انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 4 2026 01 21 Investigation of phenanthrene and pyrene removal efficiency by genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida deoxygenase enzyme-producing biofilm bioreactor بررسی کارایی حذف فنانترن و پایرن توسط بیوراکتور نوآورانه بیوفیلم مولد آنزیم دی اکسیژناز سودوموناس پوتیدا مهندسی ژنتیک شده 10807 10823 201910 10.22034/jess.2024.468225.2274 FA مریم آهنکوب گروه زمین شناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران 0000-0002-9941-7927 گشتاسب مردانی مرکز تحقیقات سلولی و مولکولی ، پژوهشکده پایه سلامت ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد ، شهرکرد ، ایران الهام اسدی پژوهشکده علوم پایه سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران. Journal Article 2024 07 17 Today, the environmental pollution by cyclic aromatic substances has led to serious problems due to the use of these substances in different sectors. Phenanthrene and pyrene are belonging to this group of substances that cause abnormal effects on the environment and the health of organisms. The high cost and technical problems of the usual methods to remove these cyclic toxins have led to the use of biological methods by engineered bacteria as an economical and environmentally friendly option. In order to perform this test, 36 bioreactors were built with plastic media bed with inoculation broth lactose culture medium solution, 18 bioreactors had genetically engineered bacteria and 18 bioreactors had non-genetically engineered bacteria. Then pyrene and phenanthrene aromatic substances were added with different concentrations. (10, 50, and 100 ppm) theat were added to the bioreactors. there was during the addition of the above solutions, the pH of each bioreactor was adjusted to normal with the help of sodium hydroxide and 0.1 hydrochloric acid, so that the bioreactors had 3 different pH 3, 7, and 9. Finally, the residual concentrations of pyrene and phenanthrene aromatic substances were measured by liquid chromatography (HPLC). There are some well result . The results of this research show that there is a significant difference between the efficiency of removing aromatic substances by two groups of engineered and non-engineered Pseudomonas putida bacteria, and the biodegradation of phenanthrene and pyrene by the bioreactor containing the genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida bacteria is much higher than the non-engineered Pseudomonas putida bacteria. Therefore, this bacterium can be used in the biological degradation of different concentrations of the above pollutants and cleaning the environment.Introduction Purification and purification of water contaminated with hydrocarbon substances such as phenanthrene and pyrene is very important due to its dependence on the food cycle. So far, various methods have been used to remove these types of pollutants, each of which has several strengths and weaknesses. The presence of such aromatic compounds in drinking water should be considered in terms of pathogenicity, taste, smell and effect on the appearance of water. Phenanthrene and pyrene are cyclic organic compounds that cause negative and adverse effects on the ecosystem in such a way that even in low concentrations they can be harmful to human health and most of these compounds are toxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic. Therefore, these compounds should be removed from water. Removing organic pollutants from water is an important issue in the industrial field. Considering the importance and high efficiency of bioreactors for the removal of cyclic organic compounds in this research, we have investigated the removal of cyclic organic compounds by constructing an innovative bioreactor, genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida biofilm media from polluted water. Materials and methods In this research, to investigate the biofilm performance of two genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida producing deoxygenase enzyme and non-genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida in removing aromatic substances phenanthrene and pyrene, first 36 bioreactors were constructed with plastic media substrate inoculated with lactose broth culture medium solution. 18 bioreactors had genetically engineered bacteria and 18 bioreactors had non-genetically engineered bacteria. Then pyrene and phenanthrene aromatic substances were made with different concentrations (10, 50, and 100 ppm) and added to the bioreactors. In other words, a total of 72 samples were tested. During the addition of the above solutions, the pH of each bioreactor was adjusted to 0.1 normal with the help of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, so that the bioreactors had 3 different pH values of 3, 7, and 9. Then, the residual concentrations of pyrene and phenanthrene aromatic substances were measured by liquid chromatography (HPLC). Finally, the obtained results were analyzed by statistical studies and the mean and standard deviation values were obtained. Also, independent t-tests, analysis of covariance, one-way and two-way analysis of variance, analysis of repeated measures were used in version 25 of SPSS software. Discussion After the cloning of the NahH gene in the PUC18 vector, which was confirmed by the BamHI and EcoRI restriction enzymes, the recombinant plasmids extracted from E. Coli were examined using the PCR method with the help of the HindIII enzyme. The transfer was well to P. putida and then the presence of NahH gene of 924 bp in P. putida was confirmed by PCR. It was observed that the bioreactor containing genetically engineered bacteria, after 8 weeks, produced phenanthrene and pyrene in three concentrations of 50, 10 and 100 mg/liter, on average, in the amount of 94.417, 65.99, and 72/417 respectively. 33 and 45.93, 62.93, 33.54 percent were destroyed. This is while these values were 93.41, 57.72, 17.44 and 92.992, 57.89, 17.75% for the non-engineered bacterial biofilm of Pseudomonas putida, respectively (Tables 8 and 9). In Table 10 and 11, the data related to the comparison of pyrene removal efficiency in engineered and non-engineered bacteria by different concentrations, comparison of removal efficiency between two bacteria by different concentration and pH are given. the percentage of phenanthrene and pyrene removal efficiency is shown in concentrations. The removal efficiency at the concentration of 10, 50 and 100 is different between two bacteria and a significant difference is observed between the removal efficiency of the groups. Therefore, investigating the transformed forms of the recombinant vector (PUC18-nahH), P. Putida with genetic engineering produced through the biosynthesis of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme for the biological degradation of phenanthrene and pyrene aromatic substances inoculated in the aqueous environment with different acidic, basic and alkaline pH and with three different concentrations of these pollutants in comparison with the non-engineered strain of this bacterium, Conclusion Investigating the amount of degradation and removal of phenanthrene and pyrene pollutants by the modified forms of the recombinant vector (PUC18-nahH), P. Putida with genetic engineering show that a significant difference is observed between the efficiency of removing aromatic substances by two groups of engineered and non-engineered Pseudomonas putida bacteria. Therefore, with proper planning in various industries containing these pollutants, the studied engineered forms can be used in the destruction and removal of various concentrations of the mentioned pollutants in order to have a healthier environment. امروزه آلودگی محیط زیست به مواد آروماتیک حلقوی بواسطه استفاده این مواد در صنایع مختلف منجر به مشکلات جدی شده‌‌است. فنانترن و پایرن از جمله این گروه مواد بوده که اثرات نابهنجاری بر محیط زیست و سلامتی موجودات ایجاد می‌کنند. صرف هزینه زیاد و معضلات تکنیکی روش‌های معمول برای حذف این ترکیبات حلقوی منجر به استفاده از روش‌های بیولوژیک توسط باکتری‌های مهندسی شده، به عنوان گزینه‌ای اقتصادی و سازگار با محیط زیست شده‌است. برای انجام این آزمایش، در ابتدا 36 بیوراکتور با بستر مدیا پلاستیکی با محلول محیط کشت لاکتوز براث تلقیح، ساخته‌شد که 18 بیوراکتور دارای باکتری مهندسی ژنتیکی شده و 18 بیوراکتور دارای باکتری مهندسی ژنتیکی نشده‌بودند. سپس مواد آروماتیک پایرن و فنانترن با غلظت‌های مختلف (۱۰و۵۰ و۱۰۰ ppm) به بیوراکتورها اضافه شدند.در طی اضافه شدن محلولهای فوق pH هر بیوراکتور به کمک سدیم هیدروکسید و هیدروکلریک اسید0/1 نرمال تنظیم شد به طوری که بیوراکتورها دارای 3 pH مختلف 3و 7و 9 بودند. در آخر مقادیر غلظت باقی‌مانده مواد آروماتیک پایرن و فنانترن توسط دستگاه کروماتوگرافی مایع (HPLC) اندازه‌گیری‌شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد بین راندمان حذف مواد آروماتیک توسط دو گروه باکتری مهندسی و غیر مهندسی سودوموناس پوتیدا تفاوت معنی‌داری مشاهده‌ می‌شود و تخریب زیستی فنانترن و پایرن توسط بیوراکتور حاوی باکتری مهندسی ژنتیکی شده سودوموناس پوتیدا بسیار بیشتر از باکتری غیر مهندسی شده سودوموناس پوتیدا می‌باشد. بنابراین می‌توان ازاین باکتری در تخریب زیستی غلظت‌های متفاوت آلاینده‌های فوق و پاکسازی محیط زیست استفاده کرد.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 4 2026 01 21 Evaluation of the Omran Khaseh production asphalt plant's effects on the air quality- A case study in Zanjan Province ارزیابی تاثیر فعالیت کارخانه آسفالت عمران و تولیدی خاصه بر کیفیت هوای منطقه- مطالعه موردی استان زنجان 10824 10835 239033 10.22034/jess.2025.552940.2414 FA آزاده توکلی گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران 0000-0002-1179-8105 متین عنایت پور گروه علوم محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران 0009-0007-0793-2854 Journal Article 2025 10 15 Introduction In recent years, air pollution has become a serious problem in Iran, which can have various consequences in the social, cultural, economic, and health dimensions. In a recent report by the Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, the damage caused by air pollution has been estimated at nearly 12 billion dollars, which, when including medical costs, reaches 23 billion dollars (5 percent of GDP). Part of the air pollution problem can be attributed to the activities of factories and industries, which, due to inappropriate location, proximity to residential areas, and lack of air pollution monitoring and control technology, exacerbate this environmental issue. The asphalt production industry is one of the important industries in Iran. Due to the high concentration of pollutants emitted from stacks and its proximity to residential areas, it requires evaluation and study in the field of air pollution. The construction of urban roads, as well as their repair and maintenance, often requires the use of hot asphalt concrete technology. However, this technology involves drying non-metallic materials such as sand, gravel, and mineral powder, as well as heating bitumen. Surface emission sources in asphalt production include trenches, conveyors, conveyor belts, and roads within the plant. Point emission sources from the process also include stacks, boilers, combustion from the incineration system, and the asphalt plant stack. Approximately 300 MJ energy are consumed per ton of asphalt produced, and 28.8 kg of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Particles and gases produced in plant activities are mainly associated with screening, rotary kiln storage tank operations, mixers, plant site pollutants, and product loading. With this introduction, the present study attempts to evaluate the impact of the activities of an asphalt production industry in Khorramdareh City, Zanjan Province, on air pollution. The concentration of exhaust from the stack, measurement of the level of PMs in the industrial environment, and modelling of emissions are among the most important goals of this study. Materials and methods The Omran Khaseh asphalt plant is situated 8 km from Khorramdareh city and 4 km from Hidaj city. It is 1,100 meters from the village of Palas, 700 meters from the surrounding gardens, and 2 km from the village of Alvand. To measure the pollutants emitted from the stack, two instruments were utilized: the OPTHMA7 MRU and the Vastech ISO 9096. The OPTHMA7 MRU, equipped with an internal gas analyzer, employs an electrochemical method to assess exhaust gases. This device measured the concentrations of SO2, NO2, CO, and NO gases emitted from the stack. The Vastech was employed to quantify the amount of total suspended particles (TSP) released from the stack. The concentration of these particles was determined using the gravimetric method in accordance with the ISO 9096 standard. Additionally, an Aeroqual Series 500 device was used to measure particulate matter concentrations of sizes 2.5 and 10 micrometres (PM2.5 & PM10) at the industrial site. Measurements were taken at various locations, considering the presence of personnel and workers. Sampling height was set at 1.5 meters above ground (breathing height) to evaluate individuals' exposure to particulate matter in the workplace. Alongside pollutant concentrations, stack characteristics were also documented for modelling purposes. A modelling process was implemented to analyze the dispersion patterns of air pollutants. For this analysis, the SCREEN3 model, approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), was utilized. Results and discussion Based on the model outputs, there is no apparent difference in appearance between the emission patterns of different pollutants, different stability classes, or the point of occurrence of maximum concentration. For all pollutants studied, the point of occurrence of maximum concentration for stability class A occurs at the closest distance from the stack (about 281 meters), and for subsequent stability classes (B, C, D, E, and F, respectively), it occurs at further distances from the stack. The model of the distribution and dispersion of ambient concentrations of TSP and their spatial variations under different stability conditions shows that in stability classes A, B, and C, the maximum concentration occurs at a distance of about 281 to 619 meters from the stack, while for stability classes D, E, and F, it occurs at further distances (1130 - 3538 meters). Based on the annual wind pattern of the region, 91% of the prevailing winds in the study area are generally westerly, northern, and northeastern. Therefore, the transfer of pollution to the west, north, and northeast is possible, and considering the location of the factory (northeast of the village), the possibility of pollutants spreading towards the village and residents' dissatisfaction is not far-fetched. In another part of the study, the emission rate from the industrial stack was analyzed and examined in comparison to the standard values. In all cases, the compounds and pollutants emitted from the stack of the factory are lower than the standard values for the stack output of this group of industries. In the next step, the exhaust values from the stack were compared with the clean air standards of Iran. As a result of this comparison, it was determined that the concentration of gases emitted in all cases is far lower than the permitted and recommended limits. Regarding particles, the standards are based on particle size (PM2.5 and PM10), and measurements from the factory on the suspended particle scale (TSP) do not allow for direct comparison. In the last part of this study, the measured values of the concentration of particles (PM2.5 and PM10) at the workplace of workers in this industry were examined. The concentrations emitted are far higher than environmental standards, but since the emissions occurred instantaneously and, based on natural mechanisms, the dispersion of particles occurs in the short term, it is not possible to compare the numbers with environmental standards. Based on the possibility of breathing suspended particles or particles entering the eyes of people, it is necessary to reduce the level of emissions as much as possible and, on the other hand, to use and require the use of appropriate safety equipment such as respirators and safety glasses for employees and personnel involved. Conclusion Measurement of the exhaust values from the stack confirmed that the emission levels are standard based on the activity group of this industry. The concentration of particles during activity is very high and can have serious health effects on personnel. Although these values are emitted instantaneously and natural atmospheric mechanisms can significantly reduce and dilute their concentration, the use of protective equipment and initial measures such as water spraying is still recommended to control emissions. Considering the distance of 1.1 km from the village under study to the asphalt plant, the occurrence of the maximum concentration at a distance of 281 meters from the plant, and comparing the emission values with the Iranian clean air standard, it can be claimed that the gaseous pollutants are far below the standard level and there is no concern about this. However, we cannot make a definitive statement about the suspended particles. Part of this ambiguity is due to the difference in the pollutant under study, which is analyzed at the industrial site based on TSP and in the clean air standards based on particle size (PM2.5 and PM10). In addition, in the EPA's proposed model, SCREEN3, there is no distinction between particles and gaseous pollutants, and considering the parameters affecting the emission, such as density and boundary layer effects, this issue can create errors in the emission pattern of this model. In conclusion, it can be stated that there is a possibility of the emission of suspended particles in the village area, and based on the emission from the stack and the direction and speed of the prevailing wind, this possibility is not far-fetched. It is suggested that, to address this problem, appropriate spacing should be considered between industries and residential areas, and that the prevailing wind direction of the region be taken into account in the location of the industry in a precise and long-term manner. In addition, the requirement to use pollutant control equipment along with continuous monitoring can play an effective role in improving the air quality in the environment. آلودگی هوا در سال‌های اخیر به یکی از مهم‌ترین چالش‌های محیط‌زیستی در کشور ایران تبدیل شده است و صنایع نقش بسزایی در ایجاد این معضل دارند. پژوهش حاضر به سنجش و الگوی انتشار آلاینده‌های هوا از کارخانه آسفالت عمران خاصه- شهرستان خرمدره، استان زنجان پرداخته است. فعالیت این صنعت موجب احساس نارضایتی و شکایاتی از جانب روستای مجاور شده است. غلظت آلاینده‌های اصلی و معیار (CO، NO، NO2، SO2، NOx و TSP) منتشر شده از دودکش و در ارتفاع تنفسی (محل کار کارگران) در این صنعت مورد اندازه‌گیری قرار گرفت. با استفاده از مدل مورد تایید سازمان حفاظت محیط‌زیست آمریکا، SCREEN3، غلظت آلاینده‌ها تا فاصله 5 کیلومتری و در کلاس‌های مختلف پایداری جوی محاسبه شد. همچنین مقادیر بیشینه مجاز انتشار در صنایع این گروه برای درک بهتر وضعیت انتشار بررسی شده است. نتایج این بررسی نشان داد غلظت آلاینده‌های گازی در محل کارخانه نزدیک به صفر، غلظت ذرات معلق سایز 5/2 در محدوده 662/0-003/0 و غلظت ذرات معلق سایز 10 در محدوده 342/2-005/0 میلی‌گرم بر مترمکعب اندازه‌گیری شد. در همه موارد و برای همه آلاینده‌ها، بیشینه غلظت در کلاس‌های مربوط به شرایط ناپایدار (A تا C) در نزدیکی دودکش و برای شرایط پایدار (E و F) در فواصل دورتری از دودکش (2141 -3538 متری) رخ می‌دهد. در مقابل، کلاس‌های پایدار باعث می‌شوند رقیق‌سازی در فواصل ابتدایی رخ ندهد و مقادیر بالایی از غلظت تا فاصله دورتری از دودکش ادامه یابند و در این موارد احتمال انتقال آلودگی به مناطق مسکونی مجاور افزایش می‌یابد. در مجموع و براساس نتایج خروجی مدل انجام شده، این صنعت خطر جدی از منظر آلودگی هوا برای روستای پالاس ندارد ولی کارگران شرکت در مواردی با غلظت‌های بالای ذرات معلق مواجه هستند.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 4 2026 01 21 Comprehensive assessment of pollution indicators in agricultural soils around the Zayandeh Rood River in Isfahan ارزیابی جامع شاخص‌های آلودگی در خاک‌های کشاورزی اطراف رودخانه زاینده رود در اصفهان 10836 10847 239037 10.22034/jess.2025.553403.2415 FA نسرین قرهی دانشیار گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد 0000-0002-1981-2338 محمد‌مهدی فتحیان دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد 0000-0002-1981-2338 علی جعفری دانشیار گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد 0000-0002-1981-2338 محسن بهمنی دانشیار گروه مهندسی صنایع مبلمان، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد 0000-0002-1981-2338 Journal Article 2025 10 15 Introduction Heavy metals in soil are known as a very important pollutant and can be absorbed by plants and enter the food chain or by entering surface and underground water resources, they endanger the health and life of living organisms. Heavy metals are stable and accumulated in nature and if combined with organic and inorganic soil materials, they can enter the food chain. Then they penetrate the human body through food. Heavy metals can be absorbed into the human body through inhalation, skin contact, or direct ingestion. This study aimed to investigate the concentration of heavy metals in 108 soil samples from agricultural lands around the Zayandeh Rud River in Isfahan. Materials and methods The study area includes agricultural areas adjacent to the Zayandeh Rud River in Isfahan in the Sajzi and Gavkhoni foothill plains. Soil sampling was carried out from at least 108 points of river sediments in the downstream area of agricultural lands in the Sajzi-Gavkhoni-Kuhpayeh plains. The results of the experiment and comparison of the results of the element analysis were analyzed using Excel and SPSS software. One of the common methods for quantifying soil pollution is the use of environmental indices. In this study, soil pollution was evaluated using pollution indices including: enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, pollution factor and ecological risk. Results and discussion The average geochemical index for 5 metals was measured as 0.126, which is in class 1, i.e. non-polluted. The average ecological risk index for 5 metals measured was calculated as 13.925. Which is less than 40 and indicates low ecological risk. The average pollution coefficient index for 5 metals measured was calculated as 2.0235. Which indicates medium pollution coefficient index. The average enrichment coefficient index for 5 metals measured was calculated as 2.242. The results showed that in all the samples studied, the level of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils around the river is not in most cases of a serious concern. Except for the enrichment factor, which requires further measures and investigations. Continued monitoring of soil quality as well as assessment of the environmental impacts of agricultural and industrial activities in this area seems essential to preserve the ecosystem and soil health. This study can serve as a basis for future research in the field of soil contamination management in agricultural areas. Interpretation of the results of environmental indicators showed that continuous monitoring and monitoring of changes in the concentration of these elements in the studied soils is essential to preserve production resources and achieve food security. Conclusion Overall, the concerning nature of these results, coupled with the limitations of the data, suggests that neglecting other sources of pollution – such as contamination from organic matter and pesticides used in agriculture – could lead to further problems. Furthermore, the absence of severe heavy metal contamination should not result in neglecting optimal soil and water management in the region. Ultimately, although heavy metal contamination is not currently a major concern, continued monitoring and the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices remain essential to prevent future environmental issues. Introduction Heavy metals in soil are known as a very important pollutant and can be absorbed by plants and enter the food chain or by entering surface and underground water resources, they endanger the health and life of living organisms. Heavy metals are stable and accumulated in nature and if combined with organic and inorganic soil materials, they can enter the food chain. Then they penetrate the human body through food. Heavy metals can be absorbed into the human body through inhalation, skin contact, or direct ingestion. This study aimed to investigate the concentration of heavy metals in 108 soil samples from agricultural lands around the Zayandeh Rud River in Isfahan. Materials and methods The study area includes agricultural areas adjacent to the Zayandeh Rud River in Isfahan in the Sajzi and Gavkhoni foothill plains. Soil sampling was carried out from at least 108 points of river sediments in the downstream area of agricultural lands in the Sajzi-Gavkhoni-Kuhpayeh plains. The results of the experiment and comparison of the results of the element analysis were analyzed using Excel and SPSS software. One of the common methods for quantifying soil pollution is the use of environmental indices. In this study, soil pollution was evaluated using pollution indices including: enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, pollution factor and ecological risk. Results and discussion The average geochemical index for 5 metals was measured as 0.126, which is in class 1, i.e. non-polluted. The average ecological risk index for 5 metals measured was calculated as 13.925. Which is less than 40 and indicates low ecological risk. The average pollution coefficient index for 5 metals measured was calculated as 2.0235. Which indicates medium pollution coefficient index. The average enrichment coefficient index for 5 metals measured was calculated as 2.242. The results showed that in all the samples studied, the level of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils around the river is not in most cases of a serious concern. Except for the enrichment factor, which requires further measures and investigations. Continued monitoring of soil quality as well as assessment of the environmental impacts of agricultural and industrial activities in this area seems essential to preserve the ecosystem and soil health. This study can serve as a basis for future research in the field of soil contamination management in agricultural areas. Interpretation of the results of environmental indicators showed that continuous monitoring and monitoring of changes in the concentration of these elements in the studied soils is essential to preserve production resources and achieve food security. Conclusion Overall, the concerning nature of these results, coupled with the limitations of the data, suggests that neglecting other sources of pollution – such as contamination from organic matter and pesticides used in agriculture – could lead to further problems. Furthermore, the absence of severe heavy metal contamination should not result in neglecting optimal soil and water management in the region. Ultimately, although heavy metal contamination is not currently a major concern, continued monitoring and the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices remain essential to prevent future environmental issues. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی غلظت فلزات‌سنگین روی، مس، کادمیوم، نیکل و سرب در خاک زمین‌های کشاورزی اطراف رودخانه زاینده‌رود در اصفهان انجام شد. منطقه مورد مطالعه شامل محدوده‌های کشاورزی همجوار رودخانه زاینده‌ رود در اصفهان و رسوبات رودخانه زاینده رود در محدوده دشت کوهپایه سجزی و گاوخونی است. نمونه برداری خاک حداقل از 108 نقطه از رسوبات رودخانه در منطقه پایین دست زمین‌های کشاورزی در محدوده دشت کوهپایه-سجزی-گاوخونی انجام گرفت. در این پژوهش به ارزیابی آلودگی خاک با استفاده از شاخص‌های آلودگی شامل: فاکتور غنی‌شدگی، شاخص زمین‌انباشتگی، فاکتورآلودگی و خطر اکولوژیکی پرداخته شد. میانگین شاخص ژئوشیمیایی برای پنج فلز 126/0 اندازه‌گیری شدکه در کلاس یک یعنی غیر آلوده قرار دارد. میانگین شاخص خطر اکولوژیکی برای پنج فلز اندازه‌گیری شده 925/13 محاسبه شد. که کمتر از 40 است و خطر اکولوژیکی کم را نشان می‌دهد. میانگین شاخص ضریب‌ آلودگی برای پنج فلز اندازه‌گیری شده 0235/2 محاسبه شد که ضریب‌آلودگی متوسط را نشان می‌دهد. میانگین شاخص ضریب غنی‌شدگی برای پنج فلز اندازه‌گیری شده 242/2 محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان داد که سطح آلودگی فلزات‌سنگین در خاک‌های کشاورزی در اطراف رودخانه در بیشتر موارد در اندازه‌ای نیست که نگرانی جدی ایجاد کند. ادامه پایش کیفیت خاک و همچنین ارزیابی اثرات زیست ‌محیطی فعالیت‌های کشاورزی و صنعتی در این منطقه برای حفظ محیط و سلامت خاک ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. این مطالعه می‌تواند به عنوان مبنایی برای تحقیقات آینده در زمینه مدیریت آلودگی خاک در نواحی کشاورزی عمل کند.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 4 2026 01 21 The Impact of Government Effectiveness on Carbon Emission Intensity in the Power Sector within the Framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Case Study of Iran تاثیر اثربخشی دولت بر شدت انتشار کربن صنعت برق در چارچوب منحنی زیست محیطی کوزنتس: مطالعه موردی کشور ایران 10848 10868 239051 10.22034/jess.2025.553648.2416 FA زین العابدین صادقی دانشیار، بخش اقتصاد،دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد،دانشگاه شهید باهنر،کرمان، ایران 0000-0002-6591-6090 حکیمه آرامش دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد، بخش اقتصاد،دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد،دانشگاه شهید باهنر،کرمان، ایران 0009-0003-4777-8100 سیدعبدالمجید جلائی استاد، بخش اقتصاد،دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد،دانشگاه شهید باهنر،کرمان، ایران 0000-0001-8154-9123 سلیم کریمی تکلو دانشیار، گروه مدیریت، دانشگاه ولیعصر (عج)، رفسنجان، کرمان، ایران 0000-0002-4833-4873 Journal Article 2025 10 18 In the path toward achieving sustainable development, addressing the environmental consequences of productive, industrial, and construction activities is not a luxury but a vital necessity. Given that Iran’s power sector relies heavily on fossil fuels for electricity generation, this study aims to examine the factors influencing carbon emission intensity in Iran’s electricity industry within the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). To this end, the ARDL method is applied over the period 2000–2023.The findings reveal that Iran is currently at the initial stage of the Kuznets curve, and government effectiveness, as a key variable, plays a significant role in carbon emissions from this sector. Furthermore, considering the importance of the issue, the study employs dynamic system modeling over the period 2000–2071 by developing causal loop diagrams and an extended empirical model. The results of this section indicate that the most effective scenario among those tested is the simultaneous increase in economic growth and improvement of government efficiency. This combination not only reduces emissions but also paves the way for sustainable development. In terms of policy recommendations, the study suggests that policymakers should focus on enhancing government efficiency and reforming the institutional structure of the electricity sector. This includes implementing effective regulatory policies, ensuring accurate electricity pricing and price adjustments, while at the same time supporting vulnerable groups. Such measures would promote consumption pattern reform, ultimately reducing the emission intensity of the sector. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction The energy supply sector (including electricity, heating, and other forms of energy) is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, accounting for approximately 35% of total global emissions. Achieving carbon neutrality largely depends on the electrification of a growing number of sectors, provided that the electricity is generated primarily from renewable and carbon-free sources. Despite global progress toward the development of clean energy and the establishment of carbon markets, Iran continues to face numerous challenges in this regard. The lack of infrastructure for emission monitoring and pricing, the heavy reliance on subsidized fossil fuels, weak regulatory frameworks, and limited participation in international carbon reduction mechanisms are among the main obstacles to the expansion of a carbon market in the country. Furthermore, the low share of renewable energy in the national electricity generation mix and the insufficient economic incentives for producers to adopt low-carbon technologies have caused Iran’s electricity sector to lag behind the global energy transition. Accordingly, this study seeks to examine the factors influencing carbon emission intensity in Iran’s power industry, considering the aforementioned issues Materials and methods This study is conducted based on available data and employs econometric techniques for analysis. In the first stage, the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) approach was selected as the appropriate estimation method, since it can be applied when variables exhibit different levels of stationarity (up to order one) and allows for the estimation of both short-run and long-run relationships among variables. In the second stage, the system dynamics technique was utilized for a more comprehensive analysis of the issue. Accordingly, the innovation of this research lies in providing a dynamic analysis of the impact of government effectiveness on the carbon emission intensity of the power industry. Results and discussion The estimation results for the period 2000–2023 indicate that both real GDP (LGDP) and its squared term (LGDP²) have significant effects on carbon emission intensity in the electricity sector. The positive coefficient of LGDP and the negative coefficient of LGDP2 in the long run confirm the existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) relationship. This implies that in the early stages of economic growth, an increase in GDP leads to higher pollution levels; however, after surpassing a certain income threshold, this effect reverses, and economic growth becomes associated with lower carbon emissions. This finding is consistent with the theoretical foundations of the EKC hypothesis and highlights the importance of technological advancement and efficiency improvement at higher stages of development. Moreover, the government effectiveness variable, as a key factor in both the short-run and long-run models, exhibits negative and statistically significant coefficients, suggesting that enhanced governance quality and effective policy-making can contribute to reducing carbon emissions in the electricity sector. Conclusion The results of the model indicate that real GDP and its squared term have significant effects on carbon emission intensity, confirming the presence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and pollution. In addition, government effectiveness shows a negative and significant impact on carbon intensity in both the short and long run, highlighting the crucial role of effective policymaking in reducing emissions. Moreover, imports were found to have a reducing effect on carbon emissions, while exports exerted an increasing effect. Income inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient) also demonstrated a positive and significant influence on emissions. In the second stage, using system dynamics modeling over the period 2000–2066, the results of scenario simulations revealed that a 1.5% increase in government efficiency leads to a sustained reduction in carbon emissions in the electricity sector. Furthermore, a 2% economic growth initially raises emissions in the short run (due to the scale effect), but in the long run, through structural transformation and technological advancement, it can contribute to emission reduction. Therefore, the combination of economic growth and improved government efficiency forms the optimal scenario, ensuring the simultaneous achievement of economic development and environmental sustainability. The estimation results for the period 2000–2023 indicate that both real GDP (LGDP) and its squared term (LGDP²) have significant effects on carbon emission intensity in the electricity sector. The positive coefficient of LGDP and the negative coefficient of LGDP2 in the long run confirm the existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) relationship. This implies that in the early stages of economic growth, an increase in GDP leads to higher pollution levels; however, after surpassing a certain income threshold, this effect reverses, and economic growth becomes associated with lower carbon emissions. This finding is consistent with the theoretical foundations of the EKC hypothesis and highlights the importance of technological advancement and efficiency improvement at higher stages of development. Moreover, the government effectiveness variable, as a key factor in both the short-run and long-run models, exhibits negative and statistically significant coefficients, suggesting that enhanced governance quality and effective policy-making can contribute to reducing carbon emissions in the electricity sector. Conclusion The results of the model indicate that real GDP and its squared term have significant effects on carbon emission intensity, confirming the presence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and pollution. In addition, government effectiveness shows a negative and significant impact on carbon intensity in both the short and long run, highlighting the crucial role of effective policymaking in reducing emissions. Moreover, imports were found to have a reducing effect on carbon emissions, while exports exerted an increasing effect. Income inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient) also demonstrated a positive and significant influence on emissions. In the second stage, using system dynamics modeling over the period 2000–2066, the results of scenario simulations revealed that a 1.5% increase in government efficiency leads to a sustained reduction in carbon emissions in the electricity sector. Furthermore, a 2% economic growth initially raises emissions in the short run (due to the scale effect), but in the long run, through structural transformation and technological advancement, it can contribute to emission reduction. Therefore, the combination of economic growth and improved government efficiency forms the optimal scenario, ensuring the simultaneous achievement of economic development and environmental sustainability. در مسیر رسیدن به توسعه پایدار، توجه به پیامدهای زیست محیطی فعالیت‌های تولیدی، صنعتی و عمرانی نه یک انتخاب لوکس بلکه یک ضرورت حیاتی است. بدین منظور و با توجه به اینکه صنعت برق ایران متکی به سوخت‌های فسیلی برای تولید برق می‌باشد. این مطالعه در نظر دارد در چارچوب منحنی زیست محیطی کوزنتس عوامل تاثیر گذار بر شدت انتشار کربن صنعت برق ایران را بررسی نماید بدین منظور با استفاده از روش ARDL طی دوره بازه زمانی 1379 الی 1402 به بررسی این موضوع می‌پردازد. نتایج و یافته‌های تحقیق نشان می‌دهد ایران در مرحله اول منحنی کوزنتس قرار داشته و اثر بخشی دولت به عنوان متغیر کلیدی، نقشی برجسته در انتشار کربن این صنعت دارا می‌باشد. در ادامه با توجه به اهمیت موضوع از طریق به کارگیری سیستم‌های پویا طی بازه زمانی 1379 الی 1450 و ایجاد حلقه‌های علی و معلولی مدل تجربی توسعه یافته است. یافته‌های این بخش از تحقیق نشان می‌دهد موثرترین سناریو از بین سناریوهای اعمال شده سناریو همزمان افزایش رشد اقتصادی و بهبود کارایی دولت می‌باشد که می‌تواند علاوه بر کاهش انتشار توسعه ای پایدار را رقم زند. همچنین توصیه سیاستی‌ای که در این مطالعه می‌تواند مورد توجه سیاستگذاران قرار گیرد آن است که دولت با ارتقای کارآمدی و اصلاح ساختار نهادی بخش برق، اجرای سیاست‌های نظارتی و قیمت‌گذاری صحیح و واقعی‌سازی قیمت برق، همراه با حمایت از اقشار آسیب‌پذیر، زمینه اصلاح الگوی مصرف را فراهم کند که در نتیجه آن شدت انتشار این بخش کاهش یابد.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 4 2026 01 21 Assessing Environmental Quality in a Ramsey Model with Environmental Externalities: The Case of Iran under General Environmental Policies ارزیابی کیفیت محیط زیست در مدل رمزی با در نظر گرفتن اثرات جانبی زیست‌محیطی: مطالعه موردی ایران تحت سیاست‌های کلی محیط زیست 10869 10887 239320 10.22034/jess.2025.554558.2418 FA حمیدرضا ایزدی دانشیار گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده مدیریت و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه دریانوردی و علوم دریایی چابهار، چابهار، ایران 0000-0003-2297-6429 مهدی هاشمی کارشناس ارشد اقتصاد محیط زیست، دانشکده مدیریت و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه دریانوردی و علوم دریایی چابهار، چابهار، ایران 0000-0003-2297-6429 Journal Article 2025 10 20 The role of environmental quality as a public good in dynamic macroeconomic models has been the subject of much research and study over the past two decades. Governments are always looking to reduce the effects of environmental taxes by imposing ecological taxes on the externalities of economic activities, so they can eliminate these destructive activities and prevent the destruction of the environment. Considering the low focus of researchers on Ramsey models and the development and use of these models for economies such as the Iranian economy, which is considered a limitation, this research, by designing a Ramsey model with special conditions, investigates the long-term characteristics of a general equilibrium model for a Ramsey economy with the assumption of endogenous labor in the presence of negative externalities for Iran's economy. The results indicate that in a Ramsey model, despite the environmental externalities, it will result in the imposition of taxes as a policy, where capital taxes are imposed in the long term. In addition, the endogeneity of labor has led to the creation of a communication channel between consumption and labor, which creates a substitute between consumption and labor. Furthermore, the choice and substitution of consumption between periods in this model indicate the substitution of consumption between present and future consumption, which is another result of this modeling. The environmental quality as a public good has received significant attention in dynamic macroeconomic models over the past two decades. Governments aim to mitigate the adverse effects of economic activities by implementing environmental taxes, thereby preventing environmental degradation. Given the limited focus on Ramsey models in domestic research, this study designs a Ramsey model with specific conditions to examine the long-term characteristics of a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model for Iran’s economy, incorporating endogenous labor and negative environmental externalities. The findings suggest that capital taxation emerges as a long-term policy instrument. Moreover, labor endogeneity creates a substitution channel between consumption and labor, and intertemporal consumption choices reflect a trade-off between present and future consumption. Introduction Considering the role of environmental quality as a public good in dynamic macroeconomic models over the past two decades, many foreign studies have focused on this aspect. Governments, due to the importance of the environment, always seek to prevent environmental degradation by imposing taxes on environmentally harmful activities. On the other hand, increasing awareness about the environment puts more pressure on governments to reconsider their environmental policies. In the late 1960s, the issues of public policy regarding the environment began to be seriously discussed. Economists sought to design a theoretical framework that would allow them to depict new policy directions for this challenge. Materials and methods This research utilizes economic and environmental literature, and draws on studies by Angelopoulos et al. (2010), Xepapadeas (2005), Izadi (2023a, 2023b), Economides and Philippopoulos (2008), to introduce a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with exogenous labor. It ranks various environmental policy tools under uncertainty, illustrating that governments impose taxes on polluting activities and subsequently use the revenues to finance activities that reduce pollution. This study also incorporates the research by Bovenberg and Smulder (1995) which examines the relationship between environmental quality and economic growth using an endogenous growth model that includes pollution-increasing technological changes. Results and discussion The presence of side effects in the model leads to changes in the results and creates a positive and constant (non-zero) capital tax in equilibrium. Additionally, endogenous labor has increased environmental awareness, causing households and agents to make employment and production decisions based on environmental quality. This results in the improvement of environmental quality following a positive shock introduced by households regarding the weight of environmental quality. Ultimately, based on the model's diagrams and impulse response functions, it can be concluded that both model assumptions are validated. Incorporating environmental side effects into the model leads to changes in tax rates, and environmental awareness and information also influence economic agents' decisions, thus confirming the model's two assumptions. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Considering the role of environmental quality as a public good in dynamic macroeconomic models over the past two decades, many foreign studies have focused on this aspect. Governments, due to the importance of the environment, always seek to prevent environmental degradation by imposing taxes on environmentally harmful activities. On the other hand, increasing awareness about the environment puts more pressure on governments to reconsider their environmental policies. In the late 1960s, the issues of public policy regarding the environment began to be seriously discussed. Economists sought to design a theoretical framework that would allow them to depict new policy directions for this challenge. Materials and methods This research utilizes economic and environmental literature, and draws on studies by Angelopoulos et al. (2010), Xepapadeas (2005), Izadi (2023a, 2023b), Economides and Philippopoulos (2008), to introduce a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with exogenous labor. It ranks various environmental policy tools under uncertainty, illustrating that governments impose taxes on polluting activities and subsequently use the revenues to finance activities that reduce pollution. This study also incorporates the research by Bovenberg and Smulder (1995) which examines the relationship between environmental quality and economic growth using an endogenous growth model that includes pollution-increasing technological changes. Results and discussion The presence of side effects in the model leads to changes in the results and creates a positive and constant (non-zero) capital tax in equilibrium. Additionally, endogenous labor has increased environmental awareness, causing households and agents to make employment and production decisions based on environmental quality. This results in the improvement of environmental quality following a positive shock introduced by households regarding the weight of environmental quality. Ultimately, based on the model's diagrams and impulse response functions, it can be concluded that both model assumptions are validated. Incorporating environmental side effects into the model leads to changes in tax rates, and environmental awareness and information also influence economic agents' decisions, thus confirming the model's two assumptions. Conclusion Considering environmental policies and their role in reducing air pollution, as well as the findings of this research and the relationship between the environment and public health and welfare benefits, increasing green tax rates is very effective in preventing pollutant emissions. Therefore, the government should place more emphasis on approving and implementing green tax policies in society. Alongside this, they can also utilize tools such as regulations, fines, and financial incentives. Moreover, changing and improving energy consumption technologies toward environmentally friendly technologies will be highly effective. Reducing fossil fuels and replacing them with clean energy, such as wind and electric energy, are also other suitable and proposed solutions. A tax on fossil fuels will indirectly reduce air pollutants by decreasing fuel demand and consumption. Additionally, energy subsidy removal policies should be implemented. Implementing appropriate monetary and fiscal policies to control inflation and its effects in the country is crucial because higher inflation causes more people to leave their homes to earn income, leading to increased traffic and congestion, thereby exacerbating air pollution. نقش کیفیت محیط زیست به عنوان یک کالای عمومی در مدل‌های اقتصاد کلان پویا در طول دو دهه گذشته زمینه بسیاری از تحقیقات و مطالعات را به خود اختصاص داده‌ و دولت‌ها همواره به دنبال آن هستند که بتوانند با وضع مالیات‌های زیست‌محیطی بر آثار جانبی فعالیت‌های اقتصادی، اثرات مخرب این فعالیت‌ها را از بین برده و از تخریب محیط‌زیست جلوگیری کنند. در این میان، با توجه به تمرکز کم محققان به مدل‌های رمزی و توسعه این مدل‌ها و استفاده از این مدل‌ها برای اقتصادهای چون اقتصاد ایران که به عنوان یک محدودیت می‌باشد، این تحقیق با طراحی یک مدل‌ رمزی با شرایط خاص، به بررسی ویژگی‌های بلند مدت یک مدل تعادل عمومی تصادفی پویا برای یک اقتصاد رمزی با فرض نیروی کار درون‌زا در حضور اثرات جانبی زیست محیطی منفی برای اقتصاد ایران می‌پردازد. نتایج این تحقیق حاکی از آن است در یک مدل رمزی با وجود اثرات جانبی محیط زیستی، وضع مالیات را به عنوان یک سیاست به دنبال خواهد داشت که در اینجا مالیات بر سرمایه در بلند مدت وضع خواهد شد. علاوه بر این، درونزا بودن نیروی‌کار، منجر به ایجاد کانال ارتباطی بین مصرف و نیروی کار شده که جایگزینی بین مصرف و نیروی‌کار را ایجاد می‌نماید. اضافه بر این، انتخاب و جایگزینی مصرف بین دوره‌ای در این مدل، حاکی از جانشینی مصرف بین مصرف امروز و آینده است که این از دیگر نتایج این مدلسازی می‌باشد.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 4 2026 01 21 Trend Analysis of the Development of Green Brand and Forecasting its Future واکاوی تحلیل روند توسعه برند سبز و پیش بینی آینده 10888 10907 239322 10.22034/jess.2025.562218.2428 FA مسلم سلیمان پور استادیار گروه مدیریت بازرگانی دانشکده پیام نور، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-9656-3347 بهمن تارویردیزاده گروه علوم پایه، دانشکده ریاضی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه 0000-0002-4112-0768 حسن الوداری گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران 0000-0001-6928-4660 رضا نوروزی اجیرلو استادیار گروه مدیریت بازرگانی دانشکده پیام نور، تهران، ایران 0000-0001-5787-6140 Journal Article 2025 11 25 Abstract 1. INTRODUCTION Predicting the future of green brands is becoming increasingly necessary today as consumer awareness of environmental issues and demand for sustainable products increases. Understanding market trends and consumer behavior is critical for green brands to be competitive. Foresight enables green brands to innovate and develop new products that are in line with sustainability goals. One of the most important indicators for the development of green brands is the growth rate of their products in different areas. Given the key role of the term “green brand” and the need to be aware of its changes and developments, the question arises as to what pattern the development of green brands in different areas follows and what their growth trend will be in the future. Accordingly, the main objective of this research is to analyze the development trend of green brands and predict their future based on information from documents published in various fields of green brands. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The purpose of this study is “applied”, i.e. Scientometrics. As far as the method of collecting the research data is concerned, it is a “descriptive survey”. The statistical population comprises all documents that have been published to date in various areas of green branding in scientometric studies. The necessary data extraction was carried out using information from the Scopus database. The statistical sample of the study also includes all scientific documents indexed in the Scopus citation database on green branding from 2000 to 2024. Accordingly, we categorized 14 topic areas into 5 green branding groups and then extracted the overall statistics of the number of publications in each category. The methods used include time series modeling with the Box-Jenkins method and goodness-of-fit tests with Akaike and Bayesian information criteria. The forecasting package of the statistical software R was used to perform these analyses. The Akaike information criterion is a measure of goodness of fit that indicates how much information is missing in a statistical model. It is a comparative measure and does not in itself indicate whether a model fits well or poorly. It is defined as AIC -2log(L)+2K, where L is the likelihood function of the model and k is the number of model parameters considered. The model with the lowest AIC is considered to be a better fit than competing models for a data set. If the number of samples n is not very large, the corrected Akaike information criterion AICc is normally used as follows: AIC -2log(L)+2K(n/(n-k-1) ) 3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION According to the Scopus publications database, economics, management and accounting have the highest share of the total number of publications at around 33 percent and computer science the lowest at around 11 percent. The time series graph of the number of publications in the five fields of economics, management and accounting, environmental sciences, social sciences, engineering and computer science shows an increasing trend. To test the appropriateness of each selected model, it must be ensured that the residuals resulting from the model fit are independent and follow a normal distribution with zero mean and constant variance. The mean prediction of the number of publications and its interval estimate at a 95% confidence level were estimated in each of the 5 areas. To create the possibility of prediction based on a mathematical model, we fit different ARIMA time series models to the desired data and finally select the best fitting model based on the AICc index. The best-fit model based on the AICc indices is the model with the lowest value of this index. Accordingly, the (1,2,0)ARIMA model was selected as the most appropriate time series model for analyzing the trend in the number of publications in the field of economics, management and accounting, the (0,2,1)ARIMA model was selected as the most appropriate time series model for analyzing the trend in the number of publications in the field of environmental sciences, the (2,2, 0)ARIMA model was selected as the most appropriate time series model for analyzing the trend in the number of publications in the field of social sciences, the (1,1,0)ARIMA model was selected as the most appropriate time series model for analyzing the trend in the number of publications in the field of engineering, and the (0,2,1)ARIMA model was selected as the most appropriate time series model for analyzing the trend in the number of publications in the field of computer sciences. 4.CONCLUSION Based on the research results, a total of 3043 studies were conducted on the topic of “Green Branding” in 5 areas: Business, Management and Accounting, Environmental Science, Social Science, Engineering and Computer Science. Analyzing these publications in each field with the R software package led to the following conclusions as overall research results for the next 10 years based on a trend analysis. As shown in the table1, social sciences will have the highest growth rate of 141.66% and engineering the lowest at 35.26% over the next ten years. The future trend of the 'green brand' keyword is critical as it reflects changing consumer preferences around sustainability, provides competitive advantage, supports compliance with evolving regulations and contributes to wider environmental goals. Companies that recognize and adapt to these trends are likely to thrive in an increasingly environmentally conscious market landscape. Since this study used the Scopus citation database to analyze the future of the term “green brand,” it is suggested that future researchers also use other databases such as Web of Science and extract the number of citations of publications and use them to analyze the trend.The future trend of the 'green brand' keyword is critical as it reflects changing consumer preferences around sustainability, provides competitive advantage, supports compliance with evolving regulations and contributes to wider environmental goals. Companies that recognize and adapt to these trends are likely to thrive in an increasingly environmentally conscious market landscape. Since this study used the Scopus citation database to analyze the future of the term “green brand,” it is suggested that future researchers also use other databases such as Web of Science and extract the number of citations of publications and use them to analyze the trend. Table 1. Percentage growth in the number of publications over the next 10 years for each green brand area Growth rate over the next 10 years Average total publications in 2034 Total number of publications in 2024 Green Brand Group Leader 74/58 625 358 Business, Management and Accounting 66/26 138 83 Environmental Sciences 141/66 261 108 Social Sciences 35/26 75 56 Engineering 85/48 115 62 Computer Science Keywords: Trend analysis; Green brand categories; Scientometrics; Time series models; Growth rate forecasting هدف: توسعه‌ی برند سبز در حوزههای مختلف از چه الگویی پیروی میکند و در آینده روند رشد آنها چگونه خواهد بود؟ روش: تحقیق حاضر از نظر هدف "کاربردی" علم‌سنجی است. جامعه‌ی آماری شامل کلیه‌ی اسنادی است که تاکنون در حوزههای مختلف برند سبز در پایگاه اسکوپوس منتشر شده است. نمونه‌ی آماری تحقیق کلیه‌ی اسنادی علمی است که از سال 2000 تا 2024 در مورد برند سبز در پایگاه استنادی اسکوپوس در 5 سرگروه برند‌سبز نمایه شده‌اند. روش: مدلسازی سریهای زمانی به روش باکس- جنکینز و آزمونهای نیکویی برازش به کمک معیارهای اطلاع آکائیکه و بیزی از جمله روشهای مورد استفاده هستند برای انجام این تحلیلها از بسته‌ی (forecast)در نرم افزار آماری R استفاده شده است. دستاوردهای پژوهش:با توجه به انتشارات پایگاه اسکوپوس بازرگانی، مدیریت و حسابداری با حدود 33 درصد بیشترین سهم و علوم کامپیوتر با حدود 11 درصد کمترین سهم از تعداد کل انتشارات بودند. علوم اجتماعی با 66/141 درصد بیشترین و مهندسی با 26/35 درصد کمترین میزان رشد را طی ده سال آینده به خود اختصاص خواهند داد.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 4 2026 01 21 Evaluation of the Impact of Training Provided by Olive Oil Extraction Units on the Quantity and Quality of Produced Oil and Growers’ Satisfaction in Rudbar County ارزیابی تأثیر آموزش واحدهای روغن‌کشی زیتون بر کمیت و کیفیت روغن تولیدی و رضایت‌مندی باغداران در شهرستان رودبار 10908 10918 239389 10.22034/jess.2025.563996.2431 FA روح اله یوسفی استادیار پژوهشی، موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رشت، ایران. 0000-0001-5437-9333 زهرا یوسفی استادیار پژوهشی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گیلان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رشت، ایران 0000-0002-8968-0705 افسانه برنجکار گوربی دانش آموخته دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، علوم تحقیقات تهران، ایران 0009-0006-0419-1838 Journal Article 2025 12 04 Introduction The olive tree is one of the earliest domesticated crops in human history and has played an enduring cultural, economic, and nutritional role across civilizations. Archaeological evidence and the presence of centuries-old olive trees from western to northern Iran attest to the long-standing significance of olive cultivation in the region. Globally, olive production spans approximately 11 million hectares, while Iran accounts for nearly 80,000 hectares, producing about 237,000 tons annually. Within Iran, Gilan Province ranks second in cultivated area and is a major contributor to national olive production, with Rudbar County recognized as the historical epicenter of the country’s olive and olive oil industries. The quality and quantity of olive oil are highly dependent on appropriate post-harvest practices, including optimal harvest timing, suitable transportation, proper fruit storage, and minimal delays between harvest and processing. Poor post-harvest handling—such as storing olives in non-ventilated plastic bags or prolonged waiting times before processing—can elevate acidity levels and accelerate oxidative degradation. Compounding these issues, many small-scale farmers harvest olives prematurely for table olive markets due to limited awareness of the economic and technical benefits associated with full maturity harvest for oil production. Despite the crucial role of training in improving technical performance within agricultural value chains, little attention has been paid to the specific impact of training delivered directly by olive oil extraction units. These units represent a pivotal link between farmers and processing facilities and are uniquely positioned to influence farmers’ knowledge about best practices, including harvesting methods, storage protocols, and delivery standards. Yet, no systematic assessment has been conducted on how their training affects oil yield, oil quality, or farmer satisfaction. Given Rudbar County’s distinct status as the central hub of olive cultivation and processing in Iran—and the prominent role of private extraction units as de facto extension providers—it is essential to investigate their effectiveness in transferring technical knowledge. Furthermore, service quality affects farmers’ willingness to adopt recommended practices, making the SERVQUAL model an appropriate tool for evaluating perceived performance and expectations. Consequently, this study seeks to assess the effects of training conducted by olive oil extraction units on oil yield and oil quality, and to evaluate farmers’ satisfaction with service quality. By comparing trained and untrained farmers and identifying key service quality gaps, the study provides evidence-based insights that can inform more effective extension strategies, strengthen the operational performance of extraction units, and enhance the overall efficiency and competitiveness of the olive value chain in Rudbar County. Materials and methods This research was conducted in Rudbar County, Gilan Province, from 2021 to 2023 to evaluate the effects of training provided by olive oil extraction units on oil quantity, oil quality, and farmer satisfaction. A comparative design was employed, involving a group of farmers who received structured, face-to-face instruction by technicians and operators of the extraction units and a control group with no formal training. Four extraction units with the highest levels of farmer engagement constituted the study population. Sampling followed a two-stage process. First, stratified sampling with proportional allocation was used to determine sample shares for each extraction unit. Second, simple random sampling was employed to select participants within each stratum. Based on the Krejcie–Morgan sampling table, a minimum of 243 farmers was required; ultimately, 243 farmers were included, split evenly between trained and untrained groups. Training sessions lasted approximately two hours and covered optimal harvest timing, recommended fruit handling methods, appropriate delivery intervals, and fundamental oil extraction principles. Oil quantity was measured using yield per hectare and statistically compared between groups using independent-samples t-tests. Oil quality was assessed through laboratory analyses of acidity and peroxide values, following national standards ISIRI 4178 and ISIRI 4179, respectively. Farmers' satisfaction with service quality was evaluated using a 23-item SERVQUAL questionnaire covering reliability, responsiveness, empathy, assurance, and tangibles. Both perceived performance and expectations were rated on five-point Likert scales, and service quality gaps were computed by subtracting performance scores from expectation scores. Content validity was confirmed through expert review using the Content Validity Index (CVI), and reliability was tested via Cronbach’s alpha, which exceeded the minimum threshold of 0.70 for all dimensions. Data were collected on-site at extraction units during the processing season to ensure response accuracy. Analyses included descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, Pearson correlations, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests using SPSS version 26, with the significance level set at 0.05. Results and discussion Of the 243 participating farmers, 89% were male and most were between 30 and 50 years old. Over half held university degrees and had more than five years of farming experience, suggesting considerable potential for adopting improved production practices. When comparing oil yield, trained farmers consistently produced lower yields than untrained farmers, a difference that reached statistical significance only in the Baghdaran unit. This reduction is attributable to earlier harvesting among trained farmers—a practice known to decrease extraction volume while enhancing oil quality through improved phenolic content and reduced oxidative deterioration. Regarding oil quality, no significant differences emerged in acidity levels between the trained and untrained groups, and all samples met the criteria for virgin olive oil. However, peroxide values were significantly lower among trained farmers in the Baghdaran unit, indicating improved oxidative stability resulting from better post-harvest handling. The lack of comparable improvements in other units suggests variability in training quality, inconsistent reinforcement of recommended practices, or operational shortcomings within processing facilities. Quality classification showed that most oil samples fell within the “ordinary virgin” category. Notably, only trained farmers from the Golestan Zeytoon unit achieved “fine virgin” status, underscoring the combined importance of proper farmer practices and well-maintained extraction infrastructure. The SERVQUAL analysis revealed significant negative gaps across all dimensions—reliability, responsiveness, empathy, assurance, and tangibles—indicating that farmers’ expectations were not met by the services provided. The most substantial gap occurred in responsiveness, reflecting dissatisfaction with the timeliness, clarity, and adequacy of information and assistance provided by staff. This gap suggests weak communication practices, insufficient customer service training, and inadequate managerial oversight. Tangibles, including equipment and physical facilities, also showed negative gaps, pointing to a need for modernization and better maintenance. Taken together, the findings highlight the complex interplay between farmer behavior, training effectiveness, and extraction unit performance. While training has demonstrable potential to improve oil quality, its impact remains limited unless complemented by improvements in operational management, staff competencies, and standardized service protocols. The absence of a formal oversight mechanism further exacerbates inconsistencies among extraction units, limiting the effectiveness of decentralized, non-governmental extension services. Conclusion This study demonstrates that olive oil extraction units in Rudbar County possess significant potential to enhance both oil quality and farmer satisfaction through well-designed training and improved service delivery. Training contributed to measurable improvements in peroxide values within at least one unit, confirming the effectiveness of practices such as timely harvesting, proper fruit handling, and reduced post-harvest delays. Although earlier harvesting led to a modest decline in oil yield, the resulting improvements in oil quality—and the potential for higher-value classification—suggest an overall benefit to farmers and the olive value chain. However, the pervasive negative service quality gaps across all SERVQUAL dimensions indicate that current service delivery does not meet farmers’ expectations. The most critical shortcomings relate to responsiveness, including the timeliness and clarity of communication and staff willingness to assist. These deficiencies, if unaddressed, may erode farmers’ trust in extraction units and reduce participation in oil extraction activities, potentially shifting production toward lower-value table olives. To improve outcomes, extraction units must adopt a more integrated approach that aligns technical training with managerial reforms and stronger service orientation. Establishing a formal cooperative or industry association could provide the oversight needed to ensure consistent service delivery standards. Regular monitoring by provincial food and drug authorities—particularly during the oil extraction season—would help ensure compliance with technical and sanitary requirements. Introducing a differentiated pricing system based on oil quality could further incentivize farmers and extraction units to adopt best practices. Overall, enhancing the effectiveness of training, improving service quality, and strengthening regulatory coordination will contribute significantly to upgrading the performance, economic viability, and sustainability of the olive value chain in Rudbar County. هدف این پژوهش، ارزیابی تأثیر آموزش‌های ارائه‌شده توسط واحدهای روغن‌کشی زیتون بر کمیت و کیفیت روغن تولیدی و نیز بررسی رضایت‌مندی باغداران شهرستان رودبار است. این مطالعه طی سال‌های ۱۴۰۰ تا ۱۴۰۲ با طراحی مقایسه‌ای و بر پایه دو گروه هدف (آموزش‌دیده) و شاهد (فاقد آموزش) انجام شد. نمونه‌گیری به‌صورت طبقه‌ای و تصادفی ساده از میان مراجعه‌کنندگان چهار واحد فعال روغن‌کشی انجام گرفت و در مجموع 243 باغدار مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. محتوای آموزشی در تمام واحدها یکسان و شامل زمان بهینه برداشت، نحوه صحیح حمل‌ونقل و نگهداری میوه و اصول اولیه فرآیند روغن‌کشی بود. کمیت روغن با شاخص عملکرد در هکتار و کیفیت روغن با اندازه‌گیری اسیدیته و عدد پراکسید سنجیده شد. رضایت‌مندی باغداران نیز با استفاده از پرسشنامه استاندارد سروکوال در پنج بعد اعتماد، پاسخگویی، همدلی، امنیت و ملموسات ارزیابی شد. نتایج نشان داد که آموزش‌ها تنها در واحد روغن‌کشی باغداران منجر به کاهش معنی‌دار عدد پراکسید و بهبود نسبی کیفیت روغن شده است، در حالی که تغییر معنی‌داری در میزان اسیدیته مشاهده نشد؛ امری که می‌تواند ناشی از وابستگی بیشتر اسیدیته به شرایط برداشت و آسیب‌دیدگی میوه در باغ باشد. برداشت زودتر میوه در گروه آموزش‌دیده که در راستای توصیه‌های آموزشی و با هدف ارتقای کیفیت روغن انجام شد، موجب کاهش خفیف عملکرد روغن در واحد سطح گردید و بیانگر وجود مبادله آگاهانه بین کمیت و کیفیت است. تحلیل شکاف کیفیت خدمات بر اساس مدل سروکوال نشان داد که در هر پنج بعد، شکاف منفی و معنی‌دار بین سطح عملکرد و سطح انتظار باغداران وجود دارد که بیشترین آن مربوط به بعد پاسخگویی است. این نتایج بیانگر ضعف در اطلاع‌رسانی، تعامل و مسئولیت‌پذیری واحدهای روغن‌کشی در قبال باغداران است.

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انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 4 2026 01 21 Evaluating Desertification Severity with a Focus on the Land Subsidence Index Associated with Groundwater Depletion in the Abarkooh–Sirjan Basin ارزیابی شدت بیابان‌زایی با تاکید بر شاخص فرونشست مرتبط با تغییرات منابع آب زیرزمینی در حوضه آبریز ابرقو–سیرجان 10919 10929 239390 10.22034/jess.2025.543518.2401 FA سیما رحیمی بندرآبادی استادیار مرکز تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی استان یزد، سازمان تات Journal Article 2025 10 12 Introduction Land subsidence, as one of the most severe manifestations of land degradation, is commonly the consequence of excessive groundwater withdrawal and quantitative and qualitative alterations in aquifer systems. This irreversible phenomenon represents one of the final stages of desertification and can severely disrupt the ecological and economic functions of the land. In most desertification assessment models and indices, emphasis has traditionally been placed on climatic, edaphic, and vegetation factors, while land subsidence has been less frequently considered as an independent and influential indicator. In recent years, however, new approaches to desertification assessment have sought to integrate groundwater-related indicators—such as groundwater level decline, electrical conductivity (EC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)—with subsidence rate and extent, in order to provide a more comprehensive understanding of land degradation. Within this framework, models such as IMDPA and its extended versions, by incorporating subsidence as a key criterion, enable the reclassification of desertification severity and the more precise identification of critical zones. Such approaches not only enhance the accuracy of assessment models but also contribute significantly to preventive policymaking, sustainable water resource management, and mitigation of desertification processes. Accordingly, integrating hydrogeological data with geomechanical indicators, such as land subsidence, is a crucial step in analyzing and monitoring land degradation processes. The present study aims to evaluate the role of groundwater level decline, water quality deterioration, and land subsidence in desertification and land degradation in the Abarkouh–Sirjan watershed using the IMDPA model. Materials and Methods To this end, thematic layers of groundwater-related indicators—including groundwater level decline, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio—and land subsidence maps were prepared and classified in terms of desertification risk. Subsequently, by integrating the qualitative and quantitative groundwater degradation maps with the land subsidence map (considered as a soil criterion) through a regional averaging approach, the final desertification severity map was generated. Ultimately, the spatial distribution of desertification intensity was mapped using final desertification risk classes derived from the averaged values of the individual indicators. Results and Discussion For the evaluation of desertification status, groundwater quality indicators (EC and SAR) were first examined. Since land subsidence data for the Abarkouh–Sirjan basin were available for the 2015–2016 hydrological year, groundwater quality indices were assessed for 2015–2016 and 2016–2017, and their spatial averages were calculated. Results indicated that approximately 60% of the groundwater resources in the study area exhibited high salinity levels (EC exceeding 5,000 μS/cm). The spatial distribution of SAR revealed that, except for Sirjan and Ghotrooyeh playas (values between 18 and 26), SAR values across the rest of the study area were generally below 18 (low category). The regional average groundwater level decline was about 54 cm for the entire area and 57 cm for aquifers, with variations ranging from 1 cm to 237 cm across the basin. Moreover, land subsidence was most pronounced in the Abarkouh, Bavanat, and Sarchahan aquifers, classified within moderate to very severe categories. The final map demonstrated that more than 90% of the study area fell within moderate to very severe desertification intensity classes. Conclusion Introduction Land subsidence is recognized as one of the most severe manifestations of land degradation, commonly resulting from excessive groundwater extraction and significant changes in both the quantity and quality of aquifer systems. This irreversible phenomenon can disrupt ecological functions, including soil stability, vegetation productivity, and water retention, as well as economic activities such as agriculture and water-dependent industries. In arid and semi-arid regions, land subsidence often represents a terminal stage of desertification, signaling a critical imbalance between resource extraction and natural system resilience. Despite its importance, most traditional desertification assessment models and indices have historically focused on climatic factors, soil properties, and vegetation cover, while largely overlooking land subsidence as an independent and influential criterion. Recent advances in desertification research emphasize the need for integrative assessment approaches that combine hydrogeological and geomechanical indicators. Groundwater-related factors—such as groundwater level decline, electrical conductivity (EC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)—provide essential information about aquifer stress and water quality deterioration, while subsidence measurements capture the physical response of soil and sediments to prolonged extraction. Integrating these datasets enables a comprehensive evaluation of land degradation processes and the identification of critical zones that may be underestimated when using conventional indicators alone. In this context, the Integrated Monitoring and Desertification Prediction Assessment (IMDPA) model, including its extended versions, has proven effective. By incorporating land subsidence as a key criterion, IMDPA allows refined classification of desertification severity, more precise identification of vulnerable areas, and improved guidance for sustainable resource management. Materials and Methods The present study focuses on the Abarkouh–Sirjan watershed, a semi-arid to arid region in central Iran characterized by high interannual variability in precipitation and intensive groundwater use. To evaluate the contribution of groundwater level decline, water quality deterioration, and land subsidence to desertification, thematic layers of hydrogeological and geomechanical indicators were developed. These layers included maps of groundwater level decline, EC, SAR, and land subsidence. Each indicator was classified according to desertification risk levels. Subsequently, qualitative and quantitative groundwater degradation maps were integrated with the land subsidence map, considered as a soil criterion, using a regional averaging approach. This integration produced a final desertification severity map reflecting the combined effects of hydrological and geomechanical factors on land degradation. Results and Discussion Analysis of groundwater quality indicators revealed widespread deterioration across the watershed. Approximately 60% of groundwater resources exhibited high salinity levels (EC > 5,000 μS/cm), indicating substantial ionic accumulation due to prolonged extraction and limited natural recharge. SAR values were generally below 18 (low sodicity), except in localized playa areas such as Sirjan and Ghotrooyeh, where values ranged between 18 and 26. Groundwater level decline displayed significant spatial variability, with a regional average of 54 cm and localized extremes reaching 237 cm, highlighting the heterogeneous response of aquifers to extraction pressures and the need for site-specific management interventions. Land subsidence was most pronounced in the Abarkouh, Bavanat, and Sarchahan aquifers, classified within moderate to very severe categories. Incorporating subsidence into the IMDPA model substantially influenced the final desertification classification, revealing critical zones that could have been underestimated if only hydrological or climatic factors were considered. The final desertification map indicated that over 90% of the watershed falls within moderate to very severe intensity classes, with approximately 40% categorized as severe and 10% as very severe. Areas experiencing substantial groundwater decline and high subsidence rates correspond closely with regions of highest desertification severity, confirming the interdependent role of hydrological stress and soil compaction in land degradation. These findings have significant implications for land and water resource management. Identification of zones affected by both groundwater depletion and pronounced subsidence provides a basis for targeted interventions, including controlled groundwater abstraction, artificial recharge, and soil stabilization measures. Integrating hydrogeological and geomechanical data enhances the predictive capacity of desertification assessment models, supporting informed policy-making and prioritization of mitigation efforts. Continuous monitoring and multi-criteria evaluation are essential to capture the dynamic interactions between aquifer depletion, water quality degradation, and land subsidence that drive desertification processes. Conclusion Land subsidence is confirmed as a pivotal criterion in desertification assessment, capable of revealing critical areas of vulnerability that may not be apparent when relying solely on conventional indicators. Integrating quantitative and qualitative groundwater indices with geomechanical data facilitates a comprehensive evaluation of land degradation, supporting both scientific understanding and practical management. The Abarkouh–Sirjan watershed serves as a representative case illustrating the complex interactions between anthropogenic pressures and natural system responses in arid and semi-arid environments. The study emphasizes the necessity of adopting integrative assessment approaches and highlights the crucial role of subsidence monitoring in sustainable land and water resource management. Future research should refine multi-indicator models, incorporate additional environmental stressors, and assess the long-term effectiveness of interventions aimed at mitigating land degradation and enhancing ecosystem resilience فرونشست زمین یکی از جدی‌ترین جلوه‌های تخریب سرزمین به شمار می‌رود که عمدتاً ناشی از برداشت بی‌رویه آب‌های زیرزمینی و تغییرات کمی و کیفی مخازن آبی است. این پدیده غیرقابل بازگشت، مرحله‌ای نهایی از بیابان‌زایی محسوب می‌شود و می‌تواند کارکردهای اکولوژیکی و اقتصادی سرزمین را به‌شدت مختل سازد. در بسیاری از مدل‌ها و شاخص‌های ارزیابی بیابان‌زایی، تمرکز بر عوامل اقلیمی، خاکی و پوشش گیاهی بوده و فرونشست زمین کمتر به‌عنوان شاخصی مستقل در نظر گرفته شده است. رویکردهای نوین ارزیابی بیابان‌زایی تلاش کرده‌اند با ترکیب شاخص‌های کمی و کیفی آب زیرزمینی—مانند افت سطح آب، هدایت الکتریکی و نسبت جذب سدیم—با داده‌های فرونشست زمین، تصویری جامع‌تر از تخریب سرزمین ارائه دهند. در این چارچوب، مدل‌هایی مانند IMDPA و نسخه‌های توسعه‌یافته آن، با لحاظ کردن فرونشست به‌عنوان معیار کلیدی، امکان بازنگری در طبقه‌بندی شدت بیابان‌زایی و شناسایی دقیق‌تر مناطق بحرانی را فراهم می‌سازند. در این مطالعه، حوزه آبخیز ابرقو–سیرجان با استفاده از مدل IMDPA ارزیابی شد. ابتدا نقشه‌های شاخص‌های کمی و کیفی آب زیرزمینی و فرونشست زمین تهیه و بر اساس خطر بیابان‌زایی طبقه‌بندی شدند. سپس با تلفیق این نقشه‌ها از طریق میانگین منطقه‌ای، نقشه نهایی شدت بیابان‌زایی به دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد حدود 60 درصد منابع آب زیرزمینی منطقه دارای شوری شدید (EC بیش از 5000 میکروزیمنس) و میانگین افت سطح آب زیرزمینی 54 سانتی‌متر در سال است. فرونشست زمین در آبخوان‌های ابرقو، بوانات و سرچاهان بیشترین شدت را داشته و در محدوده متوسط تا خیلی شدید قرار دارد. نقشه نهایی نشان داد بیش از 90 درصد منطقه در طبقات شدت متوسط تا خیلی شدید بیابان‌زایی قرار دارد. این یافته‌ها اهمیت شاخص فرونشست زمین را به‌عنوان معیاری کلیدی در ارزیابی بیابان‌زایی تأکید می‌کند و نشان می‌دهد که ادغام داده‌های هیدروژئولوژیکی و ژئومکانیکی می‌تواند در شناسایی مناطق بحرانی و تدوین سیاست‌های مدیریتی مؤثر نقش بسزایی ایفا کند.

https://www.jess.ir/article_239390_67b5f8efa8aadcdc58b2382be8c701e1.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 4 2026 02 16 A Study on Enhancing the Mental Health of Youth Based on Urban Landscape Improvement (Case Study: Pardisan Park, Tehran) جستاری در ارتقای سلامتِ روانیِ جوانان مبتنی بر ارتقای منظر شهری (مطالعه موردی : پارک پردیسان تهران ) 10930 10948 240733 10.22034/jess.2026.556717.2425 FA غزل خداکرمى گروه معماری، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران 0009-0000-8149-9074 صدیقه معین مهر گروه معماری، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران 0000-0001-6879-1425 Journal Article 2025 11 14 Introduction In recent decades, rapid urbanization, industrial expansion, and population growth have led to profound transformations in cities worldwide, creating unprecedented environmental, social, and psychological challenges. Among these, deteriorating air quality, urban heat, noise pollution, and the increasing alienation of people from natural environments have severely affected citizens’ mental well-being. The urban lifestyle—often characterized by crowding, limited access to nature, and high levels of sensory and cognitive stress—has been shown to elevate anxiety, depression, and social isolation. Therefore, the creation and enhancement of urban green spaces have become essential strategies for promoting sustainable urban living and psychological resilience. Urban green spaces, as vital components of urban infrastructure, not only provide ecological services such as air purification, temperature regulation, and biodiversity preservation but also play a critical role in improving mental health and quality of life. Within this spectrum, eco-parks have emerged as innovative urban typologies that integrate ecological, recreational, and educational functions. They offer opportunities for citizens—particularly young people—to engage with nature through multisensory, interactive, and socially cohesive experiences. These spaces can mitigate the psychological burdens of urban living by promoting relaxation, creativity, and environmental awareness. In Iran, particularly in metropolitan areas like Tehran, the accelerating pace of urban growth and technological development has intensified environmental pollution and weakened the human–nature relationship. Pardisan Park, one of Tehran’s largest and most significant ecological parks, represents a critical case for evaluating how landscape qualities can foster mental health benefits. Despite its ecological and educational potential, limited research has examined the relationship between its spatial design features and users’ psychological well-being. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the landscape capacities of Pardisan Park in enhancing the mental health of young adults, identifying key design and management variables that influence emotional and cognitive well-being. This research is grounded in the theoretical framework of environmental psychology and restorative landscape design, emphasizing the biophilic connection between humans and nature. The study posits that well-designed green spaces—with sufficient diversity, accessibility, spatial flexibility, and opportunities for play and participation—can function as restorative environments that reduce stress and encourage positive affect. Hence, this study contributes to both academic knowledge and practical guidelines for designing urban landscapes that support mental health in rapidly developing cities. Materials and Methods This research employed a mixed-methods approach (quantitative–qualitative) to comprehensively explore both the perceptual and behavioral dimensions of young visitors’ experiences in Pardisan Park. The study population consisted of individuals aged 20–34 years, representing a key demographic group for understanding urban mental health dynamics due to their active lifestyle and frequent park usage. Qualitative Phase In the qualitative phase, a combination of guided field observations and semi-structured interviews was conducted with young park visitors. The observations focused on spatial behavior, interaction patterns, and engagement with natural and built elements of the park. The interviews explored participants’ emotional responses, perceptions of comfort and safety, and sense of place attachment. Collected qualitative data were analyzed through thematic coding in three stages—open, axial, and selective—to extract recurrent categories related to landscape qualities and mental-health experiences. These emergent categories then informed the design of the quantitative questionnaire. Quantitative Phase In the quantitative phase, data were collected using a structured questionnaire designed based on qualitative findings and relevant literature. The survey included multiple sections assessing: Perceived landscape qualities (spatial flexibility, diversity and complexity, gamification of natural elements, connection with open spaces, opportunities for play and participation, furniture and layout quality, biodiversity, and color/surprise). Mental-health indicators, including perceived stress reduction, emotional balance, and psychological well-being. A random sample of 200 young participants was selected using Cochran’s formula to ensure representativeness. Ethical principles such as voluntary participation, informed consent, and confidentiality were strictly observed. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS, employing descriptive and inferential statistics. Reliability was verified using Cronbach’s alpha (α > 0.7 for all scales), and sampling adequacy was confirmed through KMO and Bartlett’s tests. Subsequently, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to identify latent dimensions of landscape quality. Pearson correlation and multiple regression (ENTER method) were applied to test relationships between independent variables (landscape qualities) and dependent variables (mental-health indicators). Results and Discussion Descriptive Analysis The demographic analysis revealed a balanced gender distribution (≈51.8% men, 48.2% women). Educationally, the largest group held bachelor’s degrees (≈38.8%), followed by associate degrees (22.4%), diplomas (21.2%), postgraduate degrees (11.8%), and below-diploma levels (5.9%). Employment status included 49.4% unemployed, 28.2% employed, and 22.4% self-employed individuals. The average participant age was 32.93 years (SD = 8.93), ranging from approximately 18 to 55 years. These findings suggest that the park attracts a diverse young audience across social and educational backgrounds. Inferential Analysis Correlation results showed positive and significant relationships between all identified landscape-quality dimensions and youth mental-health indicators (p < .05/.01). This indicates that each spatial or perceptual quality contributes meaningfully to psychological restoration and emotional balance. However, the strength of associations varied across factors. The multiple regression analysis produced R = .756 and Adjusted R² = .494, with a significant ANOVA (p < .001), suggesting that the selected variables explain nearly 49% of the variance in mental health outcomes. The standardized beta coefficients identified the most influential predictors as: Attractiveness and surprise (β = .447) Play and participation (β = .438) Furniture quality and layout (β = .402) Connection with open spaces (β = .382) Spatial flexibility (β = .294) Diversity and complexity (β = .207) Color use (β = .134) Interestingly, while natural diversity and gamification of natural elements showed positive trends, they were not statistically significant predictors in this model—suggesting that users may respond more strongly to experiential and interactive qualities rather than purely ecological features. Interpretation The results demonstrate that aesthetic richness, social engagement opportunities, and perceptual stimulation are central to the restorative potential of urban parks. Features that encourage exploration, surprise, and participation enhance users’ emotional connection to the environment, thus reducing perceived stress and promoting a sense of vitality. The importance of furniture and spatial organization highlights the need for ergonomic, flexible, and inclusive design that supports both solitude and social gathering. Moreover, connectivity with surrounding open spaces strengthens the park’s ecological continuity and psychological accessibility, allowing visitors to perceive it as an integrated part of the urban landscape rather than an isolated enclave. These findings align with global research emphasizing the biophilic design principle, which suggests that humans thrive in environments that mimic natural patterns of diversity, movement, and sensory engagement. In the context of Tehran—a city struggling with pollution, crowding, and limited green coverage—enhancing parks like Pardisan through these principles can serve as a practical approach to public mental health promotion. Conclusion The study confirms that urban landscape design can significantly influence the mental well-being of young citizens. In the case of Pardisan Park, seven key qualities—spatial flexibility, diversity and complexity, color and surprise, connection with open spaces, participatory play, and furniture and layout—were shown to have direct positive relationships with psychological outcomes such as stress reduction and emotional balance. The most powerful predictors were related to perceptual and social engagement, indicating that mental restoration in urban nature depends not only on greenery or biodiversity but also on how people interact with and experience these spaces. Practically, the findings suggest that enhancing spatial flexibility (multiuse zones adaptable for various activities), visual and sensory diversity, and interactive design elements can significantly improve user satisfaction and mental resilience. Urban planners and landscape architects should therefore prioritize the integration of ecological and experiential design, ensuring that parks remain accessible, dynamic, and psychologically engaging. This includes providing shaded seating areas, interactive natural features, play zones for all ages, and pathways that invite exploration. From a policy perspective, incorporating mental-health criteria into urban design guidelines can align environmental planning with public-health objectives. Collaborative efforts between architects, psychologists, ecologists, and local communities can ensure that future green spaces not only mitigate environmental issues but also function as therapeutic environments fostering social inclusion and well-being. Ultimately, the enhancement of Pardisan Park’s landscape—through attention to perceptual richness, biodiversity, spatial adaptability, and social participation—can help reduce urban stress, cultivate environmental awareness, and advance the broader agenda of sustainable urban development. The research highlights that mental health is an integral part of environmental sustainability, and that cities investing in restorative green infrastructure are investing in the resilience and happiness of their citizens. فضاهای سبز شهری به‌عنوان بخشی از زیرساخت‌های حیاتی، علاوه بر کارکردهای زیست‌محیطی، در ارتقای کیفیت زندگی و سلامت روان شهروندان نقش مؤثری دارند. در این میان، اکوپارک‌ها با تلفیق کارکردهای تفریحی، آموزشی و زیست‌محیطی، ظرفیتی مناسب برای تقویت تعاملات اجتماعی سالم و احساس تعلق به مکان فراهم می‌کنند. این پژوهش با تمرکز بر پارک پردیسان تهران، ظرفیت‌های منظر این فضای سبز را در بهبود سلامت روانی جوانان بررسی می‌کند. در پرتو چالش‌های معاصر شهر (رشد جمعیت، گسترش فناوری و پیامدهایی چون آلودگی و پسماند)، بازنگری در طراحی و بهره‌برداری از فضاهای سبز ضرورت دارد. روش پژوهش آمیخته (کمی–کیفی) است و جامعه‌ی آماری جوانان ۲۰ تا ۳۴ سالِ مراجعه‌کننده به پارک پردیسان را دربر می‌گیرد. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد عواملی نظیر انعطاف‌پذیری فضاها، تنوع و پیچیدگی مطلوب، بازی‌وارسازی عناصر طبیعی، پیوند مؤثر با فضاهای باز، امکان بازی–مشارکت، کیفیت مبلمان و چیدمان، تنوع عناصر طبیعی، و کاربرد سنجیده‌ی رنگ و شگفتی، در ارتقای سلامت روانی جوانان اثرگذار است. بر این اساس، بهبود هدفمند مؤلفه‌های منظر شهری در پردیسان—با تأکید بر تنوع زیستی–ادراکی، انعطاف فضایی و مشوق‌های تعامل اجتماعی—می‌تواند به کاهش استرس شهری، ارتقای فرهنگ زیست‌محیطی و پشتیبانی از مسیر توسعه‌ی پایدار شهری بینجامد.

https://www.jess.ir/article_240733_8ddd682808135099f2ba5e1cbb4adf91.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 4 2026 01 21 A Meta-Analytic Review of Theoretical Perspectives on Environmental Education through Participatory Urban Agriculture فراتحلیلی بر دیدگاه های نظری در آموزش محیط زیست از طریق کشاورزی شهری مشارکتی 10949 10976 240735 10.22034/jess.2026.561419.2427 FA ریحانه آشنا گروه آموزش محیط زیست، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران 0009-0004-7173-6901 مریم لاریجانی گروه آموزش محیط زیست، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-4958-4591 محمد رضوانی گروه محیط زیست و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-9326-0367 مهران فرج اللهی گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-8755-1117 Journal Article 2025 11 24 Introduction Urban agriculture is widely advocated as a multifunctional response to contemporary urban challenges, offering pathways to enhance local food security, optimize resource flows, and bolster urban resilience in the face of climatic variability and demographic change. The degree to which urban agriculture can deliver these benefits is contingent not only on land availability and technical inputs but critically on the knowledge base, dispositions, and practical competencies of urban residents who manage productive green spaces. Within this nexus, environmental education emerges as a pivotal enabling strategy—one that aims to build capacity among local actors, promote sustainable, practice-oriented resource use, and catalyze participatory governance of urban green infrastructures. Despite proliferating programs and policy interest, the evidence base linking environmental education interventions to measurable outcomes in participatory urban agriculture has remained fragmented. This meta-analytic review integrates empirical studies published between 1995 and 2024 to quantify the magnitude of educational effects on knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and ecological outcomes in urban agriculture, and to elucidate the mechanisms and contextual moderators that shape those effects. Materials and methods Study design and selection criteria: We undertook a systematic review coupled with meta-analysis to synthesize quantitative and qualitative evidence on the impacts of environmental education interventions on urban-agriculture-related outcomes. Comprehensive searches were executed across international and national bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed articles published in English and Persian through 2024. Eligible studies explicitly evaluated the effects of pedagogical interventions—ranging from school- and community-based curricula to peer-led trainings and extension-style workshops—on at least one of the following outcome domains: environmental or urban-agriculture knowledge, attitudes and participatory intention, observed practices, resource-use efficiency (e.g., water or nutrient use), soil health indicators, input-use patterns (fertilizer, pesticide), biodiversity metrics, or other ecological indicators. Methodological rigor, clear intervention description, and availability of extractable quantitative outcomes were required for inclusion. Seventy studies satisfied these criteria and were included in the quantitative synthesis. Data extraction and effect-size computation: For each retained study we systematically extracted publication metadata, geographic and socioecological context, sample characteristics, design features (randomization, controls), intervention attributes (delivery mode, content focus, degree of localization and stakeholder co-design), duration and intensity (frequency and follow-up), measured outcomes, and reported statistics or raw data. Where necessary, means, standard deviations, proportions, or test statistics were converted into standardized mean differences (Cohen’s d) or comparable metrics. We pooled effect sizes using random-effects models to accommodate between-study heterogeneity, and we conducted moderator analyses to test the influence of intervention format (interactive/practice-based versus lecture-based), localization and stakeholder participation, duration (short versus sustained), and study quality. Publication-bias diagnostics and sensitivity checks were performed. Complementing quantitative synthesis, a thematic qualitative analysis distilled theorized mechanisms of change and recurring implementation barriers reported across studies. Results and discussion Aggregate effects across outcome domains: The pooled analysis of 70 studies demonstrates that environmental education interventions exert statistically significant positive effects across three principal domains relevant to participatory urban agriculture: (1) domain-specific knowledge about environmental processes and urban cultivation; (2) attitudinal shifts and motivational dispositions toward participation and pro-environmental management; and (3) observable practices and on-site performance in urban growing systems. Effect-size estimates reveal a clear gradient: interventions generate moderate-to-large impacts on cognitive and attitudinal outcomes (pooled d ≈ 0.45–0.75), while impacts on behavioral and biophysical outcomes measured in situ—such as adoption of sustainable practices, water-use efficiency, reduced chemical-input application, and soil-health improvements—are smaller but still positive (pooled d ≈ 0.25–0.50). This pattern indicates that educational inputs more readily shift knowledge and attitudes than they immediately transform ecological or agronomic indicators, reflecting the additional temporal, infrastructural, and institutional requisites for behavioral translation into measurable ecological change. Moderators of intervention effectiveness: Subgroup analyses identify consistent moderators associated with larger and more durable effects. Interventions that prioritized interactive, experiential pedagogies—field exercises, hands-on demonstrations, participatory problem-solving, and peer-to-peer learning—produced larger effect sizes than predominantly lecture-based or one-off informational sessions. Programs that were co-designed with local stakeholders and tailored to place-specific agroecological and socio-cultural contexts also yielded stronger outcomes, as did interventions implemented over sustained timelines with explicit follow-up, monitoring, and technical support. Conversely, short-term, didactic trainings and externally imposed curricula exhibited lower effectiveness in changing practice and sustaining outcomes. Study design quality further moderated effect estimates, with better-controlled evaluations generally reporting more conservative but robust effect sizes. Environmental and ecosystem-service outcomes: Empirical findings indicate that when environmental education is tightly integrated with participatory urban-agriculture practices, it can lead to measurable environmental benefits. Reported gains include increases in water-use efficiency (frequently in the range of ~15–30% in studies that quantified irrigation practices or volumetric use), reductions in synthetic input dependence (reported declines in fertilizer and pesticide application ranging roughly ~10–40% where measured), and improvements in soil health indicators such as enhanced organic matter content, improved aggregate stability, and ameliorated compaction. Biodiversity-related outcomes—such as increases in pollinator abundance, native flora cover, and functional diversity in multispecies plots—were also documented in a subset of studies that explicitly measured ecological assemblages. Nevertheless, the magnitude and persistence of these environmental gains varied substantially across contexts: larger, longer-lasting impacts were concentrated where enabling conditions—access to inputs and organic amendments, irrigation infrastructure, extension services, secure land tenure, and supportive policy frameworks—were present. Where institutional support or resource access was lacking, educational gains in knowledge and attitude often failed to scale into substantive ecological improvements. Limitations, heterogeneity, and theoretical implications: The qualitative synthesis highlighted methodological and conceptual limitations pervasive in the literature. Many studies lacked explicit theoretical articulation of behavioral-change mechanisms, limiting causal interpretation of how cognitive and affective shifts translate into sustained practice change. Heterogeneity in outcome measures, short follow-up windows in numerous evaluations, and variable measurement rigor constrained cross-study comparability. Publication-bias diagnostics suggested modest asymmetry consistent with under-reporting of null or small effects in some subfields. Despite these limitations, the aggregated evidence aligns with behaviorally oriented and experiential-learning frameworks: approaches emphasizing active participation, situated practice, social learning, and iterative feedback loops are most plausibly linked to sustained adoption of sustainable urban-agriculture practices. The observed lag between attitudinal gains and ecological outcomes further underscores that behavior-change theories must account for structural enablers and constraints—material, institutional, and socio-economic—that mediate the relationship between knowledge and environmental performance. Conclusion Environmental education embedded in participatory urban-agriculture initiatives produces consistent, positive effects on citizens’ domain-specific knowledge and pro-participation attitudes, and yields positive but more context-sensitive improvements in on-site practices and ecological indicators. Interventions employing interactive, practice-based pedagogies, local adaptation and co-design with stakeholders, and sustained engagement with follow-up and monitoring achieve the largest and most durable outcomes. When effectively implemented and supported by enabling infrastructure and institutions, integrated education–practice programs can improve water-use efficiency, reduce dependence on chemical inputs, enhance soil quality, and bolster urban biodiversity; however, the degree and longevity of these benefits depend on local conditions and policy support. Absence of structured, practice-oriented environmental education risks perpetuating maladaptive practices that can exacerbate soil degradation, water contamination, and ecological decline in urban agricultural settings. Research priorities include longer-term, well-controlled evaluations; explicit theoretical development and testing of behavioral mechanisms linking education to practice and ecological outcomes; comprehensive assessments of socio-economic impacts; and focused analyses of how urban policy and governance arrangements can scale and institutionalize effective education–agriculture models. Programmatic implications: design participatory environmental-education initiatives that emphasize hands-on training, stakeholder engagement, local contextualization, sustained timelines, and continuous monitoring and adaptive feedback to secure enduring environmental and socio-economic benefits from urban agriculture. کشاورزی شهری به عنوان یکی از استراتژی‌های پایدار در مدیریت منابع شهری و بهبود امنیت غذایی، نیازمند برنامه‌های آموزشی مؤثر در حوزه محیط‌زیست است. این تحقیق با مرور سیستماتیک و انتخاب مطالعات مرتبط، به ارزیابی تأثیر برنامه‌های آموزشی محیط‌زیستی بر جنبه‌های مختلف کشاورزی پرداخته است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثربخشی آموزش محیط‌زیست در کشاورزی شهری انجام شده و از دیدگاه فراتحلیل مقالات علمی به نگارش درآمده است. هدف اصلی این تحقیق، شناسایی و تحلیل روندها، مضامین، و نتایج کلیدی حاصل از مقالات علمی مرتبط اثر بخشی آموزش محیط زیستی در کشاورزی شهری می‌باشد. مرور نظام‌مند مقالات بیانگر آن است که رویکردهای آموزشی تعاملی و بومی‌سازی‌شده، اثربخشی بیشتری در تغییر رفتار و پایداری نتایج نسبت به الگوهای صرفاً انتقال‌محور دارند. در مقابل، فقدان آموزش ساختاریافته می‌تواند به بروز پیامدهایی چون تخریب خاک، آلودگی منابع آب و کاهش کارایی اکولوژیک منجر شود. برآیند شواهد تأکید می‌کند که تلفیق نظام‌مند آموزش محیط‌زیستی با فرآیندهای کشاورزی شهری مشارکتی، نه‌تنها پیش‌شرط تحقق توسعه پایدار و تاب‌آوری اکولوژیک در مقیاس شهری است، بلکه به‌عنوان یک راهبرد کلیدی در مدیریت ریسک‌های زیست‌محیطی و تضمین منافع اجتماعی–اکولوژیک نیز عمل می‌کند. این امر مستلزم طراحی برنامه‌های آموزشی مبتنی بر مشارکت ذی‌نفعان، پیوستگی زمانی، ارزیابی مستمر و انطباق با شرایط بومی هر منطقه شهری است تا هم بهره‌برداری بهینه از منابع و هم حفاظت بلندمدت از محیط‌زیست تضمین شود.

https://www.jess.ir/article_240735_ebd219964cb6834155a86ec1e9ac4140.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 4 2026 01 21 Evaluation of Almond Shell Powder as a Biomass Waste on the Mechanical-Physical Properties of Polyester Biocomposites ارزیابی پودر پوسته بادام به‌عنوان یک پسماند زیست‌توده بر خواص مکانیکی-فیزیکی بیوکامپوزیت‌های پلی‌استر 10977 10991 242384 10.22034/jess.2026.566294.2433 FA محسن صدرالدینی گروه مهندسی پلیمر، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران 0000-0002-0763-2858 Journal Article 2025 12 15 The use of agricultural biomass waste as a reinforcing filler in polymer composites is of considerable importance in waste management and the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly biocomposites. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of almond shell powder (ASP) on the mechanical-physical properties of unsaturated polyester (UPE) biocomposites. In this regard, biocomposites containing different amounts of ASP were manufactured by casting molding method and evaluated by various tests. The FTIR test results indicated a suitable interaction between polymer/filler. The addition of almond shell powder increased both tensile and flexural modulus in the biocomposites. A slight decrease (8.29%) in the tensile strength of the biocomposites was observed compared to the pure polymer, which is negligible. Notably, the highest flexural strength was obtained in the UPE/ASP20 biocomposite (containing 20 wt% ASP) at 1.59 MPa. The microstructure of the biocomposites, the distribution of ASP within the polymer matrix, and the various reinforcement mechanisms were investigated using SEM images. Regarding impact strength, a relatively large decrease occurred with the addition of ASP, which was attributed to the more brittle mechanical behavior of the biocomposites due to the presence of rigid ASP. Although the amount of water absorption increased with the addition of ASP, the resulting biocomposites still had acceptable performance in this regard. It is expected that the findings of the present study can be used for the development of environmentally friendly biocomposites. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Particulate polymer composites are among the most important composite materials that have diverse applications in transportation, urban furniture, construction materials and equipment, toys, and household appliances. Common mineral particles can pose environmental hazards such as contamination from persistent chemicals and the production of fine particulate dust that can be dangerous if inhaled or spread. Nowadays, due to the increasing emergence of environmental challenges, the demand for the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly materials, especially polymer composites reinforced with natural materials such as agricultural wastes, has increased more than ever. In addition to reducing the amount of agricultural waste, this can provide various benefits such as reducing pollution, biodegradability, and reducing the cost of the final composite. Almond hard shell is a type of renewable lignocellulosic biomass that is one of the most abundant agricultural wastes, and this valuable bio-filler seems to be a suitable candidate for the development of polymer biocomposites. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of almond shell powder as a biomass waste on the mechanical and physical properties of polyester biocomposites. Materials and methods General-purpose unsaturated polyester resin of orthophthalic type, under the trade name RESITAN UP 747.7, was purchased from Resitan Co. Hard almond shells were also collected and prepared after consumption, and then ground into powder in several stages using an industrial grinder. First, to manufacture the composites, a certain amount of the accelerating agent was added to the polyester resin and mixed. Then, a certain amount of ASP was added to the above mixture and stirred well. Next, the curing agent was added and the mixture were stirred thoroughly. A vacuum pump was used to remove air bubbles resulting from the mixing process. Finally, the biocomposites were molded using a silicone mold and the casting method. Various mechanical tests such as tensile, bending, impact, as well as SEM, FTIR, and water absorption tests were performed on the samples. Results and discussion The FTIR results indicated the existence of suitable interactions between the UPE and the ASP, which were mainly physical. These suitable interactions will manifest themselves in the mechanical properties of the composites. The tensile behavior of the composites generally shifted to brittle behavior with the addition of ASP. In addition, the strain at failure decreased with ASP, which is mainly due to the high rigidity of ASP. It was observed that the maximum tensile strength of the biocomposites generally decreased with increasing ASP content. However, this decrease was very small, especially in the two biocomposites UPE/ASP10 and UPE/ASP20. This could indicate a good polymer/filler interaction. Of note, the tensile modulus of the composites increased with increasing ASP content. In this case, the inherent nature of ASP in terms of higher rigidity compared to UPE was suggested to be the main reason for the increase in the tensile modulus of the biocomposites. In general, the flexural strength and flexural modulus are influenced by the amount of ASP filler in the matrix and follow the same trend, both increasing with increasing ASP content. The UPE/ASP20 biocomposite showed the highest flexural strength and flexural modulus (even compared to pure UPE). ASP particles can improve the flexural strength by changing the direction of crack growth within the matrix, as shown in the SEM images of this position. The impact strength of the composites decreased with increasing ASP content. It was observed that the impact strength of the biocomposites increased from 5% to 10% and then decreased from 10% to 20% with increasing ASP content. This could be attributed to the addition of ASP which played the role of heterogeneous nucleation. The water absorption value increased with the increase of ASP content, which is mainly due to the large number of hydroxyl groups on the ASP surface. However, their water absorption values (all below 2%) are still acceptable for practical applications. Conclusion Polyester/almond shell powder biocomposites consisting of different weight fractions of ASP were manufactured. In short, mechanical evaluations showed an improvement in the tensile and flexural modulus as well as the flexural strength of the biocomposites with the gradual addition of almond shell powder. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images clearly showed that the ASP had a good distribution within the polymer matrix. The biocomposites also exhibited acceptable performance in terms of water absorption. Polyester/almond shell powder biocomposites consisting of different weight fractions of ASP were manufactured. In short, mechanical evaluations showed an improvement in the tensile and flexural modulus as well as the flexural strength of the biocomposites with the gradual addition of almond shell powder. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images clearly showed that the ASP had a good distribution within the polymer matrix. The biocomposites also exhibited acceptable performance in terms of water absorption. استفاده از ضایعات کشاورزی زیست توده به عنوان پرکننده تقویت کننده در کامپوزیت های پلیمری از اهمیت قابل توجهی در مدیریت پسماند و توسعه بیوکامپوزیت های پایدار و دوستدار محیط زیست برخوردار است. هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تأثیر پودر پوسته سخت بادام (ASP) بر خواص مکانیکی-فیزیکی بیوکامپوزیت های پلی استر غیر اشباع است. در این راستا، بیوکامپوزیت هایی حاوی مقادیر مختلف از پودر پوسته بادام با روش قالب گیری ریخته گری ساخته شدند و با آزمون های گوناگون مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. نتایج آزمون FTIR از برهمکنش مناسب میان پلیمر/پرکننده حکایت داشت. افزودن پودر پوسته بادام باعث افزایش هر دو مدول کششی و خمشی در بیوکامپوزیت ها شد. کاهش جزئی (8.29 درصدی) در استحکام کششی بیوکامپوزیت ها در مقایسه با پلیمر خالص مشاهده شد که مقداری قابل چشم پوشی به شمار می رود. نکته قابل توجه اینکه، بالاترین استحکام خمشی در بیوکامپوزیت UPE/ASP20 (حاوی 20% وزنی پودر پوسته بادام) به میزان MPa 1/59 بدست آمد. ریزساختار بیوکامپوزیت ها، توزیع پودر پوسته بادام درون ماتریس پلیمری و نیز سازوکارهای تقویت کنندگی مختلف با بکارگیری تصاویر SEM مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. در مورد مقاومت ضربه ای، کاهش نسبتاً زیادی با افزودن پودر پوسته بادام اتفاق افتاد که به رفتار مکانیکی شکننده تر بیوکامپوزیت ها، ناشی از حضور ذرات صلب پودر پوسته بادام نسبت داده شد. اگرچه میزان جذب آب با افزودن پودر پوسته بادام بیشتر شد، اما بیوکامپوزیت های حاصل همچنان از عملکرد قابل قبولی در این زمینه برخوردار بودند. انتظار می رود یافته های مطالعه حاضر، بتواند برای توسعه بیوکامپوزیت های دوستدار محیط زیست بکار گرفته شود.

https://www.jess.ir/article_242384_603a7dd8d691e6b0d069177a372ef884.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 4 2026 01 21 Assessment of heavy metal pollution (Iron, Zinc, Copper, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury) in the sediments of the Khersan 3 dam reservoir using geochemical indicators ارزیابی آلودگی فلزات سنگین (آهن، روی، مس، کادمیم، سرب و جیوه) در رسوبات مخزن سد خرسان ۳ با استفاده از شاخص‌های ژئوشیمیایی 10992 11001 242385 10.22034/jess.2026.568367.2436 FA شراره خدامی مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران 0000-0003-0846-8604 طاهره اسکندری گروه اکولوژی، پژوهشکده اکولوژی دریای خزر، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران 0000-0002-2261-2409 حسن نصراله زاده ساروی گروه اکولوژی، پژوهشکده اکولوژی دریای خزر، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران 0000-0003-1362-1036 بهزاد رهنما گروه اکولوژی، پژوهشکده اکولوژی دریای خزر، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران 0000-0001-6646-9766 مهدی خوشناموند گروه اکولوژی، پژوهشکده اکولوژی دریای خزر، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران. 0000-0002-2037-8073 مریم رضایی گروه اکولوژی، پژوهشکده اکولوژی دریای خزر، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران 0000-0002-4736-4843 حوریه یونسی پور گروه اکولوژی، پژوهشکده اکولوژی دریای خزر، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران 0000-0002-7026-2407 Journal Article 2025 12 26 EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Reservoir sediments are key components of aquatic ecosystems due to their capacity to accumulate, store, and potentially remobilize pollutants. Among inorganic contaminants, heavy metals are of particular concern because of their persistence, non-biodegradability, toxicity, and tendency to bioaccumulate through aquatic food webs. After entering aquatic systems, heavy metals bind to fine particles and organic matter, eventually settling into bottom sediments where they may remain for extended periods. However, environmental fluctuations such as changes in pH, redox conditions, and hydrodynamics can trigger their release into the overlying water, posing ecological and human health risks. Large dam reservoirs, especially those influenced by both natural geological inputs and human activities, are highly vulnerable to heavy metal accumulation. Therefore, assessing metal concentrations, contamination intensity, and distinguishing lithogenic from anthropogenic sources is essential for environmental monitoring and sustainable management. Materials and Methods This study evaluated the level, intensity, and origin of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Khersan 3 Dam reservoir in southwestern Iran using geochemical indices. Seasonal sediment sampling was conducted during autumn and winter 2023 and spring and summer 2024. Surface sediments (0–5 cm) were collected using a grab sampler and transported to the laboratory under cooled conditions. Samples were freeze-dried, homogenized, and sieved (<63 µm). Sequential extraction based on Tessier’s procedure was applied to separate anthropogenic (labile) fractions from total (labile + residual) concentrations. Total digestion was carried out using nitric acid. Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrometry, while mercury (Hg) was analyzed by cold vapor atomic absorption. To evaluate contamination, the Müller geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), and pollution load index (PLI) were calculated using accepted background values. These indices were applied to both total and labile concentrations to better assess contamination intensity and identify dominant pollution sources. Results and Discussion Iron, zinc, and copper showed low concentrations in the labile fraction, and their Igeo and CF values classified them as unpolluted, indicating predominantly lithogenic origins governed mainly by geological processes and natural weathering. Seasonal variations were minor and mostly hydrological. Lead showed an unpolluted to moderately polluted status, suggesting mixed origins; although natural background inputs dominate, limited anthropogenic contributions, likely from agricultural runoff or atmospheric deposition, may exist. Cadmium was identified as the most critical contaminant. Elevated Igeo values indicated moderate to heavy contamination, while CF values greater than unity in all seasons confirmed anthropogenic enrichment. A considerable fraction of cadmium occurred in the labile form, highlighting its bioavailability and potential ecological risk. Agricultural activities, particularly phosphate fertilizer application, appear to be the primary source. Mercury, although present in relatively low concentrations, was mainly detected in the labile fraction, indicating dominant anthropogenic influence, possibly linked to combustion processes, waste disposal, or diffuse environmental sources. Despite these element-specific concerns, PLI values remained below 1 in all seasons, suggesting that sediments are not critically polluted from a cumulative perspective. However, reliance solely on PLI may underestimate localized or element-specific risks, particularly for cadmium. Conclusion Overall, sediments of the Khersan 3 Dam reservoir are classified as unpolluted when evaluated cumulatively. However, metal-specific assessments reveal important concerns. Iron, zinc, and copper are mainly lithogenic and environmentally non-critical, whereas cadmium represents a significant anthropogenic contaminant with high ecological risk potential, and mercury also reflects human influence despite its lower levels. These findings highlight the necessity of using multiple geochemical indices simultaneously rather than relying solely on cumulative indicators. Continuous monitoring, improved agricultural management, and control of anthropogenic discharges are essential to prevent future deterioration of sediment quality and to ensure sustainable environmental management of the Khersan 3 Dam reservoir. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Reservoir sediments are key components of aquatic ecosystems due to their capacity to accumulate, store, and potentially remobilize pollutants. Among inorganic contaminants, heavy metals are of particular concern because of their persistence, non-biodegradability, toxicity, and tendency to bioaccumulate through aquatic food webs. After entering aquatic systems, heavy metals bind to fine particles and organic matter, eventually settling into bottom sediments where they may remain for extended periods. However, environmental fluctuations such as changes in pH, redox conditions, and hydrodynamics can trigger their release into the overlying water, posing ecological and human health risks. Large dam reservoirs, especially those influenced by both natural geological inputs and human activities, are highly vulnerable to heavy metal accumulation. Therefore, assessing metal concentrations, contamination intensity, and distinguishing lithogenic from anthropogenic sources is essential for environmental monitoring and sustainable management. Materials and Methods This study evaluated the level, intensity, and origin of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Khersan 3 Dam reservoir in southwestern Iran using geochemical indices. Seasonal sediment sampling was conducted during autumn and winter 2023 and spring and summer 2024. Surface sediments (0–5 cm) were collected using a grab sampler and transported to the laboratory under cooled conditions. Samples were freeze-dried, homogenized, and sieved (<63 µm). Sequential extraction based on Tessier’s procedure was applied to separate anthropogenic (labile) fractions from total (labile + residual) concentrations. Total digestion was carried out using nitric acid. Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrometry, while mercury (Hg) was analyzed by cold vapor atomic absorption. To evaluate contamination, the Müller geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), and pollution load index (PLI) were calculated using accepted background values. These indices were applied to both total and labile concentrations to better assess contamination intensity and identify dominant pollution sources. Results and Discussion Iron, zinc, and copper showed low concentrations in the labile fraction, and their Igeo and CF values classified them as unpolluted, indicating predominantly lithogenic origins governed mainly by geological processes and natural weathering. Seasonal variations were minor and mostly hydrological. Lead showed an unpolluted to moderately polluted status, suggesting mixed origins; although natural background inputs dominate, limited anthropogenic contributions, likely from agricultural runoff or atmospheric deposition, may exist. Cadmium was identified as the most critical contaminant. Elevated Igeo values indicated moderate to heavy contamination, while CF values greater than unity in all seasons confirmed anthropogenic enrichment. A considerable fraction of cadmium occurred in the labile form, highlighting its bioavailability and potential ecological risk. Agricultural activities, particularly phosphate fertilizer application, appear to be the primary source. Mercury, although present in relatively low concentrations, was mainly detected in the labile fraction, indicating dominant anthropogenic influence, possibly linked to combustion processes, waste disposal, or diffuse environmental sources. Despite these element-specific concerns, PLI values remained below 1 in all seasons, suggesting that sediments are not critically polluted from a cumulative perspective. However, reliance solely on PLI may underestimate localized or element-specific risks, particularly for cadmium. Conclusion Overall, sediments of the Khersan 3 Dam reservoir are classified as unpolluted when evaluated cumulatively. However, metal-specific assessments reveal important concerns. Iron, zinc, and copper are mainly lithogenic and environmentally non-critical, whereas cadmium represents a significant anthropogenic contaminant with high ecological risk potential, and mercury also reflects human influence despite its lower levels. These findings highlight the necessity of using multiple geochemical indices simultaneously rather than relying solely on cumulative indicators. Continuous monitoring, improved agricultural management, and control of anthropogenic discharges are essential to prevent future deterioration of sediment quality and to ensure sustainable environmental management of the Khersan 3 Dam reservoir. رسوبات مخازن سدها به‌عنوان یکی از اجزای کلیدی اکوسیستم‌های آبی، نقش مهمی در تجمع، انتقال و آزادسازی آلاینده‌ها ایفا می‌کنند و می‌توانند بازتاب‌دهنده تاریخچه و وضعیت فعلی آلودگی باشند. در میان آلاینده‌های معدنی، فلزات سنگین به دلیل پایداری شیمیایی، سمیت بالا و قابلیت تجمع زیستی، از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردارند. هدف از این پژوهش، ارزیابی وضعیت آلودگی فلزات سنگین و تعیین منشأ طبیعی و انسان‌زاد آن‌ها در رسوبات مخزن سد در حال احداث خرسان ۳ با استفاده از شاخص‌های ژئوشیمیایی است. نمونه‌برداری از رسوبات سطحی طی فصول پاییز و زمستان ۱۴۰۲ و بهار و تابستان ۱۴۰۳ انجام شد. سپس، غلظت فلزات آهن (Fe)، روی (Zn)، مس (Cu)، کادمیم (Cd)، سرب (Pb) و جیوه (Hg) در دو بخش غلظت کل (بخش ناپایدار و پایدار) و غلظت منابع انسانی (بخش ناپایدار) اندازه‌گیری گردید. به‌منظور ارزیابی شدت و وضعیت آلودگی، شاخص تجمع ژئوشیمیایی مولر (Igeo)، فاکتور آلودگی (CF) و شاخص بارگذاری آلودگی (PLI) محاسبه شدند. نتایج نشان داد که فلزات آهن، روی و مس عمدتاً دارای منشأ زمین‌زاد بوده و مقادیر Igeo و CF آن‌ها در محدوده غیرآلوده قرار دارد. سرب نیز وضعیت غیرآلوده تا نسبتاً آلوده را نشان داد که بیانگر ترکیبی از منابع طبیعی و ورودی‌های محدود انسانی است. در مقابل، کادمیم به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین عنصر آلاینده شناسایی شد؛ به‌طوری‌که مقادیر Igeo آن در محدوده آلودگی متوسط تا به شدت آلوده و CF بالاتر از 1 در تمامی فصول مشاهده گردید که این موضوع احتمالاً نقش فعالیت‌های انسانی، به‌ویژه کشاورزی و مصرف کودهای فسفاته، را تأیید می‌کند. جیوه عمدتاً در بخش ناپایدار و با منشأ انسان‌زاد مشاهده شد. مقادیر PLI در تمامی فصول کمتر از 1 بود که نشان‌دهنده وضعیت کلی غیرآلوده رسوبات از نظر بارگذاری تجمعی فلزات سنگین مورد مطالعه است.

https://www.jess.ir/article_242385_c46ce09f1b1ec0beaccf8602afee3c11.pdf

انتشارات "فن پایا" مطالعات علوم محیط زیست 2588-6851 10 4 2026 01 21 Removal of natural organic matter in drinking water with coagulation حذف مواد آلی طبیعی در تصفیه آب آشامیدنی از طریق فرایند انعقاد 11002 11017 242386 10.22034/jess.2026.423705.2172 FA محمد قنبری قوزیکلی مرکز تحقیلات سلامت و محیط زیست، دانشکده بهداشت ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز 0000-0002-9167-2309 Journal Article 2023 11 13 Abstract Natural organic matter (NOM) enters water from natural sources such as plant material and synthetic compounds such as detergents, solvents, pesticides and herbicides. Due to their specific characteristics, organic compounds affect the quality of drinking water in different ways, such as producing unpleasant taste and smell, reacting with chlorinated compounds and forming disinfection by-products (DBPs). Most of these compounds, like trihalomethanes, are carcinogenic and it is not possible to completely remove them in conventional water treatment processes. Today, the concentration of natural organic matter in fresh water sources as well as domestic wastewater effluents has increased significantly around the world and is considered one of the main challenges. Therefore, effective measures are needed in order to develop of efficient drinking water treatment processes. Coagulation is one of the most widely used processes in drinking water treatment. In recent years, improving the coagulation process and using advanced coagulation to NOM is very important. In this review, recent research studies dealing with the use of coagulation to remove natural organic matter from drinking water supplies have been presented and compared. Furthermore, integration schemes combining coagulation and other water treatment processes such as oxidation, membrane filtration, and adsorption have been presented. metal salts, inorganic and organic polymers of natural or synthetic type and various combination scenarios between them. Inorganic polymeric coagulants have shown better removal capacity for NOM and other organics from waters compared to coagulants such as ferric sulfate or aluminum sulfate. Electrocoagulation (EC) is an established water treatment technology that is widely used for the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants such as pesticides, dyes, heavy metals, etc. from drinking water sources. Introduction Natural organic matter (NOM) enters water sources from natural sources such as plant material and synthetic organic compounds such as detergents, solvents, pesticides, and herbicides. Organic compounds affect the quality of drinking water in different ways, such as producing unpleasant taste and smell, reacting with chlorinated compounds and forming disinfection by-products (DBPs). In fact, the presence of NOM in waters sources causes changes in their organoleptic properties and by causing things such as color, taste and smell, it reduces the quality of the water resources in question. Removing NOM from drinking water sources is considered an important issue in protecting the health of a society and ignoring it can be associated with challenges. Therefore, the conditions require that by using reliable and highly efficient water purification technologies, it is possible to remove NOM in water environments and prevent them from increasing their concentration in water sources. The aim of this review is to investigate the processes performed using different coagulation mechanisms and to make a comparative evaluation between them for the removal of NOM in drinking water. Materials and methods In the present review article, recent research studies dealing with the removal of natural organic matter from drinking water sources through coagulation are reviewed. In order to investigate the removal of NOM in the treatment of drinking water through the coagulation process, using different coagulants, a review of previous researches was carried out in the form of library studies, and the latest achievements about removing NOM were studied and finally its results were compiled in the form of a review article. In this study, recent research articles published in valid journals in the field of coagulation and removal of natural organic matter from drinking water sources through different coagulants. Also, a comparative evaluation of the efficiency of different coagulants and coagulation techniques to remove NOM from water resources has been done. Results and discussion NOM have a complex nature in terms of quantity and quality due to the prevailing spatial and temporal changes. This complex nature of NOM is one of the main challenges facing various water treatment techniques and methods that are used to remove NOM from drinking water sources. Based on this, in order to correctly choose the methods and technologies used in water treatment and to make the necessary predictions for the reactivity of these NOM with the chemicals in water, to specify the type of NOM and their different natures. It is very important and significantly effective in achieving high removal efficiency and reducing the potential f forming disinfection by-products (DBPs) due to the disinfection process. Dosage of coagulants and pH are among the main operational conditions affecting the coagulation process and the overall efficiency of this process depends on these factors. The efficiency of coagulation to remove NOM on the one hand mainly depends on the type and dose of coagulant, pH, mixing conditions and temperature and on the other hand the properties of natural organic substances including particle size, charge and hydrophobicity and the presence of divalent cations and destabilizing anions such as It depends on bicarbonate, chloride and sulfate ions. Conclusion One of the most suitable methods of water purification with the aim of removing NOM from drinking water sources is the use of coagulation processes. Optimizing the coagulation process in order to remove as much NOM as possible has been of considerable importance. Some other achievements of this study include: - Conventional coagulation process is usually not effective in removing organic materials with lower molecular weight and generally this process is effective in removing organic materials with higher molecular weight. - The variable composition of NOM poses a serious challenge to conventional coagulation. In order to remove natural organic materials, different types of coagulants including metal salts, inorganic and organic polymers of natural or synthetic type and different combination scenarios between them. - In previous studies, inorganic polymeric coagulants showed better removal capacities toward NOM and other organic substances from waters, in comparison with coagulants such as ferric sulfate or aluminum sulfate. - Many novel composite or hybrid coagulants have been developed via various combination. Electrocoagulation (EC) is a well-established water treatment technology widely used for the removing of drinking water supplies from organic and inorganic pollutants such as pesticides, dyes, heavy metals, etc. - Several kinds of metallic and polymeric coagulants are being applied in real case scenarios for the decontamination and treatment of drinking water sources. Nevertheless, despite their high efficiencies to remove NOM and other organic and inorganic contaminants, several issues such as includes residual metals and polymers in the treated effluents, relative high operating costs, pH change, and the generation of large sludge volumes were reported for large scale applications. ماده آلی طبیعی (NOM) از منابع طبیعی مانند مواد گیاخاکی و ترکیبات مصنوعی مانند شوینده ها، حلال ها، آفت کش ها و علف کش ها وارد آب می شوند. ترکیبات آلی به دلیل ویژگیهای خاص به روش های مختلف از قبیل تولید طعم و بوی نامطبوع، واکنش با ترکیبات کلردار و تشکیل فرآورده‌های جانبی گندزدایی (DBPs)، روی کیفیت آب آشامیدنی تاثیر می گذراند. اغلب این ترکیبات همانند تری‌هالومتان‌ها (THMs)، سرطان زا بوده و امکان حذف کامل آنها در فرایندهای تصفیه متداول آب ممکن نمی‌باشد. امروزه غلظت مواد آلی طبیعی در منابع آب‌های شیرین و نیز در پساب‌های فاضلاب خانگی در سراسر دنیا افزایش قابل‌توجهی داشته و یکی از چالش های اصلی در این حوزه به شمار می‌رود و نیاز به اقدامات عاجل و موثر در راستای توسعه فرآیندهای کارآمد تصفیه آب‌های آشامیدنی را توجیه می‌کند. در بررسی مروری حاضر، به مطالعات تحقیقاتی اخیر که با کاربرد انعقاد برای حذف مواد آلی طبیعی از منابع آب آشامیدنی سروکار دارند، پرداخته شده است. انعقاد یکی از پرکاربردترین فرآیندها برای تصفیه آب آشامیدنی به شمار رفته و در سالهای اخیر بهینه‌سازی فرآیند انعقاد در نتیجه برآورده‌سازی الزامات انعقاد پیشرفته به منظور حذف هر چه بیشتر مواد آلی طبیعی از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار می‌باشد. علاوه بر این، استفاده از روش‌های تلفیقی و فرایندهای ترکیبی از انعقاد و سایر فرآیندهای تصفیه آب، از جمله اکسیداسیون، فیلتراسیون غشایی، فرآیند جذب و غیره برای این منظور ارائه شده است.

https://www.jess.ir/article_242386_3cfe1b2563a7089d8617e70d4e133b02.pdf