:1.5:208 SiO2/P123/H3PO4/H2O. To modify SBA-16 with propylamine, 2 g of SBA-16 is spread in 70 mL of dry toluene, and then 1 g of aminopropyltrimethoxysilane is added to the mixture under nitrogen vacuum (Amino-SBA-16). Diisopropylethylamine was used for the for the synthesis of melamine resins on silicate nanoprous modified with propylamine (Me-SBA-16). The synthesis method for CMK-3 was to dissolve 1.25 g sucrose and 0.14 g H2SO4 in 5.0 g H2O, and to add this solution with 1 g SBA-15. The texture and surface chemistry of synthesized CMK-3 was modified by means of oxidation treatment in liquid phase. Au-doped OCMK-3 was prepared by mixing 5000 ppm of HAuCl4 and OCMK-3 for 10 h. The solid was separated by filtration, washed and vacuum dried. These samples were reduced to form nanoparticles of Au using 0.1 M NaBH4 solution. To investigate the adsorption process, the amount of 0.9 g/L of the synthesized adsorbent was mixed with solutions of 2,4-dichlorophenol in concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/L and in time 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 minutes were mixed by a mechanical stirrer. Then the adsorbent was separated from the solution with the help of filter paper and the amount of absorption was measured (adsorbent dose = 0.9 g/L, temperature: 40 ºC, and pH = 7). Also, to investigate the effect of adsorbent dose, the amounts of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 g/L were tested at a concentration of 10 mg/L of the pollutant at a temperature of 40 ºC and a pH of 7. Results and discussion In order to determine the equilibrium time in the absorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol, the amount of absorption has been studied as a function of time and in different initial concentrations. After 2 hours, increasing the contact time has no effect on increasing the amount of absorption, and this indicates that the reaction has reached equilibrium. It can be seen that the absorption process is fast at first and becomes slower as the equilibrium time is reached. This is related to the fact that in the initial stages of adsorption, more active sites are available, so the adsorption happens quickly, after this time, due to the repulsion between the adsorbed species and the species in the mass, the adsorption becomes difficult. Adsorption in different concentrations has also been shown. The amount of adsorption decreased with increasing concentration. To investigate the effect of adsorbent amount on absorption capacity, different amounts of Me-SBA-16 adsorbent (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 g/L) were added to 25 mL of 200 mg/L solution of the pollutant. That the amount of absorbed phenolic compound increases significantly with increasing amount of absorbent. The desulfurization performance of as-received and modified mesoporous carbon was valuated using model oils in a batch type adsorption setup. For a typical run, the adsorption conditions are as followes: room temperature; adsorption time 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min. The sorption of dibenzothiphene on Au-OCMK-3 was more than CMK-3. Au species contribute to an increase in the number of active centers, which improve the adsorption of dibenzothiphene on mesoporous carbon. The results of the study conducted by Zolfaghari et al. show that OCMK-3 functionalized with zinc oxide is an effective adsorbent for removal of lead and mercury. Conclusion In this research, the synthesis of nanoporous silicate SBA-16 has been done correctly. The XRD diagram confirms this issue. Me-SBA-16 showed that it has a high ability to absorb 2,4-dichlorophenol. Melamine groups are the reason for this ability. Further researches on this matter of identification and investigation of different dimensions of adsorption are ongoing. We demonstrate that functionalization of CMK-3 with gold is possible. The present study shows that the Au-OCMK-3 some deal is an effective adsorbent for the removal of dibenzothiphene. In this research, SBA-16 nanoprocesses were first synthesized and then the surface of this nanostructure was modified using aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and melamine (Me-ASBA-16). The synthesis of SBA-16 has been carried out by two surfactants F127 and P123. In addition, Amino-ASBA-16 was used to remove 2,4-dichlorophenol from polluted water, and the effect of the initial concentration of the pollutant and contact time on the amount of pollutant absorption was investigated. Furthermore, Au-doped mesoporous carbon, Au-OCMK-3, was prepared for desulfurization and denitrogenation of refinery fuels. The synthesis of ordered mesoporous carbon, OMC, was performed using SBA-15 silica as the hard template and sucrose as the carbon source. The structural order and textural properties of the prepared materials were studied by X-ray fiffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and N2 adsorption-desorption. Au-doped oxidized mesoporous carbon has been studied as a nanoabsorbent for removal of dibenzothiphene from n-heptane solutions as fuel model at room temperature. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to study the effect of contact time and initial concentration. The uptake capacity of dibenzothiphene and carbazole followed the order: Au- OCMK-3> CMK-3. The results showed that the synthesized compounds are suitable for removing phenolic and sulfur compounds.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 1 2025 03 21 Experimental study of the microbial removal of benzene by indigenous microorganisms of the groundwater in the presence of calcium peroxide and without it.(Case Study Shiraz Refinery) بررسی آزمایشگاهی حذف میکروبی بنزن توسط میکروارگانیسم‌های بومی آب‌های زیرزمینی ، در حضور پراکسید کلسیم و بدون آن (مطالعه موردی پالایشگاه شیراز) 9804 9811 208516 10.22034/jess.2024.461331.2261 FA محمد مهدی توکلی گروه اموزشی مهندسی محیط زیست،دانشکده عمران،دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی،استهبان،ایران میلاد توکلی گروه آموزشی آموزش شیمی،دانشکده علوم پایه،دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجایی،تهران Journal Article 2024 06 06 Abstract Introduction The main reason for oil pollution is leakage from tanks and transmission pipelines used in oil and oil refining industries. When a leak occurs, the oil product pollutes the soil, a part of the leaked oil material is absorbed in the soil and some of it moves down through the pores of the soil, and rainfall accelerates their movement by washing it. The substances penetrate into the underground water based on the water level. Part of the pollution dissolves in the water. The solubility of some volatile petroleum, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, which are typically toxic and carcinogenic substances, is between 150 and 1800 mg/l in water.In some cases, even after environmental protection operations such as pumping, groundwater pollution is still transferred with the underground water. (Whiteside, 1993; Aminian ,Ameri, 2000; Hokstad, 2000; Galvez, 2001). Contamination of unsaturated areas of soil and underground water with petroleum hydrocarbons has the risk of threatening human health and negative effects on the environment, underground water, surface water, soil, agriculture, floor sediments, etc. Since drinking water and Agriculture is supplied from underground water sources, finding a solution to remove oil hydrocarbon pollution from it is necessary.(Theodorakis, Walker,2014).Due to the high cost of physical, mechanical and chemical methods and the possibility of producing secondary toxic compounds, there is a need for a safer and cost-effective method. Many researches related to bioremediation or biodegradation using microorganisms have been used to effectively remove hydrocarbon pollution from contaminated sites. (Thapa,2012). One of the types of bioremediation is biological stimulation. In this method, the pollutant-decomposing microbial population is present in the environment, but the environmental conditions are not suitable for their activity. With the improvement of the conditions, the rate of pollution decomposition increases as a result of the stimulation of native microorganisms. Due to the low level of dissolved oxygen in underground water, oxygen-releasing compounds(OCR) have been used for the biological stimulation of pollutant-consuming microorganisms (Chevalier,McCann,2008). In the research conducted, the effect of increasing calcium peroxide on the bacterial diversity of groundwater was investigated. Calcium peroxide increased the population of some native microorganisms. Also, the population of a number of microbial species decreased (Gholami, 2019). In natural conditions, the increase of OCR compounds in groundwater increases the conditions for the activities of aerobic microorganisms, but anaerobic microorganisms that decompose pollutants are also present, which have activities that prevent it. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effect of these compounds simultaneously on the microbial removal of pollutants such as benzene in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Therefore, in this research, the experimental study of the microbial removal of benzene by indigenous groundwater microorganisms in the presence of calcium peroxide and without it has been investigated. Methodology Sampling of underground water in the area of Shiraz Refinery for microbial tests was done in accordance with the ISIRI-4208 standard. Sampling was done from one of the available wells. The samples were collected in a 1 liter autoclavable and sterile glass bottle. and was transported to the laboratory in a container containing ice and stored in a refrigerator.Benzene was prepared with a concentration of 105 mg/l as the initial concentration of the microbial removal tests and was stored in a refrigerator at 4°C. The method used in the production of calcium peroxide in this research was based on the method of producing calcium peroxide by Khodaei. (2019), with some changes. 9 grams of calcium chloride was dissolved in 90 ml of distilled water in a 250 cc Erlenmeyer flask. Then 45 ml of 25% ammonia solution was added to it. 45 ml of 35% hydrogen peroxide was added dropwise with stirring to the environment. Then 1 normal sodium hydroxide solution was added until a white precipitate was formed. After filtering the solution, the remaining sediment on the filter paper was dried at room temperature for one night and poured into a dark glass container and kept in the refrigerator until the experiments. To investigate the microbial removal of benzene by indigenous microorganisms in the underground water of the Shiraz refinery area without the presence of calcium peroxide, 10 ml of water sampled with a sterile pipette was added to 16 glass bottles containing 100 ml of benzene aqueous solution with a temperature of 40C which was prepared before. For biological stimulation, 5 cc of nutrient broth medium was added to the collection. Experiments were performed under the microbiology hood. The samples were then incubated at 22 degrees Celsius. 8 of the samples were kept in a incubator for one week and 8 of them were kept in a incubator for two weeks to measure the remaining values.Samples was sent to the certified environmental laboratory. To investigate the microbial removal of benzene by indigenous microorganisms in the underground water of the Shiraz refinery area in the presence of calcium peroxide, 10 ml of water sampled with a sterile pipette was added to 16 glass bottles containing 100 ml of benzene aqueous solution with a temperature of 40C which was prepared before. For biological stimulation, 5 cc of nutrient broth medium was added to the collection. Then 1 gram of pre-prepared calcium peroxide was poured into a sterilized test tube and 5 cc of distilled water was added to it and placed inside each of the 16 bottles from the previous step. Experiments were performed under the microbiology hood.The samples were then kept in a incubator at a temperature of 22 degrees Celsius. 8 of the samples were kept in a incubator for one week and 8 of them were kept in a incubator for two weeks to measure the remaining values.Samples was sent to the certified environmental laboratory. Conclusion In order to analyze the results of the experiments, the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements was used with a confidence level of 1%. In this analysis, two experimental groups were considered as between-subject factors and the variable measurement time of benzene concentration was considered as a within-subject factor. The effect of measurement time on benzene concentration was significant(F(2,28)=21303.369,P<0.01). But the interaction effect between time and group was not significant (F(2,28)=1.124, P>0.01). The effect of the group on the changes in benzene concentration was also not significant (F(1,14)=0.636, P>0/01)..According to these findings, it indicates the indigenous microorganisms of underground water can remove benzene from it.But No significant difference was observed between benzene removal in the presence of calcium peroxide and without it. This conclusion is consistent with the research conducted by Gholami. (2019). In the research conducted by them, calcium peroxide changed the indigenous microbial diversity of underground water and caused an increase in some microbial species and a decrease in some other microorganisms Therefore, more research in this field and investigating the Simultaneous role of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms in removing groundwater pollutants will be necessary. این پژوهش با هدف مطالعه آزمایشگاهی حذف میکروبی بنزن توسط میکروارگانیسم های بومی آب زیر زمینی منطقه اطراف پالایشگاه شیراز، در حضور پراکسید کلسیم و بدون آن انجام گرفت.بمنظور دستیابی به اهداف پژوهش از چاه آب کشاورزی محدوده پالایشگاه نمونه برداری انجام گرفت. محلول با غلظت 105 میلی گرم بر لیتر بنزن به عنوان غلظت شروع آزمایشات حذف میکروبی تهیه شد.برای هر کدام از تیمارها(در حضور پراکسید کلسیم و بدون پراکسید کلسیم)،16 نمونه در نظر گرفته شد.تعداد 8 تا از نمونه ها پس از یک هفته گرمخانه گذاری و تعداد 8 عدد از آن ها پس از دو هفته گرمخانه گذاری، جهت اندازه گیری مقادیر باقی مانده بنزن به آزمایشگاه معتمد محیط زیست ارسال گردید.به منظور تحلیل نتایج آزمایشات از آزمون تحلیل واریانس با اندازه گیری مکرر با سطح اطمینان 1 درصد استفاده شد. تاثیر زمان اندازه گیری بر غلظت بنزن معنی دار بود.(F(2,28)=21303.369,P<0.01).اما اثر تعامل بین زمان و گروه معنادار نبود.(F(2,28)=1.124,P>0.01) .تاثیر گروه بر تغییرات غلظت بنزن نیز معنادار نبود.(F(1,14)=0.636,P>0/01)..بنابر این یافته ها نشان دهنده حذف میکروبی بنزن توسط میکروارگانیسم های بومی آب زیر زمینی با گذشت زمان است ولی تفاوت معناداری بین حذف بنزن در حضور پراکسید کلسیم و بدون آن مشاهده نشد.در تبین این یافته میتوان گفت پراکسید کلسیم اگرچه شرایط را برای فعالیت میکروارگانیسم های هوازی مساعد می کند اما تاثیر منفی آن بر فعالیت میکروارگانیسم های بی هوازی تجزیه کننده بنزن،باعث می شود،میزان حذف کلی بنزن در دو تیمار گفته شده تفاوت نداشته باشد. بنابر این تحقیقات بیشتر در این زمینه و بررسی نقش توام میکروارگانیسم های هوازی و بی هوازی در حذف آلاینده های آب زیر زمینی ضروری خواهد بود.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 1 2025 03 21 Using of modern land surveying and remote sensing methods with the help of field data in estimating the level of afforestation in the west of Gilan province استفاده از روشهای نوین سیمای سرزمین و سنجش از دور به کمک داده‌های میدانی در برآورد سطح جنگلکاری های غرب استان گیلان 9812 9822 208846 10.22034/jess.2024.457764.2255 FA محمود بیات مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران 0000-0003-4348-3228 سحر حیدری مستعلی گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران حسین صادق زاده حلاج مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگل ها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی ، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2024 05 15 The aim of this research is to estimate the level of annual afforested in the west of Gilan province, in order to prepare afforestation map with two approaches of ground and remote sensing and landscape approach. For this purpose, first, by using the capabilities of Google Earth software, the range of each forestry area was determined and prepared in the form of a shape file. Multi-temporal data of Sentinel-2 satellite was used at intervals of 30-40 days. After processing, interpreting, and analyzing the data and preparing the model based on the time series of the data, the model was tested in the pilot areas with information related to the field observations. These images were used to estimate landscape features. In the landscape metrics method, with the help of Sentinel 2 satellite images and two measures of tree cover percentage and NDVI index, the surface and distribution of afforestation were checked and calculated at the level of each county and then according to that, the afforested area was calculated. According to the findings, the total annual afforestation done in the west of Gilan province is 14044 hectares, the county of Soumesara and Rezvanshahr have the most with 4611 and 3315 hectares, respectively, and Foman with 200 hectares, the least per capita. According to the results of this research, 21326 hectares are the total of annual forestry and urban and forest parks in the mentioned cities in the west of Gilan. In determining the level with the landscape approach, the area of afforestation in all the study areas was more than the previous method, and the biggest difference between the two methods was in the cities of Razvanshahr and Soumesara. The results of the comparison of two land surveying and remote sensing approaches showed that although the area of afforestation was obtained with the landscape approach more than the land harvesting and remote sensing methods, but the time, cost and ease of this method are more than other methods. Therefore, the integration of these two methods to determine the area of afforestation is suggested according to the purpose and time and cost of each research. Key words: forestry, forest park, geographic information system, landscape, West Gilan Introduction Forests have a great role in the long-term plans of a country in terms of landscape, history, culture and economy (Cavalli et al., 2022). They contribute significantly to human well-being and provide many ecosystem services, including wood production, carbon storage, food production, soil conservation, climate control, biodiversity conservation, environmental pollution, and hydrological cycle regulation (Spadoni et al., 2020). Despite the different projects carried out in the west of Gilan province, the information, statistics and location of the hand-planted stands have not been recorded regularly. Also, there is no specific information available about the status of many afforested areas in the following years. Since forestry is considered as one of the indicators of countries' development, it is definitely important to monitor forestry lands to maximize the potential of forestry and guide its development in line with the principles of sustainable forest management. Although forestry includes all the benefits associated with forest ecosystem services, the mismanagement of these lands can cause land fragmentation and challenges such as land use change (Czimczik et al., 2005). Although there have been scattered studies related to the monitoring and evaluation of afforestation in the country, but the majority of these studies have been in the field of forests and afforestation has been addressed much less; Because the study of forestry is very important for monitoring land changes and represents a central issue in sustainable development approaches, in terms of climate change, monitoring ecosystem services, and planning activities and policies. On the other hand, it is difficult to evaluate growing forests (Cavalli et al., 2022), so the existence of written information about the process of quantitative and qualitative changes in these afforestation is very necessary. In Gilan province, no study has been done in the field of evaluation and monitoring of afforestation, so the most important goal of this research is to evaluate and investigate the areas of afforestation and their distribution in the west of Gilan province using a combination of land data and information system. Geographical and landscape approach is to determine the level and capacity of existing forestry areas. Materials and methods: The study area in this research in the west of Gilan province includes 8 cities of Shaft, Foman, Soumesara, Bandar Anzali, Masal, Rezvanshahr, Talesh and Astara. This range is located at latitude 37°12'N and longitude 49°39'E from the Greenwich meridian (Figure 1). Figure 1- The location of the study area in Gilan province and a picture of afforestation with broadleaf species By using the capabilities of Google Earth software, the area of each forestry area was determined and prepared in the Arc map software environment in the form of a shape file. In the next step, annual forestry monitoring in the west of Gilan province, including the cities of Shaft, Foman, Soumesara, Bandar Anzali, Masal, Rezvanshahr, Talesh and Astara, was investigated in order to prepare afforestation maps and identify the reasons for the success and failure of the implemented plans. The landscape approach Multi-temporal data of Sentinel-2 satellite was used from the first half of March to December of 2016 for at least 6 periods with an interval of 30-40 days. After processing, interpreting and analyzing the data, these images were used to estimate the features of the land. Each city is a landscape unit, based on which two land surface parameters, i.e. tree cover index and NDVI index, were estimated. Discussion and Results: The highest percentage of afforestation is related to the city of Astara, followed by Soemasera, and the lowest percentage is related to Foman. Table 3- The amount of afforestation and urban and forest parks separately for each city in percentage City Afforested area (hectares) Total afforested (present) Shaft 911.7 4.78 Fooman 205.1 1 Somesara 4618.5 21 Bandar Anzali 885.3 4 Masal 1214.6 5.7 Rezvanshahr 4473.8 20 Talesh 2674.4 12 Astara 6345.4 30 Figure 3 shows the final results of the level and distribution of afforestation in the western cities of Gilan province using landscape metrics. Figure 3- Map of forest afforestation and forest parks by each city As the results of Figure 4 show, in determining the level with the landscape approach, the area of afforestation in all the study areas was more than the previous method, and the biggest difference between the two methods was in the cities of Razvanshahr and Soumesara. Figure 4- Determining of afforestation in the study area with the landscape approach Conclusion: In the west of Gilan province, Rezvanshahr city has the highest and Foman city has the lowest afforestation level per capita, and climate and soil are known as the most important factors of this difference. The extent of afforestation was obtained by using satellite images and land surface criteria from the ground data collection method, the main reason of which is the lack of accurate separation of forest cover from afforested cover, even despite the corrections before analysis; Each of the two methods used in this research has its advantages and disadvantages. In the land surface measurement method, despite the great ease, the cost and manpower and the time required are low, but if it is not combined with the ground data, it has a lot of error. In the method of land data and geographic information system, although the level of afforestation is determined with higher reliability and accuracy, it requires manpower, days and even months, time and cost are high. Therefore, the combination of these two methods to determine the area of afforestation is suggested according to the purpose and time and cost of each research. هدف این پژوهش برآورد سطح جنگل‌کاری‌های سنواتی غرب استان گیلان با دو رویکرد برداشت زمینی و سنجش از دور و رویکرد سیمای سرزمین است. برای این منظور، نخست، با به کارگیری توانایی‌های نرم‌افزار گوگل ارث، محدوده هر عرصه جنگلکاری تعیین و در قالب یک شیپ فایل تهیه شد. داده های چند زمانه ماهواره Sentinel-2 به فاصله 30 الی 40 روز مورد استفاده قرار می گرفت. بعد از انجام مراحل پردازش، تفسیر، تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها تهیه مدل براساس سری زمانی داده ها، تست مدل در مناطق پایلوت با اطلاعات مربوط به برداشتهای میدانی انجام شد. از این تصاویر به منظور برآورد سنجه های سیمای سرزمین استفاده شد.در روش سیمای سرزمین نیز با کمک تصاویر ماهواره ای سنتینل 2 و دو سنجه درصد پوشش درختی و شاخص NDVI سطح و پراکنش جنگلکاری ها بررسی و در سطح هر شهرستان محاسبه و سپس مطابق آن مساحت جنگلکاری شده محاسبه شد. مطابق یافته‌ها، مجموع 14044 هکتار کل جنگلکاری سنواتی انجام شده در غرب استان گیلان است که شهرستان های صومعه سرا و رضوانشهر به ترتیب با 4611و 3315 هکتار بیشترین و شهرستان فومن با 200هکتار، کمترین سرانه سطح جنگلکاری انجام شده را دارا می-باشند. 21326 هکتار، مجموع جنگلکاری‌های سنواتی و پارکهای جنگلی و شهری در شهرستان‌های ذکر شده در غرب گیلان است. در تعیین سطح با رویکرد سیمای سرزمین مساحت جنگلکاری‌های همه منطقه مورد مطالعه نسبت به روش قبل بیشتر بوده است که بیشترین تفاوت این دو روش را شهرستان رضوانشهر و صومعه سرا داشته است. نتایج مقایسه دو رویکرد سیمای سرزمین و سنجش از دور نشان داد هرچند مساحت جنگلکاری‌ها با رویکرد سیمای سرزمین بیش از روش برداشت زمینی و سنجش از دور به‌دست آمد اما زمان، هزینه و سهولت این روش بیش از سایر روشهاست. بنابراین تلفیق این دو روش برای تعیین مساحت جنگلکاری ها، پیشنهاد می شود.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 1 2025 03 21 Identification of obstacles to the utilization and application of biological compounds against fungal pathogens of greenhouse and agricultural products in the Southern region of Kerman شناسایی موانع استفاده و کاربرد ترکیبات بیولوژیک علیه بیمارگرهای قارچی محصولات گلخانه‌ای و زراعی منطقه جنوب کرمان 9823 9838 208945 10.22034/jess.2024.462132.2263 FA امیررضا امیرمیجانی استادیار گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت، ایران 0000-0002-4529-4415 شهرام پاینده کارشناس بخش حفظ نباتات، سازمان جهاد کشاورزی جنوب کرمان، جیرفت، ایران Journal Article 2024 06 29 Management of plant diseases is an imperative aspect of plant pathology. Fungal pathogens are responsible for substantial annual reductions in crop yield, necessitating the utilization of pesticides and chemical compounds to combat them, albeit at the expense of environmental harm. Investigation of alternative methods for safeguarding crops is, therefore, necessary and has garnered significant interest from researchers worldwide. Among these options, the employment of beneficial microorganisms for biological control has been deemed noteworthy. However, they are not considered and utilized in many areas. The present study was conducted to identify the utilization and application of biological compounds against fungal pathogens of greenhouse and agricultural products in the Southern region of Kerman. This research has been carried out in terms of the fundamental rationale, concerning the quantitative nature of the data, and the data were collected utilizing a randomized distribution of the questionnaire in 1401. The inquiry was comprised of 75 agricultural specialists, farmers, and vendors of agricultural inputs. Analysis of the data was performed utilizing SPSS ver26 software. The findings indicated that the primary reasons for farmers in the Southern region of Kerman not utilizing these compounds were their limited understanding and restricted availability of biological compounds. Introduction The increase in the worldwide population has led to a need for a substantial amount of high-quality agricultural products. As a result, there has been a significant rise in the use of chemical pesticides to combat various crop diseases. However, in recent times, consumers have expressed deep concerns about the negative effects of chemical fungicides on human health and the environment. Consequently, researchers worldwide have started to explore alternative methods for protecting products. One particular method that has received considerable attention is the use of beneficial microorganisms for biological control, which is the main focus of this study. Initially, an assessment of farmers' knowledge and understanding of these effective compounds was conducted, followed by the identification of existing obstacles that hinder their use in the region. Ultimately, if possible, viable solutions will be proposed to overcome these challenges. Materials and methods The present study is characterized as a descriptive-analytical investigation with a clear purpose and methodological perspective. Specifically, it adopts a quantitative research approach that entails the collection of data through documentary and field methods, employing a questionnaire as the primary instrument. The questionnaire, developed based on a thorough examination of existing literature and consultation with experts in the field, aimed to encompass all relevant aspects of the research. By seeking input from experts well-versed in the concepts of the research topic, any shortcomings or deficiencies in the questionnaire were addressed. Careful attention was paid to the formulation of questions to ensure their clarity and alignment with the research objectives. The collected data from the questionnaire were analyzed quantitatively using a five-point Likert scale, ranging from "very little" to "very much." The target population for this study consisted of 75 individuals involved in agriculture, including traditional and progressive farmers, experts, and managers affiliated with agricultural jihad service centers responsible for the production and sale of agricultural inputs, as well as select students in the southern region of Kerman province. These individuals were active in seven cities in the southern part of Kerman province, namely Jiroft, Anbarabad, Rudbar-e Jonubi, Kohnouj, Manojan, Faryab, and Qalehganj. Once the questionnaire was completed and the data were collected, all necessary information for analysis was entered into Excel. Statistical calculations were then performed using SPSS 26 software, and graphs were generated in the Excel 2019 environment. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the investigated criteria, and the resulting data were presented in descriptive and analytical reports that adhered to appropriate indicators and statistical tests, taking into consideration the measurement level and overall objectives of the research. Results and discussion Based on the findings derived from the completed questionnaires, despite the conviction of nearly 70% of the target community regarding the advantageous and cost-effective impacts of utilizing biological inhibitor compounds, the utilization of said compounds in the analyzed cities was rather meager, with only 32% acknowledging their usage and 68% of the participants reporting no implementation of these substances in agriculture. It is important to note that the reduced usage of these compounds in the examined regions can be attributed to the limited accessibility of antimicrobial substances (26%), or the unsatisfactory experience of their efficacy. Therefore, by facilitating the availability of these highly beneficial compounds, their employment and application in the aforementioned areas will escalate, consequently diminishing the reliance on chemical toxins and pesticides, mitigating the pollution of water and soil resources, and enhancing the overall well-being of society. Conversely, the absence of awareness regarding the proper effectiveness and the lack of contamination of these compounds with biological agents have been identified as significant reasons for farmers' reluctance to use biological compounds. Additionally, other factors such as competitors' advertisements, pricing, and economic conditions, and the limited impact on a narrow range of pathogens have also been acknowledged as noteworthy by the respondents, in line with previous studies. This research was carried out in six southern cities of Kerman province, namely Jiroft, Anbarabad, Kohnuj, Rudbar-e Jonubi, Faryab, and Qalehganj. The statistical analysis of the data involved the utilization of 75 completed questionnaires. The findings revealed that 68% of the respondents used these compounds in limited quantities due to the unavailability of bio-inhibiting compounds. Additionally, 75.6% of the respondents acknowledged the efficacy of the tools and technology in the appropriate and beneficial application of these compounds. Moreover, 69.2% of the respondents expressed the belief that the utilization of biocontrol compounds in agriculture is economically advantageous when compared to poisons and pesticides. Furthermore, 61.5% of the respondents asserted that the use of these compounds can enhance the overall health of society. Interestingly, 55.66% of the respondents identified the lack of awareness regarding the beneficial effects of bio-inhibiting compounds and the absence of environmental pollution caused by these compounds as the most significant barriers to their adoption in agriculture in the southern region of Kerman. Conclusion Based on these findings, it is recommended that: 1) comprehensive information regarding the effectiveness and safety of biological inhibitor compounds should be incorporated into the educational and promotional initiatives of Jihad Agricultural Centers, 2) diverse types of biocontrol compounds should be made accessible to farmers through agricultural input sales centers in collaboration with the plant protection departments of the Agricultural Jihad Organization, and 3) farmers should receive essential training on the correct application of these compounds during various stages, particularly during the field day, provided by the extension management of the Agricultural Jihad Organization. مدیریت با بیماری‌های گیاهی یکی از جنبه‌های مهم علم بیماری‌شناسی گیاهی است. در میان بیمارگرهای گیاهی، هر ساله قارچ‌های بیمارگر خسارت اقتصادی قابل توجهی به محصولات مختلف وارد می‌نمایند، که معمولاً جهت مبارزه با آن‌ها، آفت‌کش‌ها و ترکیبات شیمیایی که آلودگی‌های زیست محیطی را نیز به همراه خواهد داشت. در نتیجه، تحقیقات در مورد راه حل‌های جایگزین برای حفاظت از محصولات ضروری شده است و توجه بسیاری از محققان در سراسر جهان را به خود جلب کرده است. در میان این جایگزین‌ها، کنترل‌ بیولوژیکی از طریق میکروارگانیسم‌های مفید اهمیت قابل‌توجه‌ای یافته‌ است. اما متاسفانه در بسیار از مناطق مورد توجه و استفاده قرار نمی‌گیرند. مطالعه حاضر با هدف شناسایی موانع استفاده و کاربرد ترکیبات بیولوژیک علیه بیمارگرهای قارچی محصولات گلخانه‌ای و زراعی منطقه جنوب کرمان انجام شده است. این پژوهش از لحاظ هدف بنیادی، از نظر نوع داده به‌صورت کمی، و با ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها با توزیع تصادفی پرسشنامه در سال 1401 انجام شده است. مشارکت کنندگان در پژوهش 75 نفر از کارشناسان و متخصصین کشاورزی، کشاورزان و فروشندگان نهاده‌های کشاورزی بودند. پس از جمع‌آوری داده‌ها، تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزارSPSS26 انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد عواملی مانند عدم آگاهی و اطلاعات کم کشاورزان در خصوص کاربرد ترکیبات مهار زیستی و عدم دسترسی به آن‌ها از مهم‌ترین دلایل عدم استفاده از این ترکیبات توسط کشاورزان منطقه جنوب کرمان بوده است.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 1 2025 03 21 Examining the mediating role of subjective norms in the relationship between green marketing tools and green purchase intention in order to preserve the natural environment واکاوی نقش واسطه هنجارهای ذهنی در ارتباط بین ابزارهای بازاریابی سبز و قصد خرید سبز در راستای حفظ محیط زیست طبیعی 9839 9852 208950 10.22034/jess.2023.430015.2187 FA مسلم سلیمان پور استادیار، گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-9656-3347 رضا نوروزی استادیار، گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران. 0000-0001-5787-6140 Journal Article 2023 12 11 The issue of protecting the environment has caused consumers to rethink the products they buy. Consumers' health and environmental concerns increase the demand for organic green goods. This perspective forces businesses to create organic green goods using sustainable practices. There is little research on green marketing tools and consumers' subjective norms towards organic green products. This study investigates the effect of green marketing tools on their purchase intention according to the factor of subjective norms of consumers. The statistical population of the current research consists of the customers of the stores under the supervision of the Organic Association of Iran located in Tehran. A total of 250 customers were selected as research samples. In order to check the hypotheses of the research by SMART-PLS software, structural equation analysis and partial least squares (PLS) method was used. According to the results obtained from the path coefficient and t-statistics, it can be said that the effect of green marketing tools (brand environmental, environmental label and environmental advertising) on the behavioral intention to buy green according to the mediating role of positive and meaningful subjective norms, because the obtained path coefficient is positive. Therefore, managers of organic stores should pay attention to identifying the most acceptable green marketing strategy in order to guide green shopping behavior and satisfy the needs and demands of customers. Introduction (Times New Roman, 12 Bold) Subjective norms are strongly influenced by norms that a person considers important in their life, such as colleagues, family members, friends, and superiors. (1991, Ajzen). A subjective norm is a social pressure that a person behaves in a certain way. Normative behavior that decides how a person behaves in a particular situation is influenced by motivation. The motivation in such a situation will be to agree with the opinions of others. To adhere to the subjective norm created by social pressure (friends, colleagues, peers and society), a person must conform to the opinions of outsiders and not behave differently (2020, La Barbera and Ajzen). However, considering the mediating effect of subjective norm provides a more constructive picture of specific behavior (Roy et al., 2017). Although considerable research has been conducted to investigate the decision-making process of consumers, the findings related to the behavioral intention of consumers are contradictory (Yadav and Pathak, 2017). Previous studies have tried to investigate service-related factors and how they influence consumer decision-making and behavioral intention in the Asian region (Gursoy et al., 2019). Recent evidence suggests that the way in which green marketing tools can shape consumers' behavioral intentions is still unexplored and requires in-depth investigation .Previous studies in developing countries emphasize the importance of green movements and consumers' environmental awareness (Liu et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2019). Regarding theoretical applications in green marketing strategies, very limited studies empirically examine theoretical relationships in this field, leading to a gap in the literature that needs to be addressed. In addition, previous studies have not yet investigated the effects of green marketing tools on behavioral intention through subjective norms to promote green marketing strategy, especially in organic products. Therefore, this study intends to address this gap by examining the role of green marketing tools on behavioral intention through subjective norms. In fact, the current research seeks to determine how green marketing tools affect the willingness of consumers of green products under the supervision of the Iranian Organic Association to buy green, taking into account the variable of subjective norms. The design of this research is a descriptive-survey design, because by using a questionnaire, an attempt is made to examine the relationship between green marketing tools and green purchase intention, relying on the mediating role of mental norms. The statistical population includes the customers of the stores under the supervision of the Organic Association of Iran located in Tehran, who were selected by available sampling method. By referring to the Iranian Organic Association, the list and addresses of stores under the supervision of this association, with the cooperation of 32 existing stores, an average of 10 research samples were selected from each store, and a total of 250 complete questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Considering that the general framework of the questionnaire questions is based on Merrils et al.'s (2009) Brand Questionnaire, Ghasemi's Advertising Effectiveness Questionnaire (2013), Abedin and Salim's Environmental Response Questionnaire (2011), Kim's Behavioral Intention Questionnaire (2008) and Mental Norms Questionnaire It is by Shams Qahfarkhi (2013) and has the necessary validity to a large extent. Also, to fully ensure the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of experts in this field were used and the necessary corrections were included. In order to investigate the main purpose of the research, Spss23 software was used to determine the normality of the data and to evaluate the conceptual model of the research, structural equation modeling was used with smart pls 3 software. Conclusion The present study was conducted in order to investigate the mediating role of subjective norms in the relationship between green marketing tools and behavioral intention to buy green. The results of the research showed that green marketing tools have a positive effect on the behavioral intention to buy green both directly and indirectly through mental norms. Analytical findings showed that green marketing tools indirectly affect the behavioral intention to buy green through mental norms. but it is not aligned with the research results of Groing et al. (2018) and Rahbar and Vahid (2011). The findings of this study deal with the three-dimensional determinants of green marketing tools: (1) environmental labels; (2) environmental brands; and (3) environmental advertising that affects the general buying behavior of green product customers of stores under the supervision of Iran Organic Association. It is necessary for marketers to create marketing plans related to the structures of 3D green marketing tools. Therefore, sellers and marketers should encourage consumers to buy organic products through educational and advertising programs that focus on the importance of environmental performance of products. Also, with environmental labeling, it is possible to increase consumer awareness while showing the company's commitments. In fact, the main purpose of the environmental label is to provide information on the environmental performance of other products. Therefore, it is concluded that green marketing tools have a positive and significant effect on consumer mental norms. The results of this study are in line with the findings of Siu et al. (2021), Fature Chi et al. . In explaining this finding, it can be said that the position of the community is of particular importance for customers. Social pressure encourages consumers to buy green products. Green product manufacturers should increase environmental awareness among consumers by green branding, because such activities increase the understanding of green benefits and develop relationships between consumers and the green brand. The results of the third hypothesis show that mental norms have a positive and meaningful effect on the behavioral intention to buy green, and the third hypothesis of the research is confirmed. The results of this study are in line with the findings of Siu et al. (2021), Cheraghi et al. Mental norms are a reflection of social pressure that is perceived by customers and leads to the formation of a certain behavior. If customers are confident about the performance of green products and have a positive mentality and feeling, they will buy. Mental norms are the immediate determinants of performing a behavior. Because subjective norms measure the influence of others on behavior. If the customers of organic products believe that the way of thinking of others about organic products is good, then their intention to buy organic products will increase. Finally, the fourth hypothesis, which expresses the mediating role of subjective norms in the relationship between green marketing tools and the behavioral intention to buy green, and is in line with the study of Siu et al. (2021), was also accepted. Most consumers are aware of existing environmental problems. Therefore, before buying, they look for information about the product or service, which must have environmentally friendly features in its production and commercialization. In addition, the company providing the product is also evaluated in terms of image and reputation. These aspects influence the purchasing decisions of consumers. For this reason, green marketing is a strategy that companies can use to create a competitive advantage. The findings of this study have implications for managers of organic stores in Iran to develop strategies with the view of preserving the environment of society to promote green shopping behavior among customers of organic stores. In addition, managers should also develop strategies related to green initiatives to drive green purchasing behavior. In the same way, managers of organic stores should pay attention to identifying the most acceptable green marketing strategy in order to satisfy the needs and demands of customers. The results of this study can help increase the attitude of green knowledge that may increase customers' مساله حفظ محیط زیست باعث شده است که مصرف‌کنندگان درباره محصولاتی که می‌خرند، بازاندیشی کنند. نگرانی های سلامت و زیست محیطی مصرف کنندگان باعث افزایش تقاضا برای کالاهای سبز ارگانیک می شود. این دیدگاه کسب و کارها را وادار می کند تا با استفاده از شیوه های پایدار، کالاهای سبز ارگانیک ایجاد کنند. تحقیقات کمی در مورد ابزارهای بازاریابی سبز و هنجارهای ذهنی مشتریان نسبت به محصولات سبز ارگانیک وجود دارد. این مطالعه تأثیر ابزارهای بازاریابی سبز بر قصد خرید آنها با توجه به عامل هنجارهای ذهنی مصرف کنندگان را بررسی می کند. جامعه آماری تحقیق حاضر را مشتریان فروشگاه ها تحت نظارت انجمن ارگانیک ایران واقع در شهر تهران تشکیل می دهند. در مجموع 250 مشتری به عنوان نمونه تحقیق انتخاب شدند. جهت بررسی فرضیات تحقیق توسط نرم افزار SMART-PLS از روش بررسی معادلات ساختاری و تحلیل مسیر به روش حداقل مربعات جزئی (PLS) استفاده گردید.طبق نتایج به دست آمده از ضریب مسیر و آماره t، می‌توان گفت تاثیر ابزارهای بازاریابی سبز (نام تجاری زیست محیطی، برچسب زیست محیطی و تبلیغات زیست محیطی) بر قصد رفتاری خرید سبز با توجه به نقش میانجی هنجارهای ذهنی مثبت و معنادار می‌باشد، زیرا ضریب مسیر به دست آمده مثبت می‌باشد. بنابراین مدیران فروشگاه های ارگانیک باید به شناسایی قابل قبول ترین استراتژی بازاریابی سبز در جهت هدایت رفتار خرید سبز و ارضای نیازها و خواسته های مشتریان توجه کنند.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 1 2025 03 21 Examining the components of environmental attitude on the willingness to pay tourists in Helen forest protected area بررسی مولفه‌های نگرش محیط‌زیستی بر تمایل به پرداخت گردشگران منطقه حفاظت‌شده جنگل هلن 9853 9864 209699 10.22034/jess.2024.434031.2204 FA زهره خلیلی اردلی دانشجوی دکتری جنگلداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، صومعه‌سرا، ایران. حمید امیرنژاد استاد، گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران. 0000-0002-4307-1146 سلیمان محمدی لیمائی استاد، گروه جنگلداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی صومعه سرا، دانشگاه گیلان، ایران. صادق صالحی - دانشیار، گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی دانشگاه مازندران، مازندران، ایران. Journal Article 2024 01 04 Abstract Global environmental degradation is partly caused by human environmental behavior. Therefore, tourist behavior in different regions can have a significant impact on environmental protection. One of the key factors that influences environmental behavior is people’s environmental attitudes. This study aimed to analyze how the new ecological paradigm’s attitude dimensions affect people’s willingness to pay as an indicator of environmental behavior in the Helen forest protected area. The sample size was determined based on the Cochran formula, and 230 questionnaires were distributed using a simple random sampling method. The questionnaires measured the new ecological paradigm and environmental behavior. Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling and SmartPLS 3.3 software. The results indicated that most tourists (83.04%) exhibited appropriate environmental behavior and were willing to pay for recreational use of the Helen forest. The structural equation analysis revealed that the new ecological paradigm’s dimensions of growth limits, nature-centeredness, fragility of nature’s balance, and rejection of human exemptionalism had a positive and significant influence on people’s willingness to pay. The results also showed that the new ecological paradigm’s dimensions explained 60.6 % of the variance in willingness to pay. The variables of environmental behavior and responsibility enhanced people’s willingness to pay for the environment. Therefore, it is suggested that policymakers implement educational programs on ecological environmental attitudes and environmentally friendly behaviors, and allocate adequate budget, to preserve and develop this natural heritage. Introduction In the present time, environmental conservation is one of the most urgent issues for countries. Forests are one of the most vital parts of the environment, providing most of the ecosystem services. Academic scholars try to understand the prevailing public attitudes towards ecological issues. By focusing on these topics, researchers aim to clarify new attitudinal concepts related to the environment. Environmental attitude is defined as a psychological tendency to express the assessment of the natural environment with a degree of favor or dissatisfaction. Environmental attitudes describe the extent to which people evaluate beliefs related to natural resources as favorable. Environmental attitude is having positive and negative feelings and thoughts towards environmentally beneficial behaviors. In fact, the importance of attitude lies in the fact that it is the basis of behavior and the precondition for environmental behavior. Therefore, solving environmental crises depends on changing the attitude and perceived value of humans towards the environment. As a result, one of the important variables for predicting human behavior is a person's attitude towards the environment. Research have shown that increasing the level of people's environmental attitudes is one of the effective ways to change their environmental behaviors. It is widely believed that environmental attitude is an important predictor of pro-environmental behavior intention, which leads to actual pro-environmental behavior. The argument is that attitudes determine behavioral intentions that can be expressed in people's willingness to pay for changes in environmental quality. In fact, environmental attitudes are an important motivation for behavioral goals of willingness to pay as a powerful predictor of environmental purchasing behavior. Payment for ecosystem services programs have emerged widely as a financial mechanism to address market failures related to non-market ecosystem services provided by forest ecosystems. Therefore, paying close attention to environmental attitudinal factors is essential and important for advancing sustainable development in developing countries, especially Iran. This issue is also relevant to tourist environmental behavior in a region’s willingness to pay, as tourist behavior has a significant impact on the environmental situation of that area. The current study examined how the new ecological paradigm, as the main environmental attitude, influences tourist willingness to pay in the protected Helen forest area of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Methodology The chosen research methodology involves conducting a survey, using a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection. The environmental paradigm questions within the questionnaire were designed based on the Likert scale of five options. The questions were categorized into five dimensions: The reality of limits to growth, anti-anthropocentrism, the fragility of the natural balance, the rejection of exceptionalism, and the possibility of an ecocrisis. The statistical population for visitors to the Helen forest protected area was determined using the Cochran formula, resulting in a determined sample size of 230 individuals. Data analysis was performed using Smart-PLS and SPSS software. This study utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the components of environmental attitude, with a specific emphasis on the new environmental paradigm, as related to the dependent variable WTP. SEM is a powerful, multivariate technique found ncreasingly in scientific investigations to test and evaluate multivariate causal relationships. SEM differ from other modeling approaches as they test the direct and indirect effects on pre-assumed causal relationships. Structural equation modeling allows researchers to turn a hypothesis into a testable model. This technique uses statistical methods like correlation, regression, and analysis of variance. It evaluates relationships between two types of variables: 1) manifest/observed variables measured directly, and 2) latent/unobserved variables. In this study SEM was applied using the partial least squares method. Conclusion The results showed examination of the questionnaire of the new environmental paradigm, that the item “Plants and animals have the right to live as much as humans” had the highest average of 4.28. The results of the environmental behavior of the tourists in terms of their willingness to pay for using the recreational services of the protected area of Helen Forest showed that 83.04 percent of the people were willing to pay a fee for using and benefiting from the tourism and recreational activities in the area of Helen Forest. Therefore, it can be said that a high percentage of the tourists with a positive environmental attitude were willing to pay a fee. This showed that there was a positive relationship between the environmental attitudes and the willingness to pay, which indicated the relationship between the environmental behavior and the willingness to support it financially. In evaluating the research model the measurement model was evaluated. Thus, the validity and reliability of the model were initially evaluated. Validity was assessed by convergent validity and divergent validity and reliability by factor loading, Cronbach's Alpha and combined reliability. Convergent validity was assessed using extracted variance (AVE). Since the obtained values for all variables are higher than 0.5, convergent validity is confirmed. The factor load for each reagent in the model constructs was greater than 0.5. Since all Dimensions are higher than 0.7, the Cronbach's Alpha and combined reliability was also confirmed. Divergent validity was examined by Fornell methods. Thus, the square root of AVE is compared with the correlation between latent variables. The value of the AVE root of all latent variables is greater than the correlation value between them. In examining the components of environmental attitude, the path coefficient of the growth restriction variables, nature orientation, the fragility of the balance of nature, and the rejection of the idea of human exemption had a significant relationship with the willingness to pay. However, the environmental crisis variable did not show a significant effect on visitors' willingness to pay. The paradigm dimensions explained 60.6% of willingness to pay changes. This shows environmental attitude strongly influences behaviors like willingness to pay for forest recreation. It indicates the people-nature relationship. This approach considers environmental attitudes necessary to understand social conditions. Since attitudes positively shape awareness towards behaviors, and the dimensions explained much variance, attitudes should first be directed towards green, ecological views to improve supportive behaviors. یکی از علل تخریب محیط‌زیست جهان رفتار محیط‌زیستی انسان می‌باشد. لذا رفتار گردشگران در هر منطقه نقش تعیین‌کننده‌ای در حفاظت محیط‌زیست دارد. این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل ابعاد نگرش پارادایم نوین محیط‌زیستی بر تمایل به پرداخت افراد به‌عنوان یک رفتار محیط‌زیستی در منطقه حفاظت‌شده جنگل هلن انجام پذیرفت. برای انتخاب حجم نمونه براساس فرمول کوکران 230 پرسشنامه در قالب مقیاس پارادایم نوین محیط‌زیستی و رفتار محیط‌زیستی تکمیل و به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده اطلاعات لازم گردآوری شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با روش مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری و بااستفاده از نرم‌افزارSmart pls3.3 انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد، درصد بالایی از گردشگران رفتار محیط‌زیستی متناسبی از خود بروز دادند، به طوری‌که 04/83 درصد از گردشگران، حاضر به پرداخت مبلغی به منظور استفاده تفرجی منطقه جنگل هلن در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری بودند. یافته‌های تحلیل معادله ساختاری پارادایم نوین محیط‌زیستی نشان داد، بعد محدودیت رشد، طبیعت‌محوری، شکنندگی تعادل طبیعت و رد ایده معافیت بشر اثر مثبت و معنی‌داری بر تمایل به پرداخت افراد دارد. همچنین نتایج نشان داد ابعاد پارادایم محیط‌زیستی توانسته‌اند، 6/60 درصد از تغییرات متغیر تمایل به پرداخت را تبیین کنند. متغیر‌های بررسی‌شده، رفتار محیط‌زیستی و مسئولیت تمایل به پرداخت افراد را در قبال محیط‌زیست تقویت می‌کنند، لذا پیشنهاد می‌گردد سیاستگذاران و تصمیم‌گیران در خصوص برگزاری دوره‌های آموزشی در زمینه نگرش محیط‌زیستی اکولوژیک محور و رفتار‌های حامی محیط‌زیست برای صیانت و توسعه این میراث طبیعی، تخصیص بودجه کافی را مدنظر قرار بدهند.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 1 2025 03 21 The Application of Shannon Entropy Theory in Optimizing Column Adsorbent Systems for Reducing COD in Greywater استفاده از تئوری آنتروپی شانون در بهینه‌سازی سیستم‌های جاذب ستونی برای کاهش COD آب خاکستری 9865 9875 209914 10.22034/jess.2024.469132.2277 FA مصطفی جهانگیرفر دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده مهندسی آب و محیط زیست، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز پروانه تیشه زن گروه مهندسی محیط زیست- دانشکده مهندسی آب و محیط زیست- دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز- اهواز-ایران 0000-0002-5283-1047 لاله دیوبند هفشجانی استادیار گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده مهندسی آب و محیط زیست، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز Journal Article 2024 07 28 Water scarcity is increasingly recognized as a global crisis with significant impacts on water resources, food security, and environmental sustainability. In response to this issue, the reuse of greywater has emerged as one of the key strategies.This study investigates the effectiveness of various media, including sugarcane bagasse biochar and steel slag, in adsorption columns for reducing the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of greywater. The chemical and physical properties of sugarcane bagasse biochar and steel slag were analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) tests. Adsorption columns made of polyethylene pipes were filled with biochar and slag, respectively, and the effects of influent flow rate and contact time on the performance of the columns in COD reduction were evaluated. The results indicated that the specific surface area of biochar decreased from 88.664 m²/g to 22.698 m²/g, while that of slag changed from 0.640 m²/g to 0.355 m²/g. This reduction was attributed to the adsorption of pollutants and the decrease in the surface capacity of the media. The results also showed that the COD removal efficiency decreased with increasing flow rate, with the highest efficiency achieved at a flow rate of 15 mL/min. Additionally, longer contact times improved the performance of the adsorption columns in reducing COD. The study utilized Shannon Entropy method to optimize the design and performance of the adsorption columns, and the findings indicate that contact time is the most influential parameter in the design of adsorption columns. Introduction Water scarcity is a major challenge with serious social, economic, and environmental impacts. Population growth, climate change, and mismanagement worsen the crisis. Reusing greywater for non-potable purposes like irrigation and car washing offers a promising solution. Proper treatment of greywater is crucial, and various methods exist, including physical, chemical, and biological. Utilizing industrial waste as adsorbents in greywater treatment reduces industrial waste volume, conserves resources, and represents an economical and sustainable approach. In Khuzestan province, large industries produce significant waste, including steel slag and sugarcane bagasse. If not managed properly, these wastes can lead to increased costs for waste storage, transportation, material accumulation space, fire hazards, and environmental pollution. One effective solution is to reuse or recycle these industrial wastes to purify polluted water. This study investigated using industrial wastes as adsorbents in specialized columns and aimed to optimize the system's performance using the Shannon entropy method. Materials and methods Gray water was artificially prepared using lactic acid, bentonite, sodium decyl sulfate, glycerol, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium sulfate to maintain its quality during the experiment. A double-walled PVC adsorption column (15 cm diameter, 80 cm height) was used. The system included a metal frame, polyethene column, storage tanks, and valves. Greywater was stored in a 250-liter tank, and a 20-liter tank with a submersible pump maintained a constant inflow rate. Artificial greywater was made using lactic acid, bentonite, sodium dodecyl sulfate, glycerol, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium sulfate. Two types of beds were used: steel slag (as a mineral bed) and sugarcane bagasse biochar (as an organic bed). Steel slag was sieved, cleaned, and graded, while biochar was produced from sugarcane bagasse at 300°C. Three-bed combinations were tested: Sand and gravel (10 cm) + three 20 cm layers of steel slag, Sand and gravel (10 cm) + 60 cm layer of biochar, Sand and gravel (10 cm) + three 10 cm layers of steel slag + 30 cm layer of biochar. The Shannon entropy method was used to determine the weight of each feature affecting the adsorption process, including inflow rate, organic and mineral bed composition, and residence time. Results and discussion The surface area, pore size, and chemical composition of adsorbent materials affect their adsorption capacity and selectivity. XRF analysis showed that both biochar and slag contain compounds such as Fe, CaO, SiO₂, and Al₂O₃. The presence of these minerals indicates chemical adsorption of organic materials. BET analysis revealed that biochar’s surface area increased from 88.664 m²/g to 22.698 m²/g after use, while slag’s decreased from 0.640 m²/g to 0.355 m²/g. This reduction in surface area is attributed to pollutant adsorption. The highest COD removal efficiencies were achieved with columns containing more biochar. Biochar’s high surface area and porosity enhance its adsorption capacity for organic pollutants like COD. Conversely, the absorbent column containing more slag compared to the other columns showed a lower ability to remove COD. This is because of the presence of magnesium and calcium oxides in steel industries. When these oxides come into contact with water, hydroxide ions are formed. This increases the volume of slags and reduces their contact surface and pores. As a result, the gray water has less contact with the absorbent column, leading to a low COD removal efficiency by the slag absorbent. Higher inflow rates decreased COD removal efficiency, with the best results at 15 ml/min and the lowest at 30 ml/min. longer contact times improved COD removal, with optimal performance observed at 312 minutes. Increased contact time allows more interaction between greywater and adsorbent, enhancing pollutant removal. According to the Shannon entropy results, the contact time of gray water with the absorbent column bed was found to be the most influential parameter, while the flow rate of gray water entering the absorbent column was considered the least influential. It's important to note that the importance of organic and mineral substrates is equal. The results indicate that contact time is more significant than flow rate and bed type in the adsorbent column, as it determines the duration of interaction between the adsorbent and the pollutant, allowing for sufficient adsorption to take place (George et al, 2022; Prasad et al., 2022). Therefore, understanding and optimizing contact time is crucial for efficient adsorption in fixed bed columns. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that using biochar and slag as low-cost adsorbents significantly reduces COD in greywater. Among the studied parameters, contact time had the greatest effect, while inflow rate had the least impact on the column's efficiency. Increasing contact time improved COD removal efficiency, while higher inflow rates decreased it. Additionally, using organic beds like biochar enhances COD reduction more effectively than mineral beds such as slag. کمبود آب به عنوان یک بحران جهانی در حال افزایش است و تأثیرات زیادی بر منابع آبی، امنیت غذایی و پایداری محیط زیست دارد. در پاسخ به این مشکل، استفاده مجدد از آب‌های خاکستری به عنوان یکی از راهکار‌های کلیدی مطرح شده است. در این تحقیق به بررسی کارایی بسترهای مختلف شامل بیوچار باگاس نیشکر و سرباره صنایع فولاد در ستون‌های جاذب برای کاهش COD آب خاکستری پرداخته است. ویژگی‌های شیمیایی و فیزیکی باگاس نیشکر و سرباره صنایع فولاد با استفاده از آزمون‌‌های XRF،FTIR و BET تحلیل شد. ستون‌های جاذب از جنس لوله پلی‌اتیلن طراحی و به ترتیب با بیوچار و سرباره پر شدند و سپس تأثیر دبی ورودی و زمان ماند بر عملکرد ستون‌های جاذب در کاهش COD آب خاکستری مورد بررسی قرار گرفت . نتایج نشان داد که سطح ویژه بیوچار از 664/88 مترمربع بر گرم به 698/22 مترمربع بر گرم کاهش یافت، در حالی که در سرباره از 640/0 به 355/0 مترمربع بر گرم تغییر کرد. این کاهش به جذب آلاینده‌ها و کاهش ظرفیت سطحی بسترها نسبت داده شد. نتایج همچنین نشان داد که راندمان حذف COD با افزایش دبی ورودی کاهش یافت و بالاترین راندمان در دبی 15 میلی‌لیتر بر دقیقه به دست آمد. علاوه بر این زمان تماس طولانی‌تر بهبود عملکرد ستون جاذب را در کاهش COD نشان داد. این تحقیق با استفاده از روش آنتروپی شانون به بهینه‌سازی طراحی و عملکرد ستون‌های جاذب پرداخته و نتایج حاکی از این است که زمان تماس تأثیرگذارترین پارامتر در طراحی ستون‌های جاذب است.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 1 2025 03 21 Optimum location of electric car charging stations (case study: Ardabil city) مکان یابی ایستگاه های شارژ خودروهای الکتریکی (مطالعه موردی: شهر اردبیل) 9876 9888 225510 10.22034/jess.2023.377454.1932 FA ساسان نیکفال مغانلو دانشجوی دکتری، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی. 0000-0001-6081-7328 حسن خاوریان استادیار، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی. Journal Article 2022 12 22 Abstract The current research is an effort towards the optimal location of electric vehicle charging stations in Ardabil city. The current research is practical in nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of method, which has attempted to locate electric vehicle charging stations using ARCGIS software and using the WLC model in the form of 5 criteria and 27 sub-criteria. According to the results obtained in the present research, the suitable places suitable for the existing barren land in the city and the land with a suitable location for the electric vehicle charging station, such as the area inside the Shahada highway, especially next to Imam Khomeini street (between the intersection of Bahonar and Jihad square), which He pointed out the reason for the density of uses and infrastructures and especially the location of the central core of the city as an almost mononuclear city. It is also possible to build a station on the routes around the city center (the western and northwestern areas of the city and the inner and outer parts of Basij highway on the side of Shahryar (Arazali) and Aras neighborhoods and the town of experts) in order to decentralize the main core of the city. Also, considering that the city of Ardabil has a touristic nature, and on the other hand, the city of Ardabil is located in the direction of moving from the northwest of the country to the north of the country; It is possible to benefit from installing electric car charging stations at the important entrance and exit gates of the city by using waste lands and if it is possible to adapt and combine them with refueling uses (gasoline pumps). Introduction According to the statistics published by the International Energy Agency in 2010, Iran is the ninth producer of greenhouse gases in the world, and it ranks first in the Middle East in this regard (IEA, 2012). On the other hand, thousands of people in Iran die every year due to air pollution and related diseases. This has caused the increasing attention to the issue of reducing pollutants, especially the use of hybrid and electric vehicles, to be of special and increasing importance. On the other hand, with the annual increase in the cost of fossil fuel supply, the cost of using cars increases. With these definitions, the creation of the necessary infrastructure for the use of electric vehicles is one of the urgent needs of our society these days. One of these infrastructures is the creation of electric vehicle charging stations. The increasing growth of the city and urbanization in the city of Ardabil has also been considered in recent years and there is a need for more attention in the direction of urban organization, especially the uses located in this city. This is because by using or not using the gifts and things needed in the city now, for the future; it can be effective in reducing or increasing adversities and disturbances. Therefore, according to the direction of the development of transportation with the lowest level of pollution, it is necessary to emphasize and pay special attention to the urban infrastructure, especially the uses related to urban transportation. Therefore, the goal of the leading research is to create a favorable and optimal location for electric charging stations in Ardabil city. Methodology The present research is practical in nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The data related to the research topic will be prepared by library method and by referring to the database of organizations such as Ardabil Municipality, Ardabil Province Planning and Budget Organization, Ardabil Province Electricity Distribution and Transmission Department and other related organizations. Excel and ARCGIS software were used to categorize and format data. Also, in order to analyze the data from the graphic-based and analytical methods available in the ARCGIS software environment and using multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) and using the model (WLC) suitable points according to the criteria and components The study was determined for the establishment and construction of electric vehicle charging stations in Ardabil city. Discussion Reducing environmental pollutants is one of the important and effective factors in achieving sustainable development, and in recent years, important and effective steps have been taken on a global scale to reduce these pollutants. One of the basic steps can be the production and use of electric cars instead of cars with It is a fossil fuel that has a high level of pollution compared to its electric counterpart. In most countries, especially Iran, dependence on fossil fuels prevents environmental development and achieving sustainable development. Therefore, it requires an alternative in the degree of dependency and consumption of fossil fuel. This can be more fruitful when it is in the form of fuel and expenses that people are directly involved in, and on the other hand, it can also reduce the cost for the public. Therefore, electric cars can be considered important in order to achieve sustainable development. For this purpose, the first and most important requirement for the promotion of electric vehicles is to choose an optimal and favorable location for the placement of electric vehicle charging stations. Therefore, this article tried to evaluate the optimal locations for the establishment of electric vehicle charging stations by using ARCGIS software and using the WLC model and the hierarchical weighting method of AHP. Choosing a suitable and optimal location can be an effective step to improve the use and promotion of electric vehicles in Ardabil city. According to the results obtained in the present research, the suitable places suitable for the existing barren lands in the city and the lands with a suitable location for the installation of electric vehicle charging stations, such as the area inside the Shahada highway, especially on the side of Imam Khomeini street, which due to the density of uses and infrastructures and especially the location of the nucleus He pointed out that the center of the city is almost a mononuclear city. It is also possible to build a station on the routes around the city center (northwest and west of the city and the inner and outer parts of the Basij highway on the side of Shahryar (Araz Ali), Aras and Shahrak Shahrek neighborhoods; according to Figure 5) in order to decentralize the main core of the city. . Also, considering that the city of Ardabil has a touristic nature, and on the other hand, the city of Ardabil is located in the direction of moving from the northwest of the country to the north of the country; It is possible to take advantage of waste lands at important entrance and exit gates of the city, and if it is possible to be compatible with refueling (gasoline pumps), it is possible to install and place electric vehicle charging stations. It should be noted that the method used in the present study is not the only method and can be used in other studies using other decision-making models such as TOPSIS, VIKOR, PROMETHEE, etc. Also, this study can be used as a new step towards the construction of electric car charging stations in other cities, especially big cities such as Tehran, Tabriz, Isfahan, Mashhad, etc., in order to solve the problems of transportation and also create a plan and plan for the establishment of charging stations in the future. Providing data to prevent the imposition of additional costs. تحقیق حاضر تلاشی در راستای جانمایی بهینه ایستگاه های شارژ خودروهای الکتریکی در سطح شهر اردبیل می باشد. تحقیق حاضر به لحاظ ماهیت، کاربردی و از نظر روش، توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده که با استفاده از نرم افزار ARCGIS و با بهره‌گیری از مدل (WLC) در قالب 5 معیار و 27 زیر معیار به جانمایی ایستگاه شارژ خودروهای الکتریکی مبادرت نموده است. با توجه به نتایج به‌دست‌آمده در تحقیق حاضر، مکان‌های مناسب و متناسب با اراضی بایر موجود در سطح شهر و اراضی با موقعیت مناسب استقرار ایستگاه شارژ خودروهای الکتریکی همچون محدوده داخل بزرگراه شهدا خاصه کنار خیابان امام خمینی (مابین تقاطع باهنر و میدان جهاد) که به دلیل تراکم کاربری‌ها و زیرساخت‌ها و به‌ویژه قرارگیری هسته مرکزی شهر به‌عنوان شهری تقریباً تک‌هسته‌ای اشاره نمود. همچنین می‌توان در مسیرهای اطراف مرکز شهر (محدوده غربی و شمال غربی شهر و قسمت‌های داخلی و خارجی بزرگراه بسیج در سمت محله‌های شهریار (آرازعلی) و ارس و شهرک کارشناسان) به جهت تمرکززدایی از هسته اصلی شهر جهت احداث ایستگاه بهره گرفت. همچنین با توجه به اینکه شهر اردبیل دارای ماهیتی گردشگر پذیر بوده و از سوی دیگر شهر اردبیل در مسیر حرکت شمال غرب کشور به سمت شمال کشور قرار دارد؛ می‌توان در دروازه‌های ورودی و خروجی مهم شهر با بهره‌گیری از اراضی بایر و نیز در صورت امکان سازگاری و همراه سازی با کاربری‌های سوخت‌گیری (پمپ‌بنزین‌ها)، می‌توان از تعبیه و جانمایی ایستگاه‌های شارژ خودروهای الکتریکی بهره‌مند نمود.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 1 2025 03 21 Assessment of Health Risks Posed by Heavy Metals in the Drinking Water of Ahvaz City and Its Sources (Karun and Dez Rivers) ارزیابی خطر بهداشتی فلزات سنگین در آب شرب شهر اهواز و منابع تامین آن (رودخانه های کارون و دز) 9889 9901 225511 10.22034/jess.2024.473367.2292 FA طیبه باقری لطف آباد پژوهشکده زیست فناوری صنعت و محیط زیست، پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست فناوری، تهران، ایران. 0000-0003-1801-8367 نغمه عروجی شرکت آب و فاضلاب اهواز اهواز، ایران. امیرحسین افقری پژوهشکده زیست فناوری صنعت و محیط زیست، پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست فناوری، تهران، ایران. غلامرضا رئیسی شرکت آب و فاضلاب اهواز اهواز، ایران. افشین حاتمی شرکت آب و فاضلاب اهواز اهواز، ایران. Journal Article 2024 08 14 ABSTRACT Assessing the quality of river and drinking water in relation to consumer health is crucial for informed decision-making regarding its use. This study evaluates the health risks associated with the Karun and Dez rivers, as well as the water treatment plants in Ahvaz city. The research focused on measuring the levels of metals, including Ag, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Ti, V, and Zn, in water sources and the urban water distribution network of Ahvaz during the winter of 2022 and summer of 2023. To achieve this, samples were collected from the inflows and outflows of water treatment plants 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, as well as from six points within the distribution network, selected based on their geographical locations across the city. The concentrations of metals in the samples were determined, and health risks were assessed using the Hazard Index (HI) and Cancer Risk Index (CR). The results revealed that the HI at all sampling points was below 1, indicating that non-carcinogenic risks from metals do not pose a threat to human health at any of the studied locations. Furthermore, the CR for metals such as As, Pb, and Cd, which have a higher potential for carcinogenicity, was estimated to be zero at all sampling stations, suggesting no carcinogenic risk from drinking water metals at these sites. Based on the calculated health risks, there is no threat to consumer health from heavy metals in Ahvaz's drinking water. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction The availability of freshwater in river basins is essential for agricultural, industrial, and cultural development, with sustainability heavily reliant on a dependable water supply. However, rapid urbanization and industrialization have significantly escalated pollution in river systems, presenting severe environmental challenges. Among various pollutants, heavy metals are particularly concerning due to their persistence, toxicity, and potential for bioaccumulation. These metals, introduced into rivers through industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and improper waste disposal, profoundly affect aquatic ecosystems and human health. The bioaccumulation and biomagnification of heavy metals in the food chain can result in toxic effects, including damage to the neurological, circulatory, and immune systems. Prolonged exposure to certain heavy metals, such as cadmium and chromium, may also lead to carcinogenic effects. In the Karun-Dez river basin—a critical region for fish farming and drinking water supply in southern Iran—the presence of metal industries, petrochemical plants, and oil activities has heightened concerns about metal pollution. This study assesses the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with heavy metal exposure from drinking water sources in the region, providing crucial insights for decision-makers responsible for managing treatment plants and the rivers that supply them. Materials and methods This study investigated the Karun and Dez rivers in Khuzestan Province, which are key water sources for Ahvaz's treatment plants 1 to 5. Sampling was conducted during the wet season (winter 2022) and the dry season (summer 2023) at designated locations. Heavy metal concentrations were analyzed using ICP-OES. Health risks were assessed, focusing on both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects. Non-carcinogenic risks were evaluated using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI), while carcinogenic risks were calculated based on the Cancer Slope Factor (CSF) for metals such as As, Cd, and Pb. The study identified potential health risks through the evaluation of HI and CR values. Results and discussion Our recent report on the analysis of metal concentrations in water samples revealed that they were below the WHO's standard limits. Furthermore, the report indicates that, based on heavy metal pollution indices, the water in the studied areas is not considered polluted. However, water entering the treatment plants during winter lacks suitable quality for drinking before treatment. It was also found necessary to optimize the use of coagulants in the treatment plants to reduce concentrations of aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) in the outflows. This study assessed the health risks of heavy metals by considering both ingestion and dermal exposure, evaluating non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects on adults and children. For this purpose, Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Cancer Risk (CR) values were calculated based on Average Daily Dose (ADD) and Reference Dose (RfD) for each metal. The results showed that HQ values for both children and adults were below 1 for all measured metals at sampling points, indicating no significant health risk from these metals. Notably, HQ values were higher for children compared to adults, suggesting that children are more vulnerable in the same environment. The HI index was also below 1 at all sampling points, meaning that, according to USEPA standards, the water can be considered safe for consumption for both children and adults. Therefore, non-carcinogenic risks from metals do not pose a threat to human health at any of the studied stations. Additionally, since the concentrations of metals with higher carcinogenic potential, such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), were determined to be zero at the sampling stations, the carcinogenic risk (CR) was also evaluated as zero. According to USEPA standards, there is no significant carcinogenic risk from drinking water at these locations. Conclusion This study aims to investigate the concentration of heavy metals in the water sources supplying Ahvaz water treatment plants 1 to 5 (Karun and Dez rivers), as well as the drinking water distribution network of Ahvaz city during the winter of 2022 and the summer of 2023. In this study, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from the metals present in the water samples were assessed. The health risk assessment results indicate that the drinking water of Ahvaz city, in terms of heavy metal content, poses no health hazard to consumers. تعیین کیفیت آب رودخانه‌ها و آب آشامیدنی به لحاظ تاثیر بر سلامت مصرف کنندگان براى تصمیم گیرى در خصوص استفاده از آن‌ها از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. مطالعه حاضر، خطرات بهداشتی در آب رودخانه‌های کارون و دز و تصفیه خانه‌های شهر اهواز را ارزیابی می‌کند. این مطالعه با هدف اندازه‌گیری فلزات Ag، Al، As، Ba، Cd، Co، Cr، Cu، Fe، Hg، Mn، Mo، Ni، Pb، Sb، Sn، Ti، Vو Zn در منابع آبی و شبکه توزیع آب شهری اهواز در دو فصل زمستان (سال 1401) و تابستان (سال 1402) صورت پذیرفت. برای این منظور ازجریان‌های ورودی و خروجی از تصفیه خانه‌های 1، 2، 3، 4 و 5 و شش نقطه از شبکه توزیع مطابق با موقعیت جغرافیایی و پراکندگی در سطح شهر، نمونه برداری انجام گرفت. غلظت فلزات در نمونه-ها تعیین گردید و ارزیابی خطر بهداشتی با استفاد از شاخص خطر (HI) و شاخص خطر سرطانزایی (CR) انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که شاخص خطر HI در کلیه نقاط نمونه برداری، کمتر از 1 است و بنابراین، تصور می‌شود که خطرات غیر سرطانزای ناشی از فلزات در هیچ یک از ایستگاه‌های مورد مطالعه، سلامتی انسان را تهدید نمی‌کند. علاوه براین، خطر سرطانزایی CR برای فلزات As، Pb و Cd که احتمال سرطانزایی بالاتری دارند، در کلیه ایستگاه‌های نمونه‌برداری صفر برآورد گردید، که این امر نشان می‌دهد احتمال سرطانزایی ناشی از فلزات آب آشامیدنی در این نقاط وجود ندارد. براساس ریسک بهداشتی محاسبه شده، خطری سلامت مصرف کنندگان را در خصوص فلزات سنگین در آب شرب اهواز تهدید نمی‌کند.

https://www.jess.ir/article_225511_43db0dc06507fad658700bc16ddb7300.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 1 2025 03 21 Investigating the effect of using vermicompost enriched with microorganisms on growth and resistance of tomato against root-knot nematode and Fusarium wilt بررسی تأثیر استفاده از ورمی کمپوست غنی شده میکروارگانیسم‌ها بر رشد و مقاومت گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی در برابر نماتد ریشه گرهی و بیماری پژمردگی فوزاریومی 9902 9916 225512 10.22034/jess.2024.471264.2287 FA امین رادمرد تیتکانلو دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران. عبدالحسین طاهری گروه آموزشی گیاه پزشکی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران سید اسماعیل رضوی گروه آموزشی گیاه پزشکی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران Journal Article 2024 08 02 Introduction Controlling damages caused by pests and pathogens, especially soil-borne diseases related to tomato plants, has a significant role in improving the quantitative and qualitative performance of its production (Chen and Roberts, 2003; FAO, 2020). Fusarium wilt of tomato is known as one of the important diseases of this plant in fields and greenhouse conditions (Abdel-Monaim, 2012; Cha et al., 2019). Also, root-knot nematodes (including species of the genus Meloidogyne) are the most important plant parasitic nematodes from an economic point of view in the world. Biological control is one of the natural methods of controlling plant pathogens and reducing their damage to plants (Migunova and Sasanelli, 2021). Many bacteria and fungi are used to control pathogens in different plant species, which have different antagonistic potential against different pathogens (Siddiqui and Akhtar, 2008; Bai et al., 2018). Some biological products, such as vermicompost, are also used as alternative or complementary methods in the biocontrol of pathogens (Yatoo et al., 2021). these products can significantly reduce the pathogenicity levels of soil pathogens (Basco et al., 2017; Bisen and Singh, 2019). The effect of biocontrol agents and fertilizer products, such as vermicompost, in improving the resistance of tomato plants to soil pathogens has been separately investigated in various studies. However, only some studies have evaluated the effects of the combined use of these agents. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the combined use of biological inhibitors and vermicompost on the control of soil pathogens. Controlling damages caused by pests and pathogens, especially soil-borne diseases related to tomato plants, has a significant role in improving the quantitative and qualitative performance of its production (Chen and Roberts, 2003; FAO, 2020). Fusarium wilt of tomato is known as one of the important diseases of this plant in fields and greenhouse conditions (Abdel-Monaim, 2012; Cha et al., 2019). Also, root-knot nematodes (including species of the genus Meloidogyne) are the most important plant parasitic nematodes from an economic point of view in the world. Biological control is one of the natural methods of controlling plant pathogens and reducing their damage to plants (Migunova and Sasanelli, 2021). Many bacteria and fungi are used to control pathogens in different plant species, which have different antagonistic potential against different pathogens (Siddiqui and Akhtar, 2008; Bai et al., 2018). Some biological products, such as vermicompost, are also used as alternative or complementary methods in the biocontrol of pathogens (Yatoo et al., 2021). these products can significantly reduce the pathogenicity levels of soil pathogens (Basco et al., 2017; Bisen and Singh, 2019). The effect of biocontrol agents and fertilizer products, such as vermicompost, in improving the resistance of tomato plants to soil pathogens has been separately investigated in various studies. However, only some studies have evaluated the effects of the combined use of these agents. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the combined use of biological inhibitors and vermicompost on the control of soil pathogens. Materials and methods The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of using vermicompost enriched with bacteria and fungi on growth parameters of tomato plants infected with root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) and Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum). Vermicompost applications were considered at control, optimum, and excessive levels. Biocontrol agents were mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae) (G.) and two antagonist bacteria (Bacillus subtilis (B.) and Pseudomonas putida (P.)). These biocontrol agents were used individually (B.; P.; G.), in binary combinations (B. & P.; B. & G.; P. & G.), and also in a ternary combination (B.P.G.) at different levels of vermicompost application. Growth parameters, including shoot wet and dry weights, root wet and dry weights, and chlorophyll index, were measured at the end of the experiments. Results and discussion The lowest values of wet and dry weights of aerial parts under the triple effects (P < 0.001) of vermicompost level, enrichment treatments, and pathogens belonged to the control condition, and the highest levels of these parameters were obtained with B. & G., and B.P.G treatments under application of vermicompost excessive level and with F. oxysporum. In each enrichment treatment, the values of these parameters were higher in enrichment with G. mosseae than B. subtilis, and P. putidae was at the next level. The optimum and excessive vermicompost treatments showed higher amounts of wet and dry weights of aerial parts compared to the control condition (no use of vermicompost). The lowest values of wet and dry weights of aerial parts under the triple effects (P < 0.001) of vermicompost level, enrichment treatments, and pathogens belonged to the control condition, and the highest levels of these parameters were obtained with B. & G., and B.P.G treatments under application of vermicompost excessive level and with F. oxysporum. In each enrichment treatment, the values of these parameters were higher in enrichment with G. mosseae than B. subtilis, and P. putidae was at the next level. The optimum and excessive vermicompost treatments showed higher amounts of wet and dry weights of aerial parts compared to the control condition (no use of vermicompost). The results of root wet and dry weight indicated that treatments with no use of vermicompost and without enrichment led to the lowest levels of these parameters for both pathogens. Vermicompost application at optimum and excessive levels resulted in higher wet and dry weights, especially for the treatments with G. mosseae enrichment (including G. mosseae, B. & G., P. & G., and B.P.G). The highest levels of these variables were obtained with the excessive vermicompost level and under the effect of F. oxysporum. The lowest chlorophyll index score was obtained under the effect of both pathogens and its highest levels belonged to the F. oxysporum. Comparing the means for the interaction of vermicompost and enrichment indicated the highest chlorophyll index in B.P.G. enrichment treatment and the lowest index level was measured with the control condition (i.e., no use of vermicompost). Conclusion The findings of the present study showed that using biocontrol agents combined with vermicompost application can significantly improve the resistance of tomato plants against soil-borne diseases and lead to higher levels of root and aerial parts growth and better photosynthetic performance. This effect was much higher using the simultaneous application of all biocontrol treatments compared to their separate usage. مهار بیمارگرهای خاک‌زی یکی از مهمترین مسائل مربوط به تولید گوجه‌فرنگی است. در این مطالعه به بررسی تأثیر استفاده از ورمی‌کمپوست غنی‌شده با باکتری و قارچ بر پارامترهای رشد گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی در مواجهه با نماتد ریشه گرهی (Meloidogyne javanica) و بیماری پژمردگی فوزاریومی (Fusarium oxysporum) پرداخته شد. تیمارهای ورمی‌کمپوست شامل شاهد، سطح متعادل و سطح بیش‌بود از این فرآورده بود. عوامل مهارگر زیستی نیز عبارت بودند از قارچ میکوریزا (Glomus mosseae) و باکتری‌های آنتاگونیست Bacillus subtilis و Pseudomonas putida. این عوامل مهار زیستی به صورت منفرد، ترکیب‌های دوتایی و همچنین ترکیب سه‌تایی در سطوح مختلف ورمی‌کمپوست مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. صفات رشدی مورد بررسی عبارت بودند از وزن تر و خشک اندام‌ هوایی، وزن تر و خشک ریشه و شاخص کلروفیل. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که استفاده از ورمی‌‌کمپوست در هر دو سطح بکارگرفته شده و همچنین عوامل مهار زیستی به شکل معنی‌داری (P < 0.001) در تمامی تیمارهای آزمایشی ارتقای ویژگی‌های رشدی گیاهان را در مواجهه با عوامل بیماری‌زا به صورت منفرد و ترکیبی سبب شده است. بیشترین مقادیر پارامترهای رشد مورد بررسی عمدتاً در تیمارهای استفاده از ورمی‌کمپوست و ترکیب هر سه عامل مهارگر در مواجهه با قارچ فوزاریوم به دست آمد. کمترین مقادیر این پارامترها نیز مربوط به شرایط عدم استفاده از ورمی‌کمپوست و عوامل مهارگر در مواجهه با هر دو عامل بیماریزا اندازه‌گیری شد. به طور کلی، یافته‌ها حاکی از تأثیر قابل‌توجه تلفیق ورمی‌کمپوست و عوامل زیستی بر ارتقای سطح مقاومت گیاه گوجه‌‌فرنگی در برابر نماتد ریشه گرهی و قارچ فوزاریوم و بهبود شاخص‌های رشد در این گیاهان بود.

https://www.jess.ir/article_225512_5d46ccdb10f72ff0751cb6877dac6fba.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 1 2025 03 21 Sustainable Agriculture: The Vision, Impact, and production of Slow-Release Fertilizers کشاورزی پایدار: چشم انداز، تأثیر و تولید کودهای آهسته رهش 9917 9932 225514 10.22034/jess.2024.471487.2289 FA حسن صدیقی دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0000-0002-2149-0593 کیوان شایسته دانشیار، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. Journal Article 2024 08 03 Abstract Slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) play a crucial role in agricultural practices, as they are specifically designed to optimize nutrient release and enhance crop nutrient delivery over an extended period. By effectively managing nutrient release, SRFs contribute to improved fertilizer efficiency and efficacy, ultimately reducing nutrient loss and promoting more efficient utilization of plant nutrients. Regarding production, SRFs can be generated through two primary methods: matrix-based and coated formulation approaches. The coated method, in particular, utilizes various technological processes such as fluidized bed, pan coater, rotary drum, melting and extrusion, inverse suspension polymerization, solution polymerization/cross-linking, and microwave irradiation. The global demand for sustainable agricultural practices has led to a substantial increase in the production and adoption of SRFs. Given its significant oil and gas resources, Iran is uniquely positioned to produce SRFs with a sulfur coating at a cost advantage compared to other nations. This study offers comprehensive insights into the manufacturing processes, advantages, and limitations of SRFs and emerging production trends worldwide. Introduction The planet's population is increasing daily, which has caused an increase in the demand for food. Fertilizers are essential for increasing crop yields. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are vital nutrients for plant growth, with nitrogen being one of the most challenging to obtain. Typically, nitrogen used as fertilizer in agriculture will be lost through various pathways, such as water dissolution, oxidation and regeneration, sublimation, nitrification, and denitrification. These losses reduce the yield and quality of the product and cause severe problems for the environment and human health. In addition to economic loss, nitrogen waste causes air and water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, eutrophication, and many diseases such as cancer. The excessive use of fertilizers leads to eutrophication in water, its main harmful consequence. This increases algae and aquatic plants, leading to a decline in water quality and degradation of the water environment. Eutrophication creates an environment without oxygen, making the water unsuitable for drinking, causing decreased in aquatic species and issues with odor. The high solubility of nitrogen fertilizer in water leads to nitrogen absorption, in the form of nitrate and ammonia, by plant roots. However, the roots cannot immediately absorb a significant portion of nitrate and ammonia, leading to their entry into surface and underground waters. Moreover, excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers in arid areas results in crop contamination with nitrates and nitrites. The body absorbs nitrate from drinking water in the intestinal tract. Once inside the body, nitrate is quickly distributed throughout the tissues. About 25% of the ingested nitrate is secreted into saliva and then converted to nitrite by oral microflora. The swallowed nitrate and nitrite then return to the stomach. Nitrate serves as a precursor for creating N-nitroso compounds. Tragically, long-term consumption of food and water contaminated with nitrates and nitrites can lead to serious health conditions, including cancer, methemoglobinemia, heart attacks, lung and respiratory issues, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. These health risks underscore the need for a change in our fertilizer practices. This article mentions the importance of using nitrogen fertilizers and their production and consumption in Iran and the world. Then, SRFs are introduced, and their production methods are briefly described. The following explains the importance of using SRFs and their disadvantages. Then, the world's approach to SRFs is analyzed with statistics. In other words, the main goal of this article is to show the tendency to produce and use SRFs worldwide. Materials and Methods To evaluate the impact of SRFs, a comprehensive search was conducted using the keywords Slow and Controlled-release fertilizers, Production of nitrogen fertilizers, consumption of nitrogen fertilizers, and Coated and Matrix fertilizers across Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Scopus, and ACS databases. The dataset included various articles, books, and organizational reports, primarily focusing on recent scientific research published in these databases. Additionally, production statistics used in this research were obtained from Iran's Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. Conclusions The global market of coated fertilizers is predicted to increase at a compound annual growth rate of 7.2% between 2023 and 2028. It is predicted that the financial turnover of the fertilizer production industry will reach 5.9 billion dollars in 2028. Therefore, Asia-Pacific, North America, and Europe will have a more significant share of coated fertilizers. Yara International ASA in Norway, Nutrien Ltd in Canada, ICL Group Ltd, Haifa Production Group, and Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group of China are among the world's largest companies producing coated SRFs. Among the most commonly coated fertilizers are urea coated with sulfur, urea coated with a polymer, and urea coated with sulfur and polymer. The amount of production of SRFs depends on the type of coating, thickness, and quality of the fertilizer grains. China produces about 36% of the world's coated fertilizer using sulfur. 25% of its fertilizers are made in India using gypsum, 15% in Brazil with bentonite, 10% in Russia with the help of talc, and other countries produce the remaining 14%. Several Iranian companies are also active in urea fertilizer with sulfur coating. Amot Iranian Trading Company, Sabz Biomedicals Company, Salaf Shimi Company, Lordegan Urea Fertilizer Company, and Sarkhas Petrochemical are active in this field. Considering the many benefits of SRFs and the abundance and cheapness of sulfur in Iran, a more serious investment is expected to be made. SRFs have revolutionized the agricultural industry by providing a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fertilizers. These innovative fertilizers release nutrients slowly and consistently, improving crop performance, reducing environmental pollution, and minimizing surface and underground water source contamination. The global production of SRFs is on the rise. Iran benefits from this trend due to its abundant oil and gas resources, which can be utilized to produce cost-effective sulfur-based SRFs. Furthermore, the country's wood and paper factories can serve as a viable source of lignin for manufacturing these fertilizers. Research findings have highlighted the potential of this biopolymer for creating SRFs with an extended-release period. To fully leverage the advantages of SRFs in Iran, it is crucial to educate farmers about their benefits and garner support from investors and industrialists to foster the development of this vital product. With the necessary backing and investment, Iran has the potential to emerge as a frontrunner in the production and application of SRFs, thereby contributing to a more sustainable and eco-friendlier agricultural sector. کودهای آهسته رهش (SRFs) نقش مهمی در شیوه‌های کشاورزی دارند، زیرا به طور خاص برای بهینه‌سازی رهش مواد مغذی و افزایش تحویل مواد مغذی محصول در یک دوره طولانی طراحی شده‌اند. SRFها با مدیریت موثر رهش مواد مغذی، به بهبود عملکرد و کارایی کود کمک کرده و در نهایت از دست دادن مواد مغذی را کاهش می‌دهند و همچنین، استفاده کارآمدتر از مواد مغذی گیاه را ارتقا می‌دهند. با توجه به تولید، SRFها را می توان از طریق دو روش تولید کرد: رویکردهای فرمولاسیون مبتنی بر ماتریس و روکش‌دار. روش پوشش‌داده‌شده، به طور خاص، از فرآیندهای تکنولوژیکی مختلف مانند بستر سیال، پوشش دهنده پن، روتاری درام، ذوب و اکستروژن، پلیمریزاسیون معکوس، پلیمریزاسیون محلول / اتصال متقابل و تابش مایکروویو استفاده می‌کند. تقاضای جهانی برای شیوه‌های کشاورزی پایدار منجر به افزایش قابل‌توجهی در تولید و پذیرش SRF شده است. ایران با توجه به منابع عظیم نفت و گاز، موقعیت منحصر به فردی برای تولید SRF با پوشش گوگردی با مزیت هزینه در مقایسه با سایر کشورها دارد. این مطالعه بینش‌های جامعی را در مورد فرآیندهای تولید، مزایا و محدودیت‌های SRF و روندهای تولید در حال ظهور در سراسر جهان ارائه می‌دهد.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 1 2025 03 21 Analysis of the physical-spatial development of Yasouj city using Arc GIS software capabilities تحلیل توسعه کالبدی – فضایی شهر یاسوج با استفاده از قابلیت های نرم افزار Arc GIS 9933 9946 225515 10.22034/jess.2024.483898.2302 FA هادی اسکندری عین الدین دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه محقق، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0002-4665-5884 حسین واحدی نژاد دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2024 10 16 Introduction The rapid growth of cities, which arose due to the increase in their population, has created many problems, especially in the cities of developing and less developed countries, among these problems are the changes in the spatial structure of cities due to the change in the social structure, the change in the economic and physical structure of the cities. . The result of these changes is the increase of unprincipled and unregulated constructions in cities, and along with the failure to properly implement urban development plans, it is one of the most important issues that has involved urban planners and city affairs trustees (Rafiian et al., 2013, 25). Urban construction control requires logical planning and management and rewriting the planning and management method by local governments (Zeyang Li et al, 2020: 5). Materials and methods The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. According to the nature of the study, the method of collecting information is in the form of documents and a library, which includes the investigation of the spatial development pattern of Yasouj city since 1345-95. Spatial development of Yasouj city was analyzed temporally and spatially using spatial analysis techniques in ArcGIS software environment. Then, using Shannon's entropy model and Heldren's model, the city structure and urban growth have been analyzed. Results and discussion During the period of 1355 to 1365, for the first time in the history of its formation, the city of Yasouj experiences significant growth and development, and the area of the city reaches 86 hectares. In the period from 1365 to 1375, the population of Yasuj city will increase 74 times, of which 79% are immigrants; The migration of villagers to the city and the integration of villages into the city is one of the main factors of the city's development during this period. The area of Yasouj city increased to 1801 hectares between 1375 and 1385 and experienced a great growth compared to previous periods (Table 1). During the period of 2015 to 2015, the city of Yasuj grows to some extent in terms of urban services and facilities, and a huge wave of villagers and residents of neighboring cities immigrate to Yasuj to benefit from these services and facilities, and they cause the development and expansion of the city more than ever before; Due to topographical limitations, the expansion of the city in this period is very little to the north and more to the east and west and to some extent to the south . Conclusion The results of the present research show that during the period from 1343 to 1395, the population of Yasouj city has increased from 34 people in 1343 to 134,532 thousand people in 1395, the area of the city has increased from 5 hectares to 40 thousand hectares, and the gross density of the city has increased from 186 people to 60 people, and the physical development of the city has increased from Since its inception, until now, in the two axes of Yasuj-Siskhet and the northern side of the city, due to topographical limitations, high slope and forest cover, expansion is limited. In other words, agricultural lands have been lost as a result of the direct impact (that is, the construction of agricultural lands as a result of the physical development of the city) or the indirect impact (the non-use of agricultural lands due to land speculation and their addition to the city limits) of urban development. Among the reasons for the increase in the population of Yasuj city over the past 50 years are: natural population growth, the centrality of the province, the settlement of nomads, the expansion of the physical boundaries of the city and the annexation of villages leading to the city, migrations, both urban and rural migrations as a result of land reforms, imposed war, weather suitable etc.; So that the city of Yasouj has grown a lot in terms of physical and population since its inception until today. The results of this research show that every year a large part of first, second and third grade agricultural lands are built, and the development without a plan and without regard to environmental considerations causes the destruction of the ecosystem and consequently the destruction of the landscape, natural resources and high-quality agricultural lands and increases the cost of transporting equipment. And it becomes an urban facility. Considering that the longitudinal linear development of Yasuj city on the two axes of Yasuj-Shiraz and Yasuj-Sisakht, in addition to destroying land suitable for agriculture, increases the cost of transferring urban equipment and facilities, it is suggested to prioritize internal development and high-rise development of the city. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. According to the nature of the study, the method of collecting information is in the form of documents and a library, which includes the investigation of the spatial development pattern of Yasouj city since 1345-95. Spatial development of Yasouj city was analyzed temporally and spatially using spatial analysis techniques in ArcGIS software environment. Then, using Shannon's entropy model and Heldren's model, the city structure and urban growth have been analyzed. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. According to the nature of the study, the method of collecting information is in the form of documents and a library, which includes the investigation of the spatial development pattern of Yasouj city since 1345-95. Spatial development of Yasouj city was analyzed temporally and spatially using spatial analysis techniques in ArcGIS software environment. Then, using Shannon's entropy model and Heldren's model, the city structure and urban growth have been tical in terms of nature and method. According to the nature of the study, the method of collecting information is in the form of documents and a library, which includes the investigation .documents and a library, which includes the investigation of the spatial development pattern of Yasouj city since 1345-95. Spatial development of Yasouj city was analyzed temporally and spatially using spatial analysis techniques in ArcGIS software environment. Then, using Shannon's entropy model and Heldren's model, the city structure and urban growth have been tical in terms of nature and method. According to the nature of the study, the method of collecting information is in the form of documents and a library, which includes the investigation . شهر همچون موجودی زنده پیوسته دستخوش دگرگونی است. این دگرگونی درگذرزمان ، شکل شهرها را به سوی هدف‌های ویژه‌ای سوق می دهد. در زمـان مـا توسـعه فیزیکـی نامـوزون شـهرها، یکی از مسـائل مهـم را در کاربری زمین پدید آورده اسـت. هدف پژوهش حاضر تحلیل توسعه کالبدی- فضایی شهر یاسوج می‌باشد. برای شناخت روند الگوی توسعه فضایی - کالبدی یاسوج بـا اسـتفاده از مدلهـای کمـی؛ آنتروپـی و هلدرن تحلیل‌های لازم صورت گرفته اسـت. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان می‌دهند طی دورۀ 1343 تا 1395، جمعیت شهر یاسوج از 34 نفردرسال 1343 به 134532 هزار نفردرسال 1395، وسعت شهر از 5 هکتار به 2120 هزار هکتار و تراکم ناخالص شهر از 186 نفر به 60 نفر رسیده است و توسعۀ کالبدی شهر از زمان پیدایش تا امروز در دو محور یاسوج - سی‌سخت و ضلع شمالی شهر به علت محدودیت‌های توپوگرافی، شیب زیاد و پوشش جنگلی با محدودیت گسترش روبه‌رو شده است. ساختار کالبدی اصلی شهر نیز در ابتدا خطی می باشد بطوریکه توسعه فیزیکی انجام گرفته در این طیف بوده الگوی توسعه ساختار کالبدی در دوره های بعدی به صورت انشعاب شاخه های از محوراصلی بوده است که هسته هایی از عناصر شهری بر آنها واقع می شوند.

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