بررسی تاثیرکوتاه مدت و بلند مدت عوامل موثر بر کیفیت محیط زیست دراقتصاد ایران

Investigating the short-term and long-term effects of factors affecting the quality of the environment in Iran

One of the main goals of countries is to achieve sustainable development. Unlike the previous models of development, the approach of sustainable development emphasizes on all-around development, and intergenerational social justice and environmental considerations are considered among its basic dimensions, and it has three basic dimensions: equality, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. Many researchers consider the inappropriate relationship between humans and nature as one of the main causes of negative environmental effects (Bargui et al., 2014). In the last few decades, the environment has been considered from various economic and social aspects, and how it interacts with the energy sector, population and economic growth have become the focus of many scientific discussions. In the theories of economic growth, in addition to being used as inputs in production and consumption, environmental resources are also affected by economic activities in the form of production and consumption, so that sometimes the increase in economic activities leads to the use of energy resources, resources water, agricultural lands, etc., and therefore includes air pollution, destruction of pastures, and reduction of the fertility of agricultural lands. Therefore, on the one hand, economic growth increases welfare by increasing production and consumption, and on the other hand, by creating environmental pollution, it causes a decrease in economic welfare.
One of the factors affecting sustainable development is the interaction between energy consumption and the environment, so that energy consumption and environmental problems are closely related to each other because it is almost impossible to produce, transport, and consume energy. Without having environmental effects. Air pollution, water pollution, temperature changes, and scattering of solid waste are environmental problems that are directly related to energy production, transmission, and consumption.
The energy sector plays the most important role in changing environmental conditions. Today, the level of production in less developed countries is generally based on the use of non-renewable energy sources, which has caused concerns about environmental problems such as water, soil, air pollution, reduction of fertility, soil erosion, and reduction of resources. (Hashmi and others, 2015). For this reason, different countries seek to use renewable energies such as solar and wind energy, etc., to improve technology in order to reduce the harmful effects on the environment.
One of the topics of interest to economists and environmentalists is the relationship between the quality of the environment and economic variables. Therefore, the literature on environmental economics has developed significantly in recent years. Income and the quality of the environment are two general currents of thought in this field. The first approach, which is known as the "anti-growth" theory, states that economic growth necessarily leads to the destruction of the environment; Because growth means injecting more and more raw materials and energy into the economic system and then producing more waste. On the other side of this spectrum, there is a second approach known as the "economic growth" theory.
In this group, it is believed that growth is the only way to create and provide the necessary capital to protect the environment, therefore, instead of threatening the environment, economic growth can help improve its quality. The conflict between these two approaches and the fundamental differences in their arguments, along with the different empirical evidence of each of the two groups, led to the emergence of a third approach in this field in the 1990s, which states that the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality - positive or negative - in The length of the development path of each country is not stable, in fact, this relationship reverses over time when the income reaches a certain level.
Such a relationship became known as the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) or the Environmental Transfer Hypothesis (ETH). This means that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the environmental degradation index and per capita income. This means that in the early stages of economic growth when the income level is low, economic growth leads to the deterioration of the quality of the environment, but after the per capita income passes a certain level, further growth leads to a reduction in pollution.
One of the influential factors in the growth and development of societies is the environment. Environmental challenges created in the process of economic growth and development have become one of the most important concerns of policymakers. Today, in addition to the policies and actions within their own countries, countries follow the regulation of pollution in the international sphere. In this regard, identifying the forces affecting the environment is very important and it seems very useful in adopting appropriate policies.
. Therefore, the study of factors affecting the relationship between growth and pollution can be important because it may be the basis of environmental policy-making at the national and international levels. For this purpose, this article, by expanding the STIRPAT model, has been done to investigate the factors affecting the emission of carbon dioxide by using the information of the provinces of the country in the form of panel data and with EViews and Stata software. The results of the evaluation panel model show that energy consumption, per capita income and Gini coefficient, and population growth as indicators of the income distribution had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the short-term and long-term relationship of factors affecting the quality of the environment has been investigated based on time series data based on the ARDL method. The results of the estimation of the short-term equation showed that in the short term, energy consumption, the population of the previous period, and the Gini coefficient of the previous periods had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, per capita income had a negative impact on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, based on the estimate In the long term, population, energy consumption, and the Gini coefficient have had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the increase in per capita income has a negative impact on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the long term.