مروری بر پژوهش ها در زمینه بهره مندی از قراردادهای هوشمند در پروژه‌های ساخت و ساز، یک فراتحلیل

Nowadays, in construction projects, in order to avoid disputes and to clarify as much as possible the elements and implementation issues of the project and how to provide and deliver services, it is essential to enter into and register a contract between the employer and the contractor, and in order to solve this problem, a new concept in In recent years, a smart contract has been formed in the field of contracting. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the benefits of using the smart contract system in construction projects. For this purpose, a review method has been used on previous research with the benefit of a meta-analysis. Information related to various articles in the field of smart contracts in the field of construction with the keywords of smart contract, Smart Contract, construction projects, construction projects and contract management from 2015 to 2023 in reliable scientific publications inside and outside the study and after evaluation Initially, according to the preliminary processes of meta-analysis, the researches whose independent variable or mediating variable was smart contracts in the field of construction were selected, and finally 14 articles were selected as the articles that met the entry conditions for meta-analysis. The results obtained showed that among the various benefits of using this category of contracts, the average effect size of consistent management with a value of 0.536, the factor of consistent financial processes with an average effect size of 0.356 and the t-statistic for the factors of information privacy, increasing competition and improving the project supply chain 0.219, 0.406 and 0.321 were obtained, respectively, that these factors of using the smart contract system of construction projects are significant in the studied statistical population (P<0.05).
A smart contract, introduced in the mid-1990s (Wu et al., 2022), is a fully automated transaction protocol that operates without the need for human intervention. A European Commission trend report estimated that smart contracts could reduce banking infrastructure costs by €18.4 billion per year by 2022 (Nalioğlu et al., 2023). This is despite the fact that these types of contracts have not yet been introduced in Iran and due to the increasing progress of technology and larger projects and the need for accuracy and speed in completing the project in order to reduce costs and not harm the progress of the project and reduce disputes. Contractualization and clarification has not been done to speed up the process of adapting to global markets and introducing smart contracts. Due to its cascading nature, the traditional progress payment system may lead to major problems if payment is not made or delayed (Rathnayake et al., 2022). According to the research and investigation that was done in the field of internal research and the result was that very little activity has been done in processing this issue and the resources are very limited, therefore, considering the great importance of using these contracts in the field of construction. In order to align and progress parallel with the international community, there is a strong need to address this issue inside the country. According to the research of the researcher, the smart contract in the field of construction has not been concluded in the country, or even if it has been concluded, it has not been made public. Therefore, it is necessary to follow up on the reason for its absence and how to smooth the path of its entry and prepare the infrastructure and solve other problems. Arcadis Global Report Construction Disputes 2020: Working together to achieve project excellence (Arcadis 2020) has shown that the average value of disputes in the UK construction industry reached $17.8 million in 2019 and lasted an average of 9.8 months. stretched to dissolve (Shang et al., 2023). Therefore, the need to change from dispute resolution to dispute reduction is evident, the researcher believes that smart contracts can form a part of such preventive measures of dispute management. In fact, the recent Arcadis report mentioned above (Arcadis 2020) found that 60% of respondents agreed that effective contract management would have the most significant impact on preventing disputes in construction. Low trust relationships between clients and contractors increase project costs by 8-20% in risk insurance premiums associated with disclaimer clauses. Smart contacts, which are self-enforcing and self-enforcing, help develop trust by shifting the emphasis from “relational trust” to “digital trust” based on trust in “rules” (Ye et al., 2022). Timely delivery of documents and contracts is recognized as an essential requirement for the successful delivery of projects. However, the construction industry is still dependent on time-consuming traditional contracting processes, which negatively affects the overall productivity of projects in the industry. The use of smart contracts (SCs) has been highlighted as a suitable new technology to accelerate contracting processes and create a reliable payment environment in the construction industry. While the discussion about the use of SC in construction has increased in recent years, their use in practice is still in its infancy. As such, this issue would benefit from a thorough examination of the benefits, drivers, barriers, and strategies that can enhance the implementation of SCs in construction. Smart contracts should be divided into two parts, internal and external models. In the external or external model, smart contracts are just computer codes that are outside the main contract and do not create any obligation between the parties of the main contract and are just a way to Facilitating the implementation of the contract is the main one. However, in the internal model section, the smart contract appears as a condition in the contract, as well as a necessary contract, and is binding between the parties and is considered a part of the contract (Sonmez et al., 2022). Therefore, in this second sense, the smart contract can be considered as a contract. The main element in the smart contract is based on official representation, a contract that may be confused with a power of attorney contract and is considered a permissible type of contract. However, as mentioned, the smart contract is different from the power of attorney contract, and based on Article 10 of the Civil Law, it can be considered a necessary contract. Construction projects usually involve signing various contracts with specific billing procedures. Dealing with complex contract structures creates problems with regard to timely payment and guaranteed cash flow. Also, lack of transparency causes loss of trust.