بررسی عوامل اصلی اثرگذار بر بروز تخلفات ساختمانی در ساخت و سازهای شهری (مطالعه موردی: شهر بستان‌آباد)

Abstract
Construction violations are one of the anomalies or problems in cities, especially cities in developing countries, which cannot be easily dealt with and solved in an ineffective management system. The purpose of this research is to investigate the main factors affecting the occurrence of construction violations in Bostanabad city. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Data collection was operationalized in 5 categories of factors including components (economic, social, physical, managerial and rules and regulations). The basis for collecting the aforementioned data was based on a questionnaire with 23 items, which was distributed among the sample size of 70 people from the statistical community related to experts in the field of urban planning and construction and urban development in Bostan Abad city. In the analysis of the answers given in relation to the items, one-sample T-tests and Pearson's correlation test was used in the SPSS environment. In the phase of extracting and examining the main influencing factors in the occurrence of construction violations, analytical facilities in the Smart Pls environment were also used. According to the findings of the research, among the main factors affecting the incidence of construction violations in Bostanabad city, are lack of awareness of construction rules and regulations among residents, ignoring the needs of citizens in matters related to construction, the cost of construction based on rules and regulations The engineering system is collecting fines as a source of income for the municipality, therefore, based on the results obtained from the investigation of factors affecting the formation of construction violations, city managers in Bostanabad city can control the profiteering of land, localize construction rules and regulations, and create culture. In the field of construction rules and regulations, zoning the city and presenting plans for the expansion of the city, taking into account the income of the residents and the climatic conditions of the city, prevent the uneven development and heterogeneity in the urban body in the city of Bostanabad.

Introduction
In the past decades, due to the increase in the population of cities, the spread of construction violations has faced the managers and residents of many cities in developing countries with major problems. which will be challenging if this uncontrolled and irregular urban expansion is not properly controlled and managed. The existence of factors such as the inefficiency of the urban management system, the long process of obtaining a building permit and the price of land, especially in third-world cities, are among the factors that have made citizens more justified in committing construction violations (Madanian, 35: 1387). Urban construction control requires planning and rational management and rewriting of the planning and management method by local governments (Zeyang Li et al, 2020.2). In the process of rewriting regulations, it is important to include the concerns of local residents and the entire process should be democratic. Finally, the new law should consider the traditional culture and current economic-social demands of the people (Rakwaro, 2009. 8). Therefore, policymakers can predict and control the trend between construction demand and the occurrence of construction violations and develop appropriate strategies to deal with the challenges ahead (Rayan Y.C. Fan, 2011. 167).

Methodology
The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The information required in this research has been collected through documentary and library methods and a questionnaire (made by the researcher), which are:
1- Frequency of construction violations in Bostan Abad city between 1395-1401
2- Economic, social, physical, managerial and laws and regulations information obtained using questionnaires.
The current research has two groups of variables, the independent variable and the dependent variable, the independent variable of economic, social, physical, and managerial factors and laws and regulations investigated in Bostanabad city, which affect the amount of construction violations. The dependent variable consists of the results of the responses that, according to the referred experts, were obtained in relation to most types of construction violations in Bostan Abad city. The items obtained based on the mentioned answers are given in Table (6) respectively. In this research, due to the lack of a statistical population, the snowball sampling method was used to estimate the sample size. Data collection was operationalized in 5 categories of factors including components (economic, social, physical, managerial and rules and regulations). The basis for collecting the aforementioned data was based on a questionnaire with 23 items, which was distributed among the sample size of 70 people from the statistical community related to experts in the field of urban planning and construction and urban development in Bostan Abad city. In the analysis of the answers given in relation to the items, one-sample T-tests and Pearson's correlation test was used in the SPSS environment. In the phase of extracting and examining the main influencing factors in the occurrence of construction violations in Bostan Abad city, analytical facilities in the Smart Pls environment were also used. Regarding the representation of the studied area and the process of physical expansion of the city, drawing facilities were used in the AutoCAD environment.

Conclusion
In the city of Bostan Abad, most of the construction violations took place, in addition to being caused by poverty and in the outskirts of the city, a significant number of violations occurred in places that are in better financial conditions than other places, and Most of these violations have been committed by people who seek to evade the law and seek economic profit. Therefore, the income of the owner or the economic base of the owner is one of the economic factors affecting the occurrence of construction violations in Bostan Abad city. If the problems and problems of today's cities are properly rooted, most of them are related to the social issues of the same society. In the study of social factors affecting the occurrence of construction violations in Bostan Abad city, the lack of awareness of the rules and regulations of construction among residents, ignoring the needs of citizens in matters related to construction, and the lack of coordination and cooperation of residents with the city management in construction have They are more effective. Due to the increase in the population of cities and the high demand for construction in urban areas, city managers, especially in the cities of developing countries, have faced fundamental problems, which have become the basis for uncontrolled and irregular urban expansion. In examining the physical factors affecting the occurrence of construction violations in the city of Bostan Abad, the process of converting gardens and agricultural lands in the heart and outskirts of the city to residential, commercial and similar uses, non-compliance with the rights of adjacent users, the limitations and possibilities of the spatial development of the city and the problems in the development Property documents by residents are more influential. In the field of laws and regulations affecting the occurrence of construction violations, from the point of view of urban planning experts in Bostan Abad city, the uniformity and generalization of construction rules and regulations in different cities, as well as the lack of flexibility of plans and programs and the lack of sufficient attention to the facilities and conditions for the realization of plans Among the main influencing factors in the occurrence of construction violations in the city of Bostan Abad. According to the topic of the article, which is the investigation of the main influencing factors in the occurrence of construction violations in Bostan Abad city. Suggestions are made to reduce the occurrence of construction violations in this city. In this regard, it is necessary to note that two levels of action are important in relation to construction violations, first, some measures should be aimed at eliminating the causes of construction violations. In the next step, the necessary measures should be taken after the violation to reduce its effects on the city by adopting appropriate solutions.