Dtermine the Bio-availability of lead and cadmium Treated With compost Mixed With Wild Radish (Case study: Compost produced by Aq Qala compost factory)

Abstract:
Biodegradable material, primarily composed of food waste, accounts for 40–70 wt% of municipal solid waste (MSW) in developing countries. Therefore, to establish a sustainable waste management system, it is essential to separate and recycle biodegradable organic material from the municipal waste stream. Of all the recycling methods, composting is recommended due to its environmental and economic benefits. However, compared with readily recyclable materials (e.g., paper, metals, etc.), recycling/composting biodegradable MSW presents a great challenge to furthering the promotion of waste recycling.Compost quality produced is very important in terms of handling consolidations, which unfortunately in most of our compost plants have not paid more attention to it.Composting technology is an important method for the recycling of municipal solid wastes. The essential requirement of compost for safely and useful used in soil is a high degree of its stability or maturity. At the present study, the maturity and stability of composted municipal solid wastes was evaluated of the biocompost plant. This article emphasizes environmental challenges (i.e., heavy metals), focusing on their generation and control strategies, in an effort to identify barriers hindering MSW composting. Successful practices in several European countries suggest that source-separated composting presents many advantages over mechanical-separated composting. This may partially be ascribed to the fact that source separation of organic waste can prevent contact with heavy metal-bearing items, resulting in the production of high-quality compost. Mixed collection MSW normally contains significantly higher concentrations of heavy metals, which could affect the marketing of composting products. Moreover, source separation of organic waste can minimize waste pretreatment operations, leading to lower bioaerosol and malodor generation during composting. Implementing source separation of MSW in more countries would increase the amount of organic waste available for composting. In addition, attention should focus on secondary pollutant production for proper composting management. Finally, setting standards for end product quality control is highly recommended for controlling both marketing and environmental risks.
Industrialization and urbanization activities lead to extensive environmental problems and one of the most challenging problems is heavy metal contamination. Heavy metal is responsible for causing adverse effect on human health through food chain contamination. To minimize the effect, different methods are being used for decreasing heavy metal load into the food chain. Most of the traditional methods are either extremely costly or it simply isolate the contaminated site. Background and purpose: The quality of compost produced is very important in terms of handling and stabilization, which, unfortunately, has not paid much attention to most of our compost plants in our country. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of compost produced with the view of measuring heavy metals of lead and cadmium according to Iranian and world standards.For this purpose, the bioavailability of two lead and cadmium pollutants as heavy metal indices in radish overgrowth was measured in 5 treatments of Aq Qala ( Waste Management Organization Of Golestan Province) municipal waste compost in pilot condition. Finally, the amount of indicator elements before and after the growth of radish in plant and soil was evaluated and evaluated.determination of bioavailability of lead and cadmium by radish wildlife species from Boyan night darkness (due to fast growth and index of this plant dark as a plant), in 5 treatments including (control = a), (12.5% b =), (20% = (c, (33% = d), (% 50 = f), compost weight with field soil and in 3 replications under environmental conditions, Was evaluated. and the mean of data was analyzed by SPSS software based on Duncan test (p <5%) and Excel software were compared.The treatment had 50% by weight of compost, limited germination, and early growth was very low so no crop was produced. The best applied treatment was c treatment of 20% by weight of compost with field soil, which resulted in 1.46% increase in Pb uptake compared to control at 1.930 ppm compared to Pb (1,320 ppm). And the rate of cadmium uptake in the plant was 145 ppm, compared to its changes in soil (.340 ppm), .42. The percent reduction showed that it could be related to the results of the plant concentration changes in Duncan's method (at 5% means no significant difference between samples b and c) or because of the play of organic fertilizer which could be reduced. Provide the amount of cadmium absorbed by plant roots. It also had the highest tuber growth performance. The results of adsorption of both pollutants in applied treatments showed that with increasing compost application, lead and cadmium uptake was increased in plant, the highest for lead in d treatment with 195% compared to control and for cadmium in d treatment, 258%, Compared to control.
Conclusion: It seems that radish shoots with high uptake of lead and cadmium may cleanse the soil of these materials and act as a successful biofilter in infected soils due to a one-month growth period. A promising, relatively new technology for removal of heavy metal from contaminated sites is phytoremediation. There are numerous crops such as sunflower (Helianthus annus), maize (Zea mays), mustard (Brassica compestris), barley (Hordeum vulgare), beet (Beta vulgaris), bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia), brinjal (Solanum melongena), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), chilli (Capsicum annum), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), garlic (Alium sativum), ivy gourd (Coccinia indica), lufa (Luffa acutangula), lady’s finger (Abelmoschus esculentus), mint (Mentha piperata), radish (Raphanus sativus), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum), and white gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris) used for remediation of heavy metal. The efficiency of the phytoremediation crops depends upon their biomass production and ability of metal accumulation in their harvestable organs. In addition to this there are some biotechnological approaches for enhancing the property of hyper accumulator plant for metal remediation. Various potential remediation techniques are available that can be used to reduce the heavy metal contamination. Research related to relatively new technology should be promoted and emphasized and expanded in developing countries where heavy metal pollution has already touched alarming level. In the above context present review deals with different approaches to reduce the availability of heavy metal from soil to plants.