اتنواکولوژی گیاهان شورپسند از دیدگاه دامداران ترکمن در مراتع شمالی استان گلستان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

2 فارغ التحصیل دکتری، گروه مدیریت مرتع، دانشکده مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

10.22034/jess.2022.332855.1740

چکیده

چکیده
استفاده از دانش بوم‌شناختی سنتی جوامع محلی و بومی جهان در طبقه‌بندی پوشش گیاهی، زیستگاه‌ها و سایر اجزای اکوسیستم‌های مرتعی می‌تواند در راستای مدیریت منابع طبیعی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. از اینرو در پژوهش حاضر هدف مطالعه اتنواکولوژی گیاهان شورپسند در دشت‌ شور و قلیایی ترکمن‌صحرا با استفاده از دانش بومی دامداران قوم ترکمن بود. گردآوری داده با استفاده از روش پیمایش میدانی، مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته و جلسات بازخورد جامعه با دامداران مرتع اینچه‌برون شمال استان گلستان استفاده شد و در آن از رابطه گیاهان شورپسند و محیط پیرامون آن پرسش صورت گرفت. طبق نتایج دامداران به 38 گونه گیاهی با ارائه نام محلی اشاره کردند. طبق دانش بومی دامداران ترکمن زمین در مراتع شور بین دو طیف شیرین و شور، سالم و ناسالم و یا خوب و بد قرار می‌گیرد. دامداران در ادامه هفت طبقه خاک شیشه‌ای، شُر، مرطوب، نائور، تپه‌ای، قرمز و سیاه را معرفی کردند و بیان کردند در یک از این طبقات گونه‌های گیاهی خاصی حضور دارند. به طور مثال در شورترین نوع خاک یعنی خاک شیشه‌ای هیچ گونه گیاهی رویش ندارد ولی با کاهش سطح شوری زمین‌های شُر آغاز می‌شوند که زیستگاه گونه شورپسند چراتان (Halocnemum strobilaceum M.B.) است. طبق دانش بومی ترکمن‌ها گونه‌های گیاهی متفاوتی با تغییرات درجات شوری خاک ناشی از ویژگی‌های فیزیوگرافی، بارندگی و رواناب در اراضی مختلف مرتعی حاضر می‌شوند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد جوامع محلی و سنتی از دانش ارزشمند و غنی در خصوص توصیف گیاهان و زیستگاه‌های آنها برخوردار هستند به طوری که این دانش می‌تواند در مدیریت مراتع و سایر منابع طبیعی مورد استفاده قرار بگیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Ethnoecology of halophytes based on Turkmen herders’ viewpoint in northern rangelands of Golestan Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • soheila yousofvand 1
  • Hossein Barani 1
  • Mojgansadat Azimi 1
  • Hamid Niknahad 1
  • Abolfazl Sharifian Bahraman 2
1 Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Gorgan
2 PhD, Range Management Sciences, Rangeland and Watershed Management Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Traditional ecological knowledge of Indigenous and local communities in classification of vegetation, habitats and other elements of rangeland ecosystems can be used in natural resources management. The current research aimed at studying the ethnoecology of halophytes in saline and alkaline plains of Turkmen Sahra using traditional knowledge of Turkmen herders. Data collection was done through field walk, semi-structured interviews and community feedback meetings with herders in Incheboron at Golestan Province and questions about the relation between halophytes and their environment were asked. Based on the result, herders referred to 38 plants with local names. According to traditional knowledge of Turkmen herders, land in saline rangelands lies between two ranges of sweet and salty, healthy and unhealthy or good and bad. Herders continued with introducing seven classes of soil naming glassy, Shor (salty), wet, Naor (small basin), hilly, red and black and they stated that specific plant species appear in each of these classes. For instance, nothing grows in the saltiest soil which is glassy soil, however, with the reduction of soil salinity level Shor lands appear where Cheratan [Halocnemum strobilaceum M.B] habitat exists. Considering traditional knowledge of Turkmen herders different plant species appear in rangeland with variation of salinity which is due to the variation of physiography, rainfall and flood. The result of current study show that local communities possess valuable and rich knowledge in describing plants and their habitats. Therefore, this knowledge can be used in rangeland and other natural lands management.

Introduction
Local and Indigenous knowledge is part of national capital of each ethnicity which include their beliefs, values, cultures and awareness and is the result of centuries of trial and efforts in ecological and social environment and is transmitted from one generation to another mostly orally (Emadi et al. 1999). Ethnoecology is one branches of local and Indigenous knowledge in which the relations between human and its surrounding environment is studied (Foroozeh, 2014). The ethnoecological knowledge available among local people includes several items such as plants habitat and their phenological stages and time, soil characteristics of specific habitats, landscape and climate changes from past to current situation etc. which can be used for nature conservation and management (Qureshi at el., 2010). Therefore, it is useful to study the classification of plants and their habitats based on local and Indigenous people and assess the relationship between plants and their environment (Júnior at el., 2005). This research aims at studying the local and Indigenous knowledge of Turkmen traditional herders in northern Golestan province regarding halophytes and relationship between characteristics and their environment. Also, classification of different plant habitat was the second aim of this study.

Methodology
Case study
The study area are winter pasturelands of Incheboron located in northern part of Golestan Province which are located at 37° 07ʹ N and 54° 29ʹ E. Incheboron represents an area of saline and alkaline rangelands of Iran. Total area of this rangeland is 13470 hectares where 12687 hectares of this land are available for pastoral traditional systems. The average altitude of this rangeland is -4 meter below sea level. The maximum altitude is 3 m asl and the minimum altitude is -22 m bsl. The soil has a medium texture with high salinity. With respect to physiography, the region is mostly plain with few hills (Naseri, 1995).
Method
In order to identify halophyte species and their relationship with the environment, the researchers conducted an infield participatory approach in which they interviewed traditional Turkmen herders while they were walking on the pastures. Questions regarding the local name of plant species, their traits and characteristics, habitat properties etc. were asked when they observed new plant species. In those cases, when it was not possible to walk (elderly herders, disabled herders etc.), high quality pictures printed on A4 pages or plant herbariums which were provided before the field trip were shown to herders and they were asked if they know the species. In this case, only the information of those plants which were repeatedly mentioned by several herders were used as data to prevent the bias of misunderstandings regarding some pictures. The statistical community of current study were all traditional Turkmen herders present in Incheboron rangeland in 2019 and 2020. Two field trips were conducted in November 2019 and March-April 2020 each of them took eight days to study most plant species including annuals and perennials. All the interviews were recorded using a digital sound recorder. Prior informed consent was sought, following the guidelines of the International Society of Ethnobiology (ISE 2006) and the general data protection regulation of the European Union.

Conclusion
It was shown that Turkmen herders carry vast body of knowledge regarding the plants and their habitat with introducing 38 halophyte species. They had detailed knowledge regarding the phenology and habitat characteristics of halophytes. Moreover, they introduced a local classification for soils in which they mentioned seven categories for different soils with specific properties. Soil among Turkmen herders ranged between the two end of spectrum of healthy and non-healthy soil, or sometimes they called it sweet and salty soil or good and bad soil. Seven categories of different soils existed between these two distinct spectrums including Shishei (glassy soil with highest salinity level in which no plant species grow, not even halophytes with highest salinity tolerance), Shoor (soils with lower salinity compare to glassy soil in which halophytes such as Halocnemum strobilaceum grow). Martoob (wet soil which includes the land between healthy and non-healthy soil where the salinity of soil fluctuates owing to temporal runoffs and rainfall), Tappeh or Mase (hill or sand soils which included the soils on top of the hills which Turkmen herders considered as the best soil or the most sweet soil where good plants such as Medicago sp. Grow), Naor (soils of small basins located on the saline plain where soil salinity has decreased owing to temporal stay of water), Qermez (red soil which included the soil of farmlands mostly with sand) and Siah (black soil which only exist in forest area with highest fertility). Each of these soil/ land categories were characterized with specific plant communities. The result of current study showed the extent of Turkmen herders’ knowledge regarding saline and alkaline ecosystems which can be used and integrated with modern knowledge for nature conservation and management.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Ethnobotany
  • Ethnoecology
  • Ethnography
  • Rangeland
  • Golestan